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Christmas (surname)

May 04, 2023

Christmas is an uncommon English-language surname. The origin is uncertain; some genealogy books state that it was given to people born near Christmas, while this is disputed by researchers, and DNA tests performed on men with the surname show that the majority of those descend from a common ancestor. Others suggest it was given to people who organised Christmas festivities, or has a Norman origin. Most prominent in Southern England, various notable people from around the world have had the surname, and it has been given to a number of fictional characters. The William Faulkner character Joe Christmas, from Light in August, has a much-discussed name. The blood disorder Christmas disease or haemophilia B was first described in (and named for) a boy with the surname and is observed in other people of the name.

Etymology

The linguistic etymology of the English word "Christmas" is from Middle English "Crīstes mæsse", referring to the mass of (Jesus) Christ; the word "Crīstes" comes from the Greek "Chrīstos", "Χριστός". The word "Christmas", used to denote the celebration of the nativity of Jesus on 25 December, appeared around the 12th century.[1]

Origin

There is no certain origin of Christmas as a surname.[2] Some books state that the name was originally given to those born on or near Christmas, indicating "one born at Christmas",[2] either directly as a surname[3] or initially as a byname[4] or given name[5] which became a patronymic and then an inherited surname.[6][7] Charles Wareing Endell Bardsley, writing in the 1870s, noted that Noel had been a common given name for boys born on Christmas, but as the French meaning became obscured in England, the name Christmas replaced it.[5] By the 1990s, the given name Christmas had been replaced by Noel again, when used in this way.[8] Bardsley did report finding record of a child named Christmas unrelated to the season: having the surname Day, his parents had given him the name to make him Christmas Day.[5] Genealogical researcher Henry Christmas contends that the "one born at Christmas" proposal is "too easy" and does not make sense with the rareness and localization of the surname.[2]

Records stating the "one born at Christmas" origin include A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames (1896) by Bardsley[9] and Surnames of the United Kingdom (1912) by Henry Harrison.[10] The earliest record of this origin is in Patronymica Britannica (1860) by Mark Antony Lower, which sources it to speculation by Tudor historian William Camden, stating: "CHRISTMAS, CHRISMAS. Originally imposed, Camden thinks, as a baptismal name, in consequence of the individual having been born on the day of the festival."[11]

In 2005, geneticists in Oxford led by Bryan Sykes found that, of a selection of men with the surname, 70% were descended from one 13th-century Yorkshireman. Henry Christmas traced lineage of the surname; spelt "Chrystmasse" in the earliest records he found, he suggested that it is Norman in origin.[2] In The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States of America (1874), published by Henry Samuel King, the surname is said to be a direct translation of the French surname Noel.[12]

The Dictionary of American Family Names (2003) by Patrick Hanks notes two origins of the surname: given to someone with a relation to Christmas, e.g. a leader of festivities, and a translation of French Noel.[13]

History

The name is principally found in Essex and Sussex counties in England;[2] in Henry B. Guppy's 1890 Homes of Family Names in Great Britain it is described as an "ancient name" in this area, also present in Cambridgeshire, surviving into the 13th century as "Cristemasse". Guppy notes that John Crystmasse was a nobleman of the area in 1433.[14] The name has been recorded with spellings "Cristemass" in 1185 and 1191, and "Cristesmesse" in 1308.[15] The Norman People notes a Richard Christmasse in c.1272.[12] Hanks also noted the name as pertaining to Southern England, but found an established family in County Waterford, Ireland, in 1622.[13]

During the time of James I, Gerard or Garrett Christmas[16] and his sons, John and Matthew, were involved in producing entertainment. They were trained carvers but, thanks to their craft, also staged the Lord Mayor's Show annual pageants for the Lord Mayor of London, with royal approval. Their positions cumulatively lasted for twenty-one years, and their work was well-respected.[17][18] In the 17th century, a Thomas Christmas was a trumpeter in Charles II's court;[19] he and another Christmas from Waterford have their names written as "Christmas" in a royal record printed in 1691, while the celebration itself is written with the spelling "Christmass".[20] A different Thomas Christmas, whose will was dated 1520, was a merchant and major philanthropist in Colchester.[21]

In the 20th century, William Herbert Turner compiled two volumes of Christmas families based in South Carolina and the East Coast of the United States.[22][23]

Christmas disease

Main article: Haemophilia B

The blood disorder haemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease, named after Stephen Christmas, the first patient described with the condition;[24] the Journal of Haemophilia Practice said that Stephen Christmas's parents, in naming him Stephen and his brother Robin with the surname Christmas, had a sense of humour.[25] Other men named Christmas have been found to have the condition, which is inherited.[26] A deficiency of Factor IX, or: the Christmas factor, also named for Stephen Christmas, causes Christmas disease.[27] The condition was first published in a journal at Christmas, leading some to assume it was offensively named for the holiday and demand its name be changed. As a result, the condition is now formally known as haemophilia B.[25]

