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Chutu dynasty

January 13, 2023

The Chutu dynasty (IAST: Cuṭu) ruled parts of the Deccan region of South India between first and third centuries CE, with its capital at Banavasi in present-day Karnataka state. The Chutus probably rose to power as Satavahanas feudatories, and assumed sovereignty after the decline of the Satavahana power. Except for the edicts of Asoka, the inscriptions of the Chutu dynasty are the oldest documents found in the northern part of Karnataka State, India.

Chutu dynasty
1st century BCE–3rd century CE
Coin of the Chutu ruler Mulananda c. 125-345. Lead Karshapana 14.30g. 27 mm.

Obv.: Arched hill/stupa with river motif below.

Rev.: Tree within railed lattice, triratana to right.
class=notpageimage|
Location of the Chutus in South India, and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 120 CE.[1]
CapitalBanavasi
Common languagesPrakrit
Kannada[2]
Religion
Buddhism and Hinduism
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
1st century BCE
• Disestablished
3rd century CE
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Today part ofIndia

Name

The name "Chutu-kula" ("Chutu family") is found in the contemporary inscriptions.[3] The coins attributed to the family bear the legends Raño Cuṭukaḷānaṃdasa ("of king Chutukalananda"), Raño Muḷānaṃdasa, and Raño Sivaḷānaṃdasa. The word "Cuṭukaḷānaṃdasa" was misread as "Cuṭukaḍānaṃdasa" by some earlier scholars, leading to different theories about the names of the kings and their dynasty.[4] For example, numismatist E. J. Rapson (1908) theorized that "Chutu-kada-nanda" meant "Joy of the City of the Chutus".[3]

The word Chutu in Kannada language means "crest". Chutu inscriptions contain the emblem of the cobra hood implying Chutu meant the "cobra crest". This connects the Chutus to the Nagas tribes as they also associated themselves with the region of the western Deccan called Nagara Khanda around modern Banavasi.[5]

According to numismatist Michael Mitchiner (1983), these names appear to be matronymics.[6] For example, Raño Muḷānaṃdasa means "of king Mulananda", where "Mulananda" is a matronymic meaning "son (nanda) of a queen belonging to the Mula gotra". Similarly, Sivaḷānaṃdasa means "of the son of a queen belonging to the Sivala gotra". Mitchiner theorizes that "Chutu-kula-nanda-sa" (IAST: Cuṭukaḷānaṃdasa, "son of a queen belonging to the Chutu family") was a common name borne by multiple kings of the dynasty. This theory is based on the fact that the Banavasi inscription of king Haritiputra Vishnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni was issued shortly before the Kadamba occupation of Banavasi in c. 345, while the coins bearing the name Chutukulananda can be dated to two centuries earlier based on the stratification at Chandravalli excavations.[7]

Historian M. Rama Rao used the term "Ananda family" to describe the family, because the coin legends mention kings whose names end in "-nanda". Numismatists P.L. Gupta and A. V. Narasimha Murthy also followed this interpretation.[3]

Origins

At least two of the Chutu kings bore the title "Satakarni",[8] which is associated with the more notable Satavahana dynasty, and which was also borne by ministers and ordinary people in the Satavahana period.[9] The exact relationship between the Chutus and the Satavahanas is uncertain.[10] Modern historians variously believe that the Chutu family originated as a branch of the Satavahanas,[11] was descended from the Satavahana princesses,[12] or simply succeeded the Satavahanas in southern Deccan.[13]

