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Class discrimination

Class discrimination, also known as classism, is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of social class. It includes individual attitudes, behaviors, systems of policies and practices that are set up to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class.[1]

Social class refers to the grouping of individuals in a hierarchy based on wealth, income, education, occupation, and social network.

Studies show an interconnection between class discrimination and racism and sexism.[2]

History edit

Class structures existed in a simplified form in pre-agricultural societies, but it has evolved into a more complex and established structure following the establishment of permanent agriculture-based civilizations with a food surplus.[3]

Classism started to be practiced around the 18th century.[4] Segregation into classes was accomplished through observable traits (such as race or profession) that were accorded varying statuses and privileges. Feudal classification systems might include merchant, serf, peasant, warrior, priestly, and noble classes. Rankings were far from invariant with the merchant class in Europe outranking the peasantry, while merchants were explicitly inferior to peasants during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan. Modern classism, with less rigid class structures, is harder to identify. In a professional association posting, psychologist Thomas Fuller-Rowell states, "Experiences of [class] discrimination are often subtle rather than blatant, and the exact reason for unfair treatment is often not clear to the victim."[5]

Intersections with other systems of oppression edit

Socioeconomic, racial/ethnic and gender inequalities in academic achievement have been widely reported in the United States, but how these three axes of inequality intersect to determine academic and non-academic outcomes among school-aged children is not well understood.[6]

Institutional versus personal classism edit

The term classism can refer to personal prejudice against lower classes as well as to institutional classism, just as the term racism can refer either strictly to personal prejudice or to institutional racism. The latter has been defined as "the ways in which conscious or unconscious classism is manifest in the various institutions of our society".[7]

As with social classes, the difference in social status between people determines how they behave toward each other and the prejudices they likely hold toward each other. People of higher status do not generally mix with lower-status people and often are able to control other people's activities by influencing laws and social standards.[8]

The term "interpersonal" is sometimes used in place of "personal" as in "institutional classism (versus) interpersonal classism"[9] and terms such as "attitude" or "attitudinal" may replace "interpersonal" as contrasting with institutional classism as in the Association of Magazine Media's definition of classism as "any attitude or institutional practice which subordinates people due to income, occupation, education and/or their economic condition".[10]

Classism is also sometimes broken down into more than two categories as in "personal, institutional and cultural" classism.[11] It is common knowledge in sociolinguistics that meta-social language abounds in lower registers, thus the slang for various classes or racial castes.

Structural positions edit

Schüssler Fiorenza describes interdependent "stratifications of gender, race, class, religion, heterosexualism, and age" as structural positions [12] assigned at birth. She suggests that people inhabit several positions, and that positions with privilege become nodal points through which other positions are experienced. For example, in a context where gender is the primary privileged position (e.g. patriarchy, matriarchy), gender becomes the nodal point through which sexuality, race, and class are experienced. In a context where class is the primary privileged position (i.e. classism), gender and race are experienced through class dynamics. Fiorenza stresses that kyriarchy is not a hierarchical system as it does not focus on one point of domination. Instead it is described as a "complex pyramidal system" with those on the bottom of the pyramid experiencing the "full power of kyriarchal oppression". The kyriarchy is recognized as the status quo and therefore its oppressive structures may not be recognized.[12][13]

To maintain this system, kyriarchy relies on the creation of a servant class, race, gender, or people. The position of this class is reinforced through "education, socialization, and brute violence and malestream rationalization".[12] Tēraudkalns suggests that these structures of oppression are self-sustained by internalized oppression; those with relative power tend to remain in power, while those without tend to remain disenfranchised.[14] In addition, structures of oppression amplify and feed into each other.[13]

In the UAE, Western workers and local nationals are given better treatment or are preferred.[15]

Media representation edit

Class discrimination can be seen in many different forms of media such as television shows, films and social media. Classism is also systemic,[16] and its implications can go unnoticed in the media that is consumed by society. Class discrimination in the media displays the knowledge of what people feel and think about classism. When seeing class discrimination in films and television shows, people are influenced and believe that is how things are in real life, for whatever class is being displayed. Children can be exposed to class discrimination through movies, with a large pool of high-grossing G-rated movies portraying classism in various contexts.[17] Children may develop biases at a young age that shape their beliefs throughout their lifetime, which would demonstrate the issues with class discrimination being prevalent in the media.[18] Media is a big influence on the world today, with that something such as classism is can be seen in many different lights. Media plays an important role in how certain groups of people are perceived, which can make certain biases stronger.[19] Usually, the lower income people are displayed in the media as dirty, lacking education and manners, and homeless.[20] People can use the media to learn more about different social classes[21] or use the media, such as social media to influence others on what they believe.[22] In some cases, people who are in a social class that is portrayed negatively by the media can be affected in school and social life as "teenagers who grew up in poverty reported higher levels of discrimination, and the poorer the teens were, the more they experienced discrimination".[23]

