Einstein ring

An Einstein ring, also known as an Einstein–Chwolson ring or Chwolson ring (named for Orest Chwolson), is created when light from a galaxy or star passes by a massive object en route to the Earth. Due to gravitational lensing, the light is diverted, making it seem to come from different places. If source, lens, and observer are all in perfect alignment (syzygy), the light appears as a ring.

Introduction

Gravitational lensing is predicted by Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.^[1] Instead of light from a source traveling in a straight line (in three dimensions), it is bent by the presence of a massive body, which distorts spacetime. An Einstein Ring is a special case of gravitational lensing, caused by the exact alignment of the source, lens, and observer. This results in symmetry around the lens, causing a ring-like structure.^[2]

 

The geometry of a complete Einstein ring, as caused by a gravitational lens

The size of an Einstein ring is given by the Einstein radius. In radians, it is

${\displaystyle \theta _{1}={\sqrt {{\frac {4GM}{c^{2}}}\;{\frac {D_{LS}}{D_{S}D_{L}}}}},}$ 

where

${\displaystyle G}$  is the gravitational constant,

${\displaystyle M}$  is the mass of the lens,

${\displaystyle c}$  is the speed of light,

${\displaystyle D_{L}}$  is the angular diameter distance to the lens,

${\displaystyle D_{S}}$  is the angular diameter distance to the source, and

${\displaystyle D_{LS}}$  is the angular diameter distance between the lens and the source.^[3]

Over cosmological distances ${\displaystyle D_{LS}\neq D_{S}-D_{L}}$  in general.

History

 

Gravitationally lensed galaxy SDP.81 taken by ALMA.^[4]

The bending of light by a gravitational body was predicted by Albert Einstein in 1912, a few years before the publication of general relativity in 1916 (Renn et al. 1997). The ring effect was first mentioned in the academic literature by Orest Khvolson in a short article in 1924, in which he mentioned the “halo effect” of gravitation when the source, lens, and observer are in near-perfect alignment.^[5] Einstein remarked upon this effect in 1936 in a paper prompted by a letter by a Czech engineer, R W Mandl,^[6] but stated

Of course, there is no hope of observing this phenomenon directly. First, we shall scarcely ever approach closely enough to such a central line. Second, the angle β will defy the resolving power of our instruments.

— Science vol 84 p 506 1936

(In this statement, β is the Einstein Radius currently denoted by ${\displaystyle \theta _{1},}$  as in the expression above.) However, Einstein was only considering the chance of observing Einstein rings produced by stars, which is low – the chance of observing those produced by larger lenses such as galaxies or black holes is higher since the angular size of an Einstein ring increases with the mass of the lens.

The first complete Einstein ring, designated B1938+666, was discovered by collaboration between astronomers at the University of Manchester and NASA's Hubble Space Telescope in 1998.^[7]

There have apparently not been any observations of a star forming an Einstein ring with another star, but there is a 45% chance of this happening in early May, 2028 when Alpha Centauri A passes between us and a distant red star.^[8]

Known Einstein rings

 

"Smiley" or "Cheshire Cat" image of galaxy cluster (SDSS J1038+4849) and gravitational lensing (an "Einstein ring") discovered by an international team of scientists,^[9] imaged with HST.^[10]

Hundreds of gravitational lenses are currently known. About half a dozen of them are partial Einstein rings with diameters up to an arcsecond, although as either the mass distribution of the lenses is not perfectly axially symmetrical, or the source, lens, and observer are not perfectly aligned, we have yet to see a perfect Einstein ring. Most rings have been discovered in the radio range. The degree of completeness needed for an image seen through a gravitational lens to qualify as an Einstein ring is yet to be defined.

The first Einstein ring was discovered by Hewitt et al. (1988), who observed the radio source MG1131+0456 using the Very Large Array. This observation saw a quasar lensed by a nearer galaxy into two separate but very similar images of the same object, the images stretched round the lens into an almost complete ring.^[11] These dual images are another possible effect of the source, lens, and observer not being perfectly aligned.

 

JWST false-color image of SPT0418-47, a high-redshift galaxy rich in organic molecules, which appears as a nearly-perfect Einstein ring.

The first complete Einstein ring to be discovered was B1938+666, which was found by King et al. (1998) via optical follow-up with the Hubble Space Telescope of a gravitational lens imaged with MERLIN.^[7][12] The galaxy causing the lens at B1938+666 is an ancient elliptical galaxy, and the image we see through the lens is a dark dwarf satellite galaxy, which we would otherwise not be able to see with current technology.^[13]

In 2005, the combined power of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) with the Hubble Space Telescope was used in the Sloan Lens ACS (SLACS) Survey to find 19 new gravitational lenses, 8 of which showed Einstein rings,^[14] these are the 8 shown in the adjacent image. As of 2009, this survey has found 85 confirmed gravitational lenses but there is not yet a number for how many show Einstein rings.^[15] This survey is responsible for most of the recent discoveries of Einstein rings in the optical range, following are some examples which were found:

• FOR J0332-3557, discovered by Remi Cabanac et al. in 2005,^[16] notable for its high redshift which allows us to use it to make observations about the early universe.
• The "Cosmic Horseshoe" is a partial Einstein ring which was observed through the gravitational lens of LRG 3-757, a distinctively large Luminous Red Galaxy. It was discovered in 2007 by V. Belokurov et al.^[17]
• SDSSJ0946+1006, the "double Einstein ring" was discovered by Raphael Gavazzi and Tomasso Treu^[18] in 2008, notable for the presence of multiple rings observed through the same gravitational lens, the significance of which is explained in the next section on extra rings.