Numismatist Michael Mitchiner speculates that the Chutus may have been of Indo-Scythian (Shaka) origin.[7] According to him, some Chutu coins bear designs copied from the Indo-Scythian coins. For example, the obverse of the two lead coins found at Kondapur features a swastika surrounded by a legend "reminds one of the Kshaharata coins stuck for Ladhanes and Pisayu"; the reverse of the same coin bears an arrow and a thunderbolt that seems to be derived from the coins of Bhumaka and Nahapana. According to V. V. Mirashi's interpretation, the issuers of such coins variously call themselves Shakas or members of the Chutu family.[14] Mirashi and Mitchiner read the legend on the coin as Mahasenapatisa Baradajaputasa Saga Mana Chutukulasa, which means "of the Maha-senapati (chief commander) Saka Mana, the son of Baradaja, of the Chutu family.[15] Mitchiner notes that according to a Nashik inscription, the Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni issued an order from his "camp of victory" at Vaijayanti (the ancient name of Banavasi).[14] He theorizes that the Chutus were originally Indo-Scythian chiefs, who became Satavahana feudatories, when Gautamiputra defeated the Indo-Scythian king Nahapana around c. 125 CE. Subsequently, they participated in the Satavahana military campaigns: one Chutu chief was appointed as the Mahasenapati in the Kondapur region, while another was appointed to govern the newly-captured city of Banavasi.[16]

Historian D. C. Sircar has disputed Mirashi's reading of the coin legend, arguing that the expression Saga Mana Chutukulasa cannot be interpreted to refer to "Saka Mana of the Chutu family". Sircar argues that if this was the meaning intended, the expression would have been Chutu-kulasa Saga-Manasa or Chutu-kula-Saga-Manasa.[17] Sircar instead reads the term Saga-Mana as Sagamana ("of the Sagamas, that is, belonging to the Sagama family").[17]

The Chutukula coins discovered from Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh and the southern part of Telangana proves that Chutus held sway in and around the Srisailam (Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh) or Sriparvata area which proves their title of Sriparvatiyas (the masters of the Sriparvata region) as very apt.[18]

In the medieval times, Srisailam region or the Sriparvata area was known as Kannadu and Kannavisaya which is the contracted form of Satakarninadu and Satakarnivisaya. Satakarninadu and Satakarnivisaya seem to be identical with the Satavahanihara of the Myakadoni inscription of Pulumayi or the Satavahaniratta of the Hirahadagalli grant. The Chutus continued to use the title Satakanni along with their names and regions, but later dropped the Sata part of Satakanni and used only the title of Kanni.[18]

Political history

 
East Hemisphere at c. 2nd century AD.

The Chutus ruled a kingdom centered around the city Banavasi in present-day Karnataka for over two centuries, from c. 125 CE to c. 345 CE.[19]

The Chutus were probably subordinate to the Satavahanas in the beginning, and assumed independence when the Satavahana power declined.[10] They were probably one of the several dynasties that are described collectively as "Andhra-bhritya" ("servants of the Andhras, that is, the Satavahanas) in the Puranas. Numismatic evidence suggests that the Chutus were surrounded by other Satavahana feudatories: the Kuras of Kolhapur in the north and the Sadakana Maharathis of Chandravalli. The coins issued by these three families are similar, and most of these coins, can be dated to the 2nd century CE.[20] Coins discovered at Chandravalli and Kondapur bear the legend "Maharathi Sadakana Chutu Krishna", which suggests that the Chutus consolidated their power by intermarriage with the other feudatory families.[16]

Numismatic evidence also indicates that by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, the power of these three feudatory families was eclipsed by the Satavahanas, who appear to have assumed greater control over their territories. This is suggested by the discovery of the coins of the Satavahana ruler Yajna Sri Satakarni at Bramhapuri (Kolhapur) and Chandravalli: the Satavahana coins were found a more recent strata compared to the coins of the feudatory dynasties.[20]

When the Satavahana power declined in the first half of the 3rd century CE, the Chutus retained their authority at Banavasi, unlike the Kuras and the Sadakana Maharathis. Their rule is attested by at least four inscriptions dated between the 260s and the 340s CE.[21] Historian Sailendra Nath Sen states that after the fall of the Satavahanas post the end of the reign of Pulumayi IV in 225 CE, the Chutus appear to have controlled the far-flung areas of the south-western parts of the erstwhile Satavahana empire. They subsequently extended their power in the north and the east.[22] According to historian Teotónio R. De Souza, following the rule of Shak Satakarni of the Satavahanas, the Chutus ruling from Banavasi of Uttara Kannada (North Canara) district of Karnataka, probably also gained control of Konkan and places in Goa like Kunkalli, Balli, and Kankon, as subordinates of the Bhojas.[23]