Legislation edit

The European Convention on Human Rights, in Article 14, contains protections against social class ("social origin") discrimination.[24]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Kadi, Joanna (1996). Thinking Class. South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-548-1.
  2. ^ "Sexism and Racism Linked to Personality". Live Science. 9 November 2011.
  3. ^ Peter N. Stearns (Narrator). A Brief History of the World Course No. 8080 [Audio CD]. The Teaching Company. ASIN B000W595CC.
  4. ^ Young, Serinity; Katie Cannon (1999). Serinity Young (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion (Print). Macmillan. p. 181. ISBN 0028648609.
  5. ^ "Social-Class Discrimination Contributes to Poorer Health". Association of Psychological Science. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  6. ^ Bécares, Laia; Priest, Naomi (27 October 2015). "Understanding the Influence of Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Class on Inequalities in Academic and Non-Academic Outcomes among Eighth-Grade Students: Findings from an Intersectionality Approach". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0141363. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1041363B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141363. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4624767. PMID 26505623.
  7. ^ . gustavus.edu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  8. ^ "Social Class Prejudice". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
  9. ^ Langhout, Regina Day; Rosselli, Francine; Feinstein, Jonathan (Winter 2007), "Assessing Classism in Academic Settings", The Review of Higher Education, 30 (2): 145–184, doi:10.1353/rhe.2006.0073, S2CID 144691197
  10. ^ "Glossary". 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne; Griffin, Pat, eds. (2007). Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 317. ISBN 978-0-415-95199-9.
  12. ^ a b c Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth (2009). "Introduction: Exploring the Intersections of Race, Gender, Status and Ethnicity in Early Christian Studies". In Nasrallah, Laura; Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth (eds.). Prejudice and Christian beginnings: investigating race, gender, and ethnicity in early Christian studies. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-1451412840.
  13. ^ a b Reed-Bouley, Jennifer (Spring 2012). "Antiracist Theological Education as a Site of Struggle for Justice". Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. 28: 178–189. doi:10.2979/jfemistudreli.28.1.178. S2CID 143768692.
  14. ^ Tēraudkalns, Valdis (2003). "Construction of Masculinities in Contemporary Christianity". In Cimdiņa, Ausma (ed.). Religion and political change in Europe: past and present. PLUS. pp. 223–232. ISBN 8884921414.
  15. ^ "'Western workers favoured in UAE', survey respondents say". The National. 18 April 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  16. ^ Gamble, Matt (10 February 2018). "Classism: America's Overlooked Problem". The Rutgers Review. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  17. ^ Streib, Jessi (18 April 2016). "Class Inequality in Children's Movies". Class Action. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  18. ^ Suttie, Jill. "How Adults Communicate Bias to Children". Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  19. ^ Burke, Krista. "Media Portrayal of Individuals in the Lower Class". Digital Commons. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  20. ^ . web.stanford.edu. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  21. ^ "Race & Ethnicity". criticalmediaproject.org. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  22. ^ "Classism, Accountability, and Social Media". blogs.harvard.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  23. ^ "Social-class discrimination contributes to poorer health". wisc.edu. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  24. ^ European Convention on Human Rights as amended by Protocols Nos. 11, 14 and 15, supplemented by Protocols Nos. 1, 4, 6, 7, 12, 13 and 16

Further reading edit

  • Bowker, Geoffrey C., and Susan Leigh Star. Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. MIT Press, 1999.
  • Capuano, Angelo. "Giving Meaning to 'Social Origin' in International Labour Organization ('ILO') Conventions, the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) and the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 (Cth): 'Class' Discrimination and Its Relevance to the Australian Context" (PDF). (2016) 39(1) University of New South Wales Law Journal 84. SSRN 2771056
  • A People's History of the United States by Howard Zinn.
  • Hill, Marcia, and Esther Rothblum. Classism and Feminist Therapy: Counting Costs. New York: Haworth Press, 1996.
  • hooks, bell. Where we stand: class matters. New York & London: Routledge, 2000.
  • Gans, Herbert. The War Against the Poor, 1996.
  • Homan, Jacqueline S. Classism For Dimwits. Pennsylvania: Elf Books, 2007/2009.
  • Packard, Vance. Status Seekers, 1959.
  • Beegle, Donna M. See Poverty - Be the Difference, 2009.
  • Leondar-Wright, Betsy. Class Matters: Cross-Class Alliance Building for Middle-Class Activists: New Society Publishers, 2005.