Notable persons with the surname Christmas

Fictional characters with the name Christmas

Joe Christmas

Faulkner's character of Joe Christmas has a lot of his identity based on his name. The name had been given to him when he was left at an orphanage on Christmas, but he claims it over the surname of his foster father.[28][29] Scholarly researcher Owen Robinson wrote that "the self represented by the name "Christmas" is the very core of Joe's largely inarticulate being"; he quoted Alfred Kazin stating that, because of its lack of personal identity, the name Joe Christmas "is worse than any real name could be". Robinson argues that choosing to claim a lack of identity embodies the character's approach to matters, and this plays an important role in driving the narrative. The story also contains racial conflict, with Joe Christmas's ambiguity a main issue; again, his name is used to define him, when another character asks "Did you ever hear of a white man named Christmas?"[29] on page twenty-nine. There is also religious conflict, with Joe Christmas's foster father at one point describing his surname as sacrilegious.[30] Some scholars have compared Joe Christmas to Jesus Christ.[31]

See also

References

  1. ^ Fink, Jenni (2019-12-25). "Why is it called Christmas? The origin and meaning of the name explained". Newsweek. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
  2. ^ a b c d e "DNA search for 'father' Christmas". BBC News. 2005-11-23. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  3. ^ Anderson, William (1865). Genealogy and Surnames: With Some Heraldic and Biographical Notices. Ritchie. p. 62.
  4. ^ Mckinley, Richard (2014-05-12). A History of British Surnames. Routledge. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-317-90146-4.
  5. ^ a b c Bardsley, Charles W. (1877). "The Romance of the London Directory, Chapter IV. The Bible and Nomenclature". The Fireside annual, pictorial annual; conducted by C. Bullock. pp. 473–475.
  6. ^ Rowlands, John; Rowlands, Sheila (1996). The Surnames of Wales: For Family Historians and Others. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8063-1516-4.
  7. ^ Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Ingrid; Frankis, John; Whaley, Diana (1991). Language Usage and Description: Studies Presented to N.E. Osselton on the Occasion of His Retirement. Rodopi. p. 12. ISBN 978-90-5183-312-6.
  8. ^ Kirwin, William; Seary, E. (1998-11-01). Family Names of the Island of Newfoundland: Corrected Edition. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-7735-6741-2.
  9. ^ Charles Wareing Endell Bardsley (1896). A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames. p. 180.
  10. ^ Harrison, Henry (1912). Surnames of the United Kingdom: a concise etymological dictionary. London: Eaton Press. OL 17313721M.
  11. ^ Lower, Mark Antony (1860). Patronymica Britannica: a dictionary of the family names of the United Kingdom. London: J.R. Smith. pp. iii, 60. OL 7067015M.
  12. ^ a b The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States of America. Henry S. King & Company. 1874. p. 198.
  13. ^ a b Hanks, Patrick (2003-05-08). Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-19-508137-4.
  14. ^ Guppy, Henry Brougham (1890). Homes of Family Names in Great Britain. Harrison and Sons. p. 84.
  15. ^ Reaney, P. H.; Wilson, R. M. (1991). A Dictionary of English Surnames. Psychology Press. pp. 658–659. ISBN 978-0-415-05737-0.
  16. ^ Related text can be found   Works related to Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Christmas, Gerard at Wikisource
  17. ^ Bergeron, David M. (1968). "The Christmas Family: Artificers in English Civic Pageantry". ELH. 35 (3): 354–364. doi:10.2307/2872281. ISSN 0013-8304. JSTOR 2872281.
  18. ^ Wiggins, Martin (2012). Drama and the transfer of power in Renaissance England (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–87. ISBN 978-0-19-965059-0. OCLC 783148796.
  19. ^ Highfill, Philip H.; Burnim, Kalman A.; Langhans, Edward A. (1973). A Biographical Dictionary of Actors, Actresses, Musicians, Dancers, Managers, and Other Stage Personnel in London, 1660-1800. SIU Press. p. 400. ISBN 9780809305179.
  20. ^ King, William (2004). The state of the Protestants of Ireland under the late King James's government in which their carriage towards him is justified, and the absolute necessity of their endeavouring to be freed from his government, and of submitting to their present Majesties is demonstrated. pp. 273–274, 311–312.
  21. ^ Goose, Nigel (2006). "The rise and decline of philanthropy in early modern Colchester: the unacceptable face of mercantilism?". Social History. 31 (4): 469–487. doi:10.1080/03071020600898726. hdl:2299/1994. ISSN 0307-1022. JSTOR 23073536. S2CID 144230568.
  22. ^ Turner, William Herbert (1999). Some Christmas Families. Vol. 1. W.H. Turner.
  23. ^ Turner, William Herbert (1999). Some Christmas Families. Vol. 2. W.H. Turner.
  24. ^ Giangrande PL (June 2003). "Six characters in search of an author: the history of the nomenclature of coagulation factors". Br. J. Haematol. 121 (5): 703–12. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04333.x. PMID 12780784.
  25. ^ a b Giangrande, Paul (2015-03-01). "Glad tidings for haemophilia B patients". The Journal of Haemophilia Practice. 2 (1): 1–2. doi:10.17225/jhp.00038. ISSN 2055-3390. S2CID 76812649.
  26. ^ Kaufman, Randal J. (1999-09-01). "Advances toward Gene Therapy for Hemophilia at the Millennium". Human Gene Therapy. 10 (13): 2091–2107. doi:10.1089/10430349950017095. ISSN 1043-0342. PMID 10498242.
  27. ^ Biggs R, Douglas AS, Macfarlane RG, Dacie JV, Pitney WR (Dec 1952). "Christmas disease: a condition previously mistaken for haemophilia". British Medical Journal. 2 (4799): 1378–82. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4799.1378. PMC 2022306. PMID 12997790.
  28. ^ Holman, C. Hugh (1958). "The Unity of Faulkner's Light in August". Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. 73 (1): 155–166. doi:10.2307/460285. ISSN 0030-8129. JSTOR 460285. S2CID 163936514.
  29. ^ a b Robinson, Owen (2003). ""Liable to be anything": The Creation of Joe Christmas in Faulkner's Light in August". Journal of American Studies. 37 (1): 119–133. doi:10.1017/S0021875803006960. ISSN 1469-5154. S2CID 144679171.
  30. ^ Winkleblack, Carole Booker (1976). "Joe Christmas: A Hero in Conflict in Faulkner's Light in August."
  31. ^ Lamont, W. H. (1957). "The Chronology of "Light in August" ". Modern Fiction Studies, 3 (4): 360.