After the demise of Satavahana emperor Gautami-putra Yajna Satakarni in 181 CE, the old dynasty (Satavahanas) lost control of the western provinces, which passed into the hands of another family of Satakarnis, the Chutu-kula. Chutu dynasty came to an end probably in the first or second half of the third century i.e. around 250-275 CE. Of the Chutu dynasty two kings are known through inscriptions, Hariti-putra Chutu-kadananda Satakarni and his grandson Hariti-putra Siva-skanda-varman, who ruled in Banawasi (Vaijayantipura) before the Kadamba dynasty. In 222 CE, Prithivi-sena, son of Rudra-sena I, was reigning as the Western Kshatrapa ruler, in succession to the latter - Hariti-putra Siva-skanda-varman.[24]

The Chutus appear to have continued the policy of consolidating their power by intermarriage with their neighbours: this is suggested by an Ikshvaku dynasty record which states that the "Maharaja of Vanavasa" (presumably the Chutu ruler of Banavasi) married a daughter of the Ikshvaku king Vira-purusha-datta. Mitchiner also believes that the occurrence of the name "Satakarni" in the names of the Chutu kings (Vishnurudra Sivalananda Satakarni and Haritiputra Vishnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni) suggests that the Chutus also married into the Satavahana family.[8] The Chutu king Sivalananda is attested by a 278 CE inscription of the Abhira ruler Vasushena from Nagarjunakonda.[25]

Religion

According to Mitchiner, the designs on the Chutu coins suggest that they were Buddhists.[26] The Chutu rule seems to have ended when Mayurasharman established the Kadamba dynasty with its capital at Banavasi in c. 345 CE.[8]

Successors

The Chalukya dynasty of Badami, which later controlled much of the present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from a son of Hariti (a woman of the Harita gotra) and of Manavya gotra. The Chalukyas had appropriated this genealogy from the Kadamba dynasty, who ruled Banavasi before them and after the Chutus. The Kadambas, in turn, had appropriated this genealogy from the Chutus.[27]

Historian Sailendra Nath Sen theorizes that the Chalukyas were related to the Chutus and the Kadambas "in some way".[28]

Inscriptions

Banavasi inscription

Banavasi (Vanavasi or Vaijayanti in Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka) stone inscription mentions Haritiputra Visnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni who in the 12th year of his reign made a gift of a Nagashilpa, a tank and a Vihara. The nearby Malavalli inscription refers the same king Manavyasa Gotra Haritiputra Visnukadda Chutukulananda Satakarni, the king of Banavasi, who in the 1st year of his reign made the grant of a village. Stone inscription on the same pillar of a Kadamba king of 5th century mentions a prior chieftain Manavyasa Gotra Haritiputra Vaijayantipati Sivaskandavarman who also ruled this area. Based on this inscription and Rapson's opinion on Kanheri and this inscriptions, historian G. J-Dubreuil states that the Chutus succeeded the Satavahanas in both the Karnataka and the Aparanta (Konkan and western Maharashtra) regions. However, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya states that it was at a later date, the Chutus held sway over the northern part of Kannada and Malayalam speaking regions.[29]

Haritiputra-Satakarni issued an order to the chief revenue commissioner Mahavallabha-Rajjuka to grant a village of Sahalavati to a certain Kondamana as a Brahmin endowment in 175 CE for the enjoyment of the Mattapatti (Malavalli) god with the exemption of the soldier's entry (abhatappavesam).[30][31] Another record states that king Satakami had a daughter named Mahabhoja-Nagasri who made a grant of a tank and a Vihara to the Madhukeswara temple.[32]

Coinage

 
A coin of the post-Chutus period (250-400) in bronze. (Deccan, Central India) A / Cow on the right; Below undulating line, above legend Rajavipurudapa R / 4 arches with arrows and center circle Dimension: 17 mm Weight: 1.21 g. Bronze

The Chutu coins have been discovered at Karwar and Chandravalli.[21]

Their coins are mostly of lead, belonging to Mulananda c. 125-345. One coin shows Arched hill (or Stupa?) with river motif below on the Obverse and Tree within railed lattice; Nandipada to right on the Reverse.[33]

Coins of Rano Chutukadananda (70 BCE), the 1st known ruler of the Chutu dynasty whose name was inscribed on them as Rano Chutukadanamdasa were discovered from Karwar and Banavasi surroundings of the ancient Nagarakhanda (Bandalike) town regions.