Another example is the radio/X-Ray Einstein ring around PKS 1830-211, which is unusually strong in radio.^[19] It was discovered in X-Ray by Varsha Gupta et al. at the Chandra X-Ray observatory^[20] It is also notable for being the first case of a quasar being lensed by an almost face-on spiral galaxy.^[21]

Galaxy MG1654+1346 features a radio ring. The image in the ring is that of a quasar radio lobe, discovered in 1989 by G.Langston et al.^[22]

In June 2023, a team of astronomers led by Justin Spilker announced their discovery of an Einstein ring of distant galaxy rich in organic molecules (aromatic hydrocarbons).^[23][24]

Extra rings

 

SDSSJ0946+1006 is a Double Einstein Ring. Credit: HST/NASA/ESA

Using the Hubble Space Telescope, a double ring has been found by Raphael Gavazzi of the STScI and Tommaso Treu of the University of California, Santa Barbara. This arises from the light from three galaxies at distances of 3, 6, and 11 billion light years. Such rings help in understanding the distribution of dark matter, dark energy, the nature of distant galaxies, and the curvature of the universe. The odds of finding such a double ring around a massive galaxy are 1 in 10,000. Sampling 50 suitable double rings would provide astronomers with a more accurate measurement of the dark matter content of the universe and the equation of state of the dark energy to within 10 percent precision.^[25]

Simulation

Below in the Gallery section is a simulation depicting a zoom on a Schwarzschild black hole in the plane of the Milky Way between us and the centre of the galaxy. The first Einstein ring is the most distorted region of the picture and shows the galactic disc. The zoom then reveals a series of 4 extra rings, increasingly thinner and closer to the black hole shadow. They are multiple images of the galactic disk. The first and third correspond to points which are behind the black hole (from the observer's position) and correspond here to the bright yellow region of the galactic disc (close to the galactic center), whereas the second and fourth correspond to images of objects which are behind the observer, which appear bluer, since the corresponding part of the galactic disc is thinner and hence dimmer here.

Gallery

•  
  Some observed Einstein rings by SLACS
•  
  Graceful arcs around SDSSJ0146-0929 are examples of an Einstein ring
•  
  A simulated view of a black hole passing in front of a galaxy
•  
  Montage of the SDP.81 Einstein Ring and the lensed galaxy
•  
  Einstein rings close to a black hole

See also

 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Einstein Rings.