External links edit

class, discrimination, classism, redirects, here, confused, with, classicism, also, known, classism, prejudice, discrimination, basis, social, class, includes, individual, attitudes, behaviors, systems, policies, practices, that, benefit, upper, class, expense. Classism redirects here Not to be confused with Classicism Class discrimination also known as classism is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of social class It includes individual attitudes behaviors systems of policies and practices that are set up to benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class 1 Social class refers to the grouping of individuals in a hierarchy based on wealth income education occupation and social network Studies show an interconnection between class discrimination and racism and sexism 2 Contents 1 History 2 Intersections with other systems of oppression 3 Institutional versus personal classism 4 Structural positions 5 Media representation 6 Legislation 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External linksHistory editClass structures existed in a simplified form in pre agricultural societies but it has evolved into a more complex and established structure following the establishment of permanent agriculture based civilizations with a food surplus 3 Classism started to be practiced around the 18th century 4 Segregation into classes was accomplished through observable traits such as race or profession that were accorded varying statuses and privileges Feudal classification systems might include merchant serf peasant warrior priestly and noble classes Rankings were far from invariant with the merchant class in Europe outranking the peasantry while merchants were explicitly inferior to peasants during the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan Modern classism with less rigid class structures is harder to identify In a professional association posting psychologist Thomas Fuller Rowell states Experiences of class discrimination are often subtle rather than blatant and the exact reason for unfair treatment is often not clear to the victim 5 Intersections with other systems of oppression editSocioeconomic racial ethnic and gender inequalities in academic achievement have been widely reported in the United States but how these three axes of inequality intersect to determine academic and non academic outcomes among school aged children is not well understood 6 Institutional versus personal classism editThe term classism can refer to personal prejudice against lower classes as well as to institutional classism just as the term racism can refer either strictly to personal prejudice or to institutional racism The latter has been defined as the ways in which conscious or unconscious classism is manifest in the various institutions of our society 7 As with social classes the difference in social status between people determines how they behave toward each other and the prejudices they likely hold toward each other People of higher status do not generally mix with lower status people and often are able to control other people s activities by influencing laws and social standards 8 The term interpersonal is sometimes used in place of personal as in institutional classism versus interpersonal classism 9 and terms such as attitude or attitudinal may replace interpersonal as contrasting with institutional classism as in the Association of Magazine Media s definition of classism as any attitude or institutional practice which subordinates people due to income occupation education and or their economic condition 10 Classism is also sometimes broken down into more than two categories as in personal institutional and cultural classism 11 It is common knowledge in sociolinguistics that meta social language abounds in lower registers thus the slang for various classes or racial castes Structural positions editSchussler Fiorenza describes interdependent stratifications of gender race class religion heterosexualism and age as structural positions 12 assigned at birth She suggests that people inhabit several positions and that positions with privilege become nodal points through which other positions are experienced For example in a context where gender is the primary privileged position e g patriarchy matriarchy gender becomes the nodal point through which sexuality race and class are experienced In a context where class is the primary privileged position i e classism gender and race are experienced through class dynamics Fiorenza stresses that kyriarchy is not a hierarchical system as it does not focus on one point of domination Instead it is described as a complex pyramidal system with those on the bottom of the pyramid experiencing the full power of kyriarchal oppression The kyriarchy is recognized as the status quo and therefore its oppressive structures may not be recognized 12 13 To maintain this system kyriarchy relies on the creation of a servant class race gender or people The position of this class is reinforced through education socialization and brute violence and malestream rationalization 12 Teraudkalns suggests that these structures of oppression are self sustained by internalized oppression those with relative power tend to remain in power while those without tend to remain disenfranchised 14 In addition structures of oppression amplify and feed into each other 13 In the UAE Western workers and local nationals are given better treatment or are preferred 15 Media representation editClass discrimination can be seen in many different forms of media such as television shows films and social media Classism is also systemic 16 and its implications can go unnoticed in the media that is consumed by society Class discrimination in the media displays the knowledge of what people feel and think about classism When seeing class discrimination in films and television shows people are influenced and believe that is how things are in real life for whatever class is being displayed Children can be exposed to class discrimination through movies with a large pool of high grossing G rated movies portraying classism in various