List of rulers

The following Chutu rulers are known from coins and inscriptions:

  • Chutukulananda
  • Mulananda
  • Sivalananda

References

  1. ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 21, 145. ISBN 0226742210.
  2. ^ Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1995). Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. India: Asian Educational Services. p. 139. ISBN 9788120609990.
  3. ^ a b c Michael Mitchiner 1983, p. 97.
  4. ^ Michael Mitchiner 1983, p. 98.
  5. ^ Aiyangar, S. Krishnaswami (1995). Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture. India: Asian Educational Services. pp. 138–140. ISBN 9788120609990.
  6. ^ Michael Mitchiner 1983, pp. 98–99.
  7. ^ a b Michael Mitchiner 1983, p. 99.
  8. ^ a b c Michael Mitchiner 1983, p. 102.
  9. ^ K. Gopalachari (1976). Early History of the Andhra Country. University of Madras. p. 39.
  10. ^ a b Himanshu Prabha Ray (1986). Monastery and guild: commerce under the Sātavāhanas. Oxford University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN 978-0-19-561941-6.
  11. ^ Dilip K. Chakrabarty (2010). The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties. Oxford University Press India. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-19-908832-4.
  12. ^ Studies in Indian Epigraphy. Epigraphical Society of India / Geetha Book House. 2002. p. 75.
  13. ^ Hartmut Scharfe (2002). Handbook of Oriental Studies. BRILL. p. 167. ISBN 90-04-12556-6. It is not clear if this king and his family (the Cutus) were a branch of the Sata- vahanas or were their successors in the southern part of their dominions.
  14. ^ a b Michael Mitchiner 1983, p. 100.
  15. ^ Michael Mitchiner 1983, pp. 100–101.
  16. ^ a b Michael Mitchiner 1983, p. 101.
  17. ^ a b D.C. Sircar 1968, p. 130.
  18. ^ a b Gupta, Parmanand (1989). Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 22–23. ISBN 9788170222484.
  19. ^ Michael Mitchiner 1983, pp. 95, 101.
  20. ^ a b Michael Mitchiner 1983, p. 95.
  21. ^ a b Michael Mitchiner 1983, p. 96.
  22. ^ Sailendra Nath Sen 1999, p. 175.
  23. ^ Teotonio R. De Souza (1990). Goa Through the Ages: An economic history. Concept. p. 9. ISBN 978-81-7022-259-0.
  24. ^ "Antiquities of India; an account of the history and culture of ancient Hindustan". Antiquities of India; an Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  25. ^ Michael Mitchiner 1983, pp. 96–98.
  26. ^ Michael Mitchiner 1983, pp. 102–105.
  27. ^ Daud Ali (2000). "Royal Eulogy as World History: Rethinking Copper—plate Inscriptions in Cola India". Querying the Medieval: Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia. Oxford University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-19-535243-6.
  28. ^ Sailendra Nath Sen 1999, p. 360.
  29. ^ Chattopadhyaya, Sudhakar (1974). Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 130, 196, 100–103. ISBN 9788120829411.
  30. ^ Mishra, Arun Kumar (1992). Trading Communities in Ancient India: From Earliest Times to 300 A.D. Anamika Publishers & Distributors. pp. 108, 112, 118. ISBN 9788185150130.
  31. ^ Rice, Benjamin Lewis (2001). Gazetteer of Mysore. Karnataka, India: Asian Educational Services. p. 461. ISBN 9788120609778.
  32. ^ "HISTORY OF SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS" (PDF). HISTORY OF SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS-Shodhganga.
  33. ^ Coins of the Chutus of Banavasi 19 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine Attribution:Mitchiner CSI 34

Bibliography

  • D.C. Sircar (1968). Studies in Indian Coins (2008 reprint). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2973-2.
  • Michael Mitchiner (1983). "The Chutus of Banavasi and their Coinage". The Numismatic Chronicle. 143: 95–120. JSTOR 42665170.
  • Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.