• Einstein Cross
• Einstein radius
• SN Refsdal

References

1. Overbye, Dennis (March 5, 2015). "Astronomers Observe Supernova and Find They're Watching Reruns". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2015.
2. Drakeford, Jason; Corum, Jonathan; Overbye, Dennis (March 5, 2015). "Einstein's Telescope - video (02:32)". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
3. Pritchard, Jonathan. "Gravitational lensing" (PDF). Harvard and Smithsonian. p. 19. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
4. "ALMA at Full Stretch Yields Spectacular Images". ESO Announcement. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
5. Turner, Christina (February 14, 2006). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2008.
6. Maurer, Stephen M. "IDEA MAN" (PDF). www.slac.stanford.edu. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
7. "A Bull's Eye for MERLIN and the Hubble". University of Manchester. 27 March 1998.
8. P. Kervella; et al. (Oct 19, 2016). "Close stellar conjunctions of α Centauri A and B until 2050". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594: A107. arXiv:1610.06079. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A.107K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629201. S2CID 55865290.
9. Belokurov, V.; et al. (January 2009). "Two new large-separation gravitational lenses from SDSS". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 392 (1): 104–112. arXiv:0806.4188. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.392..104B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14075.x. S2CID 14154993.
10. Loff, Sarah; Dunbar, Brian (10 February 2015). "Hubble Sees A Smiling Lens". NASA. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
11. "Discovery of the First "Einstein Ring" Gravitational Lens". NRAO. 2000. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
12. Browne, Malcolm W. (1998-03-31). "'Einstein Ring' Caused by Space Warping Is Found". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-01.
13. Vegetti, Simona; et al. (January 2012). "Gravitational detection of a low-mass dark satellite at cosmological distance". Nature. 481 (7381): 341–343. arXiv:1201.3643. Bibcode:2012Natur.481..341V. doi:10.1038/nature10669. PMID 22258612. S2CID 205227095.
14. Bolton, A; et al. "Hubble, Sloan Quadruple Number of Known Optical Einstein Rings". Hubblesite. Retrieved 2014-07-16.
15. Auger, Matt; et al. (November 2009). "The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. IX. Colors, Lensing and Stellar Masses of Early-type Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 705 (2): 1099–1115. arXiv:0911.2471. Bibcode:2009ApJ...705.1099A. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/1099. S2CID 118411085.
16. Cabanac, Remi; et al. (2005-04-27). "Discovery of a high-redshift Einstein ring". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 436 (2): L21–L25. arXiv:astro-ph/0504585. Bibcode:2005A&A...436L..21C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500115. S2CID 15732993.
17. Belokurov, V.; et al. (December 2007). "The Cosmic Horseshoe: Discovery of an Einstein Ring around a Giant Luminous Red Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 671 (1): L9–L12. arXiv:0706.2326. Bibcode:2007ApJ...671L...9B. doi:10.1086/524948. S2CID 9908281.
18. Gavazzi, Raphael; et al. (April 2008). "The Sloan Lens ACS Survey. VI: Discovery and Analysis of a Double Einstein Ring". The Astrophysical Journal. 677 (2): 1046–1059. arXiv:0801.1555. Bibcode:2008ApJ...677.1046G. doi:10.1086/529541. S2CID 14271515.
19. Mathur, Smita; Nair, Sunita (20 July 1997). "X-Ray Absorption toward the Einstein Ring Source PKS 1830-211". The Astrophysical Journal. 484 (1): 140–144. arXiv:astro-ph/9703015. Bibcode:1997ApJ...484..140M. doi:10.1086/304327. S2CID 11435604.
20. Gupta, Varsha. "Chandra Detection of AN X-Ray Einstein Ring in PKS 1830-211". ResearchGate.net. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
21. Courbin, Frederic (August 2002). "Cosmic alignment towards the radio Einstein ring PKS 1830-211 ?". The Astrophysical Journal. 575 (1): 95–102. arXiv:astro-ph/0202026. Bibcode:2002ApJ...575...95C. doi:10.1086/341261. S2CID 13960111.
22. Langston, G.I.; et al. (May 1989). "MG 1654+1346 - an Einstein Ring image of a quasar radio lobe". Astronomical Journal. 97: 1283–1290. Bibcode:1989AJ.....97.1283L. doi:10.1086/115071.
23. Spilker, Justin S.; Phadke, Kedar A. (June 2, 2023). "Spatial variations in aromatic hydrocarbon emission in a dust-rich galaxy". Nature. 618 (7966): 708–711. arXiv:2306.03152. Bibcode:2023Natur.618..708S. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05998-6. PMID 37277615. S2CID 259088774.
24. Hutchins, Shana K. (June 5, 2023). "Webb Telescope Detects Universe's Most Distant Organic Molecules". Texas A&M Today. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
25. "Hubble Finds Double Einstein Ring". Hubblesite.org. Space Telescope Science Institute. Retrieved 2008-01-26.

Journals

• Cabanac, R. A.; et al. (2005). "Discovery of a high-redshift Einstein ring". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 436 (2): L21–L25. arXiv:astro-ph/0504585. Bibcode:2005A&A...436L..21C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200500115. S2CID 15732993. (refers to FOR J0332-3357)
• Chwolson, O (1924). "Über eine mögliche Form fiktiver Doppelsterne". Astronomische Nachrichten. 221 (20): 329–330. Bibcode:1924AN....221..329C. doi:10.1002/asna.19242212003. (The first paper to propose rings)
• Einstein, Albert (1936). "Lens-like Action of a Star by the Deviation of Light in the Gravitational Field" (PDF). Science. 84 (2188): 506–507. Bibcode:1936Sci....84..506E. doi:10.1126/science.84.2188.506. PMID 17769014.^{[permanent dead link]} (The famous Einstein Ring paper)
• Hewitt, J (1988). "Unusual radio source MG1131+0456 - A possible Einstein ring". Nature. 333 (6173): 537–540. Bibcode:1988Natur.333..537H. doi:10.1038/333537a0. S2CID 23277001.
• Renn, Jurgen; Sauer, Tilman; Stachel, John (1997). "The Origin of Gravitational Lensing: A Postscript to Einstein's 1936 Science paper". Science. 275 (5297): 184–186. Bibcode:1997Sci...275..184R. doi:10.1126/science.275.5297.184. PMID 8985006. S2CID 43449111.
• King, L (1998). "A complete infrared Einstein ring in the gravitational lens system B1938 + 666". MNRAS. 295 (2): L41–L44. arXiv:astro-ph/9710171. Bibcode:1998MNRAS.295L..41K. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.295241.x. S2CID 15647305.

News

• Barbour, Jeff (2005-04-29). "Nearly perfect Einstein ring discovered". Universe Today. Retrieved 2006-06-15. (refers to FOR J0332-3357)
• "Hubble Finds Double Einstein Ring". Science Daily. 2008-01-12. Retrieved 2008-01-14.

Further reading

• Kochanek, C. S.; Keeton, C. R.; McLeod, B. A. (2001). "The Importance of Einstein Rings". The Astrophysical Journal. 547 (1): 50–59. arXiv:astro-ph/0006116. Bibcode:2001ApJ...547...50K. doi:10.1086/318350. S2CID 16122139.