contexts 17 Children may develop biases at a young age that shape their beliefs throughout their lifetime which would demonstrate the issues with class discrimination being prevalent in the media 18 Media is a big influence on the world today with that something such as classism is can be seen in many different lights Media plays an important role in how certain groups of people are perceived which can make certain biases stronger 19 Usually the lower income people are displayed in the media as dirty lacking education and manners and homeless 20 People can use the media to learn more about different social classes 21 or use the media such as social media to influence others on what they believe 22 In some cases people who are in a social class that is portrayed negatively by the media can be affected in school and social life as teenagers who grew up in poverty reported higher levels of discrimination and the poorer the teens were the more they experienced discrimination 23 Legislation editThe European Convention on Human Rights in Article 14 contains protections against social class social origin discrimination 24 See also editApartheid Caste system Class conflict Class consciousness Debtors prison Economic inequality Economic stratification Elitism Legacy preferences Marxism Populism Racial discrimination Rankism Social inequality Forced adoption Baby Scoop EraReferences edit Kadi Joanna 1996 Thinking Class South End Press ISBN 0 89608 548 1 Sexism and Racism Linked to Personality Live Science 9 November 2011 Peter N Stearns Narrator A Brief History of the World Course No 8080 Audio CD The Teaching Company ASIN B000W595CC Young Serinity Katie Cannon 1999 Serinity Young ed Encyclopedia of Women and World Religion Print Macmillan p 181 ISBN 0028648609 Social Class Discrimination Contributes to Poorer Health Association of Psychological Science 18 June 2012 Retrieved 10 December 2019 Becares Laia Priest Naomi 27 October 2015 Understanding the Influence of Race Ethnicity Gender and Class on Inequalities in Academic and Non Academic Outcomes among Eighth Grade Students Findings from an Intersectionality Approach PLOS ONE 10 10 e0141363 Bibcode 2015PLoSO 1041363B doi 10 1371 journal pone 0141363 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 4624767 PMID 26505623 Classism Definitions gustavus edu Archived from the original on 13 March 2016 Retrieved 18 March 2018 Social Class Prejudice Encyclopedia com Retrieved 8 January 2019 Langhout Regina Day Rosselli Francine Feinstein Jonathan Winter 2007 Assessing Classism in Academic Settings The Review of Higher Education 30 2 145 184 doi 10 1353 rhe 2006 0073 S2CID 144691197 Glossary Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Adams Maurianne Bell Lee Anne Griffin Pat eds 2007 Teaching for Diversity and Social Justice 2nd ed Routledge p 317 ISBN 978 0 415 95199 9 a b c Schussler Fiorenza Elisabeth 2009 Introduction Exploring the Intersections of Race Gender Status and Ethnicity in Early Christian Studies In Nasrallah Laura Schussler Fiorenza Elisabeth eds Prejudice and Christian beginnings investigating race gender and ethnicity in early Christian studies Minneapolis Fortress Press ISBN 978 1451412840 a b Reed Bouley Jennifer Spring 2012 Antiracist Theological Education as a Site of Struggle for Justice Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion 28 178 189 doi 10 2979 jfemistudreli 28 1 178 S2CID 143768692 Teraudkalns Valdis 2003 Construction of Masculinities in Contemporary Christianity In Cimdina Ausma ed Religion and political change in Europe past and present PLUS pp 223 232 ISBN 8884921414 Western workers favoured in UAE survey respondents say The National 18 April 2015 Retrieved 5 November 2019 Gamble Matt 10 February 2018 Classism America s Overlooked Problem The Rutgers Review Retrieved 21 March 2019 Streib Jessi 18 April 2016 Class Inequality in Children s Movies Class Action Retrieved 21 March 2019 Suttie Jill How Adults Communicate Bias to Children Retrieved 21 March 2019 Burke Krista Media Portrayal of Individuals in the Lower Class Digital Commons Retrieved 21 March 2019 Portrayal of Minorities in the Film Media and Entertainment Industries web stanford edu Archived from the original on 13 December 2019 Retrieved 18 March 2018 Race amp Ethnicity criticalmediaproject org Retrieved 18 March 2018 Classism Accountability and Social Media blogs harvard edu Retrieved 18 March 2018 Social class discrimination contributes to poorer health wisc edu Retrieved 18 March 2018 European Convention on Human Rights as amended by Protocols Nos 11 14 and 15 supplemented by Protocols Nos 1 4 6 7 12 13 and 16Further reading editBowker Geoffrey C and Susan Leigh Star Sorting Things Out Classification and Its Consequences MIT Press 1999 Capuano Angelo Giving Meaning to Social Origin in International Labour Organization ILO Conventions the Fair Work Act 2009 Cth and the Australian Human Rights Commission Act 1986 Cth Class Discrimination and Its Relevance to the Australian Context PDF 2016 39 1 University of New South Wales Law Journal 84 SSRN 2771056 A People s History of the United States by Howard Zinn Hill Marcia and Esther Rothblum Classism and Feminist Therapy Counting Costs New York Haworth Press 1996 hooks bell Where we stand class matters New York amp London Routledge 2000 Gans Herbert The War Against the Poor 1996 Homan Jacqueline S Classism For Dimwits Pennsylvania Elf Books 2007 2009 Packard Vance Status Seekers 1959 Beegle Donna M See Poverty Be the Difference 2009 Leondar Wright Betsy Class Matters Cross Class Alliance Building for Middle Class Activists New Society Publishers 2005 External links edit nbsp Look up Class discrimination in Wiktionary the free dictionary nbsp Wikiquote has quotations related to Class discrimination nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Class discrimination People Like Us Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine at PBS Class Action Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Class discrimination amp oldid 1206455041, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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