January 13, 2023
chutu, dynasty, iast, cuṭu, ruled, parts, deccan, region, south, india, between, first, third, centuries, with, capital, banavasi, present, karnataka, state, chutus, probably, rose, power, satavahanas, feudatories, assumed, sovereignty, after, decline, satavah. The Chutu dynasty IAST Cuṭu ruled parts of the Deccan region of South India between first and third centuries CE with its capital at Banavasi in present day Karnataka state The Chutus probably rose to power as Satavahanas feudatories and assumed sovereignty after the decline of the Satavahana power Except for the edicts of Asoka the inscriptions of the Chutu dynasty are the oldest documents found in the northern part of Karnataka State India Chutu dynasty1st century BCE 3rd century CECoin of the Chutu ruler Mulananda c 125 345 Lead Karshapana 14 30g 27 mm Obv Arched hill stupa with river motif below Rev Tree within railed lattice triratana to right South Asia125 CESAMATATASSATAVAHANASMAHAMEGHA VAHANASPANDYASAYCHOLASCHERASCHUTUSKUSHAN EMPIREPARATARAJASNORTHERNSATRAPSHAN DYNASTYWESTERNSATRAPSMALAVASYAUDHEYASINDO PARTHIANSMAPS 500 15012535050060080010001175125014001500class notpageimage Location of the Chutus in South India and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 120 CE 1 CapitalBanavasiCommon languagesPrakritKannada 2 ReligionBuddhism and HinduismGovernmentMonarchyHistory Established1st century BCE Disestablished3rd century CEPreceded by Succeeded bySatavahana dynasty Kadamba dynastyToday part ofIndia Contents 1 Name 2 Origins 3 Political history 4 Religion 5 Successors 6 Inscriptions 6 1 Banavasi inscription 7 Coinage 8 List of rulers 9 References 9 1 BibliographyName EditThe name Chutu kula Chutu family is found in the contemporary inscriptions 3 The coins attributed to the family bear the legends Rano Cuṭukaḷanaṃdasa of king Chutukalananda Rano Muḷanaṃdasa and Rano Sivaḷanaṃdasa The word Cuṭukaḷanaṃdasa was misread as Cuṭukaḍanaṃdasa by some earlier scholars leading to different theories about the names of the kings and their dynasty 4 For example numismatist E J Rapson 1908 theorized that Chutu kada nanda meant Joy of the City of the Chutus 3 The word Chutu in Kannada language means crest Chutu inscriptions contain the emblem of the cobra hood implying Chutu meant the cobra crest This connects the Chutus to the Nagas tribes as they also associated themselves with the region of the western Deccan called Nagara Khanda around modern Banavasi 5 According to numismatist Michael Mitchiner 1983 these names appear to be matronymics 6 For example Rano Muḷanaṃdasa means of king Mulananda where Mulananda is a matronymic meaning son nanda of a queen belonging to the Mula gotra Similarly Sivaḷanaṃdasa means of the son of a queen belonging to the Sivala gotra Mitchiner theorizes that Chutu kula nanda sa IAST Cuṭukaḷanaṃdasa son of a queen belonging to the Chutu family was a common name borne by multiple kings of the dynasty This theory is based on the fact that the Banavasi inscription of king Haritiputra Vishnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni was issued shortly before the Kadamba occupation of Banavasi in c 345 while the coins bearing the name Chutukulananda can be dated to two centuries earlier based on the stratification at Chandravalli excavations 7 Historian M Rama Rao used the term Ananda family to describe the family because the coin legends mention kings whose names end in nanda Numismatists P L Gupta and A V Narasimha Murthy also followed this interpretation 3 Origins EditAt least two of the Chutu kings bore the title Satakarni 8 which is associated with the more notable Satavahana dynasty and which was also borne by ministers and ordinary people in the Satavahana period 9 The exact relationship between the Chutus and the Satavahanas is uncertain 10 Modern historians variously believe that the Chutu family originated as a branch of the Satavahanas 11 was descended from the Satavahana princesses 12 or simply succeeded the Satavahanas in southern Deccan 13 Numismatist Michael Mitchiner speculates that the Chutus may have been of Indo Scythian Shaka origin 7 According to him some Chutu coins bear designs copied from the Indo Scythian coins For example the obverse of the two lead coins found at Kondapur features a swastika surrounded by a legend reminds one of the Kshaharata coins stuck for Ladhanes and Pisayu the reverse of the same coin bears an arrow and a thunderbolt that seems to be derived from the coins of Bhumaka and Nahapana According to V V Mirashi s interpretation the issuers of such coins variously call themselves Shakas or members of the Chutu family 14 Mirashi and Mitchiner read the legend on the coin as Mahasenapatisa Baradajaputasa Saga Mana Chutukulasa which means of the Maha senapati chief commander Saka Mana the son of Baradaja of the Chutu family 15 Mitchiner notes that according to a Nashik inscription the Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni issued an order from his camp of victory at Vaijayanti the ancient name of Banavasi 14 He theorizes that the Chutus were originally Indo Scythian chiefs who became Satavahana feudatories when Gautamiputra defeated the Indo Scythian king Nahapana around c 125 CE Subsequently they participated in the Satavahana military campaigns one Chutu chief was appointed as the Mahasenapati in the Kondapur region while another was appointed to govern the newly captured city of Banavasi 16 Historian D C Sircar has disputed Mirashi s reading of the coin legend arguing that the expression Saga Mana Chutukulasa cannot be interpreted to refer to Saka Mana of the Chutu family Sircar argues that if this was the meaning intended the expression would have been Chutu kulasa Saga Manasa or Chutu kula Saga Manasa 17 Sircar instead reads the term Saga Mana as Sagamana of the Sagamas that is belonging to the Sagama family 17 The Chutukula coins discovered from Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh and the southern part of Telangana proves that Chutus held sway in and around the Srisailam Kurnool district Andhra Pradesh or Sriparvata area which proves their title of Sriparvatiyas the masters of the Sriparvata region as very apt 18 In the medieval times Srisailam region or the Sriparvata area was known as Kannadu and Kannavisaya which is the contracted form of Satakarninadu and Satakarnivisaya Satakarninadu and Satakarnivisaya seem to be identical with the Satavahanihara of the Myakadoni inscription of Pulumayi or the Satavahaniratta of the Hirahadagalli grant The Chutus continued to use the title Satakanni along with their names and regions but later dropped the Sata part of Satakanni and used only the title of Kanni 18 Political history Edit East Hemisphere at c 2nd century AD The Chutus ruled a kingdom centered around the city Banavasi in present day Karnataka for over two centuries from c 125 CE to c 345 CE 19 The Chutus were probably subordinate to the Satavahanas in the beginning and assumed independence when the Satavahana power declined 10 They were probably one of the several dynasties that are described collectively as Andhra bhritya servants of the Andhras that is the Satavahanas in the Puranas Numismatic evidence suggests that the Chutus were surrounded by other Satavahana feudatories the Kuras of Kolhapur in the north and the Sadakana Maharathis of Chandravalli The coins issued by these three families are similar and most of these coins can be dated to the 2nd century CE 20 Coins discovered at Chandravalli and Kondapur bear the legend Maharathi Sadakana Chutu Krishna which suggests that the Chutus consolidated their power by intermarriage with the other feudatory families 16 Numismatic evidence also indicates that by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE the power of these three feudatory families was eclipsed by the Satavahanas who appear to have assumed greater control over their territories This is suggested by the discovery of the coins of the Satavahana ruler Yajna Sri Satakarni at Bramhapuri Kolhapur and Chandravalli the Satavahana coins were found a more recent strata compared to the coins of the feudatory dynasties 20 When the Satavahana power declined in the first half of the 3rd century CE the Chutus retained their authority at Banavasi unlike the Kuras and the Sadakana Maharathis Their rule is attested by at least four inscriptions dated between the 260s and the 340s CE 21 Historian Sailendra Nath Sen states that after the fall of the Satavahanas post the end of the reign of Pulumayi IV in 225 CE the Chutus appear to have controlled the far flung areas of the south western parts of the erstwhile Satavahana empire They subsequently extended their power in the north and the east 22 According to historian Teotonio R De Souza following the rule of Shak Satakarni of the Satavahanas the Chutus ruling from Banavasi of Uttara Kannada North Canara district of Karnataka probably also gained control of Konkan and places in Goa like Kunkalli Balli and Kankon as subordinates of the Bhojas 23 After the demise of Satavahana emperor Gautami putra Yajna Satakarni in 181 CE the old dynasty Satavahanas lost control of the western provinces which passed into the hands of another family of Satakarnis the Chutu kula Chutu dynasty came to an end probably in the first or second half of the third century i e around 250 275 CE Of the Chutu dynasty two kings are known through inscriptions Hariti putra Chutu kadananda Satakarni and his grandson Hariti putra Siva skanda varman who ruled in Banawasi Vaijayantipura before the Kadamba dynasty In 222 CE Prithivi sena son of Rudra sena I was reigning as the Western Kshatrapa ruler in succession to the latter Hariti putra Siva skanda varman 24 The Chutus appear to have continued the policy of consolidating their power by intermarriage with their neighbours this is suggested by an Ikshvaku dynasty record which states that the Maharaja of Vanavasa presumably the Chutu ruler of Banavasi married a daughter of the Ikshvaku king Vira purusha datta Mitchiner also believes that the occurrence of the name Satakarni in the names of the Chutu kings Vishnurudra Sivalananda Satakarni and Haritiputra Vishnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni suggests that the Chutus also married into the Satavahana family 8 The Chutu king Sivalananda is attested by a 278 CE inscription of the Abhira ruler Vasushena from Nagarjunakonda 25 Religion EditAccording to Mitchiner the designs on the Chutu coins suggest that they were Buddhists 26 The Chutu rule seems to have ended when Mayurasharman established the Kadamba dynasty with its capital at Banavasi in c 345 CE 8 Successors EditThe Chalukya dynasty of Badami which later controlled much of the present day Karnataka claimed descent from a son of Hariti a woman of the Harita gotra and of Manavya gotra The Chalukyas had appropriated this genealogy from the Kadamba dynasty who ruled Banavasi before them and after the Chutus The Kadambas in turn had appropriated this genealogy from the Chutus 27 Historian Sailendra Nath Sen theorizes that the Chalukyas were related to the Chutus and the Kadambas in some way 28 Inscriptions EditBanavasi inscription Edit Banavasi Vanavasi or Vaijayanti in Uttara Kannada district Karnataka stone inscription mentions Haritiputra Visnukada Chutukulananda Satakarni who in the 12th year of his reign made a gift of a Nagashilpa a tank and a Vihara The nearby Malavalli inscription refers the same king Manavyasa Gotra Haritiputra Visnukadda Chutukulananda Satakarni the king of Banavasi who in the 1st year of his reign made the grant of a village Stone inscription on the same pillar of a Kadamba king of 5th century mentions a prior chieftain Manavyasa Gotra Haritiputra Vaijayantipati Sivaskandavarman who also ruled this area Based on this inscription and Rapson s opinion on Kanheri and this inscriptions historian G J Dubreuil states that the Chutus succeeded the Satavahanas in both the Karnataka and the Aparanta Konkan and western Maharashtra regions However Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya states that it was at a later date the Chutus held sway over the northern part of Kannada and Malayalam speaking regions 29 Haritiputra Satakarni issued an order to the chief revenue commissioner Mahavallabha Rajjuka to grant a village of Sahalavati to a certain Kondamana as a Brahmin endowment in 175 CE for the enjoyment of the Mattapatti Malavalli god with the exemption of the soldier s entry abhatappavesam 30 31 Another record states that king Satakami had a daughter named Mahabhoja Nagasri who made a grant of a tank and a Vihara to the Madhukeswara temple 32 Coinage Edit A coin of the post Chutus period 250 400 in bronze Deccan Central India A Cow on the right Below undulating line above legend Rajavipurudapa R 4 arches with arrows and center circle Dimension 17 mm Weight 1 21 g Bronze The Chutu coins have been discovered at Karwar and Chandravalli 21 Their coins are mostly of lead belonging to Mulananda c 125 345 One coin shows Arched hill or Stupa with river motif below on the Obverse and Tree within railed lattice Nandipada to right on the Reverse 33 Coins of Rano Chutukadananda 70 BCE the 1st known ruler of the Chutu dynasty whose name was inscribed on them as Rano Chutukadanamdasa were discovered from Karwar and Banavasi surroundings of the ancient Nagarakhanda Bandalike town regions List of rulers EditThe following Chutu rulers are known from coins and inscriptions Chutukulananda Mulananda SivalanandaReferences Edit Schwartzberg Joseph E 1978 A Historical atlas of South Asia Chicago University of Chicago Press p 21 145 ISBN 0226742210 Aiyangar S Krishnaswami 1995 Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture India Asian Educational Services p 139 ISBN 9788120609990 a b c Michael Mitchiner 1983 p 97 Michael Mitchiner 1983 p 98 Aiyangar S Krishnaswami 1995 Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture India Asian Educational Services pp 138 140 ISBN 9788120609990 Michael Mitchiner 1983 pp 98 99 a b Michael Mitchiner 1983 p 99 a b c Michael Mitchiner 1983 p 102 K Gopalachari 1976 Early History of the Andhra Country University of Madras p 39 a b Himanshu Prabha Ray 1986 Monastery and guild commerce under the Satavahanas Oxford University Press pp 40 41 ISBN 978 0 19 561941 6 Dilip K Chakrabarty 2010 The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties Oxford University Press India p 59 ISBN 978 0 19 908832 4 Studies in Indian Epigraphy Epigraphical Society of India Geetha Book House 2002 p 75 Hartmut Scharfe 2002 Handbook of Oriental Studies BRILL p 167 ISBN 90 04 12556 6 It is not clear if this king and his family the Cutus were a branch of the Sata vahanas or were their successors in the southern part of their dominions a b Michael Mitchiner 1983 p 100 Michael Mitchiner 1983 pp 100 101 a b Michael Mitchiner 1983 p 101 a b D C Sircar 1968 p 130 a b Gupta Parmanand 1989 Geography from Ancient Indian Coins amp Seals Concept Publishing Company pp 22 23 ISBN 9788170222484 Michael Mitchiner 1983 pp 95 101 a b Michael Mitchiner 1983 p 95 a b Michael Mitchiner 1983 p 96 Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 p 175 Teotonio R De Souza 1990 Goa Through the Ages An economic history Concept p 9 ISBN 978 81 7022 259 0 Antiquities of India an account of the history and culture of ancient Hindustan Antiquities of India an Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Michael Mitchiner 1983 pp 96 98 Michael Mitchiner 1983 pp 102 105 Daud Ali 2000 Royal Eulogy as World History Rethinking Copper plate Inscriptions in Cola India Querying the Medieval Texts and the History of Practices in South Asia Oxford University Press p 187 ISBN 978 0 19 535243 6 Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 p 360 Chattopadhyaya Sudhakar 1974 Some Early Dynasties of South India Motilal Banarsidass Publishers pp 130 196 100 103 ISBN 9788120829411 Mishra Arun Kumar 1992 Trading Communities in Ancient India From Earliest Times to 300 A D Anamika Publishers amp Distributors pp 108 112 118 ISBN 9788185150130 Rice Benjamin Lewis 2001 Gazetteer of Mysore Karnataka India Asian Educational Services p 461 ISBN 9788120609778 HISTORY OF SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS PDF HISTORY OF SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS Shodhganga Coins of the Chutus of Banavasi Archived 19 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine Attribution Mitchiner CSI 34 Bibliography Edit D C Sircar 1968 Studies in Indian Coins 2008 reprint Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 2973 2 Michael Mitchiner 1983 The Chutus of Banavasi and their Coinage The Numismatic Chronicle 143 95 120 JSTOR 42665170 Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 Ancient Indian History and Civilization New Age International ISBN 978 81 224 1198 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chutu dynasty amp oldid 1121180064, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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