External links

  • Christmas Families Home Page Retrieved April 2, 2013
  • Christmas Family History at AncientFaces.com Retrieved April 2, 2013

May 04, 2023
christmas, surname, christmas, uncommon, english, language, surname, origin, uncertain, some, genealogy, books, state, that, given, people, born, near, christmas, while, this, disputed, researchers, tests, performed, with, surname, show, that, majority, those,. Christmas is an uncommon English language surname The origin is uncertain some genealogy books state that it was given to people born near Christmas while this is disputed by researchers and DNA tests performed on men with the surname show that the majority of those descend from a common ancestor Others suggest it was given to people who organised Christmas festivities or has a Norman origin Most prominent in Southern England various notable people from around the world have had the surname and it has been given to a number of fictional characters The William Faulkner character Joe Christmas from Light in August has a much discussed name The blood disorder Christmas disease or haemophilia B was first described in and named for a boy with the surname and is observed in other people of the name Contents 1 Etymology 2 Origin 3 History 3 1 Christmas disease 4 Notable persons with the surname Christmas 5 Fictional characters with the name Christmas 5 1 Joe Christmas 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEtymology EditThe linguistic etymology of the English word Christmas is from Middle English Cristes maesse referring to the mass of Jesus Christ the word Cristes comes from the Greek Christos Xristos The word Christmas used to denote the celebration of the nativity of Jesus on 25 December appeared around the 12th century 1 Origin EditThere is no certain origin of Christmas as a surname 2 Some books state that the name was originally given to those born on or near Christmas indicating one born at Christmas 2 either directly as a surname 3 or initially as a byname 4 or given name 5 which became a patronymic and then an inherited surname 6 7 Charles Wareing Endell Bardsley writing in the 1870s noted that Noel had been a common given name for boys born on Christmas but as the French meaning became obscured in England the name Christmas replaced it 5 By the 1990s the given name Christmas had been replaced by Noel again when used in this way 8 Bardsley did report finding record of a child named Christmas unrelated to the season having the surname Day his parents had given him the name to make him Christmas Day 5 Genealogical researcher Henry Christmas contends that the one born at Christmas proposal is too easy and does not make sense with the rareness and localization of the surname 2 Records stating the one born at Christmas origin include A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames 1896 by Bardsley 9 and Surnames of the United Kingdom 1912 by Henry Harrison 10 The earliest record of this origin is in Patronymica Britannica 1860 by Mark Antony Lower which sources it to speculation by Tudor historian William Camden stating CHRISTMAS CHRISMAS Originally imposed Camden thinks as a baptismal name in consequence of the individual having been born on the day of the festival 11 In 2005 geneticists in Oxford led by Bryan Sykes found that of a selection of men with the surname 70 were descended from one 13th century Yorkshireman Henry Christmas traced lineage of the surname spelt Chrystmasse in the earliest records he found he suggested that it is Norman in origin 2 In The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States of America 1874 published by Henry Samuel King the surname is said to be a direct translation of the French surname Noel 12 The Dictionary of American Family Names 2003 by Patrick Hanks notes two origins of the surname given to someone with a relation to Christmas e g a leader of festivities and a translation of French Noel 13 History EditThe name is principally found in Essex and Sussex counties in England 2 in Henry B Guppy s 1890 Homes of Family Names in Great Britain it is described as an ancient name in this area also present in Cambridgeshire surviving into the 13th century as Cristemasse Guppy notes that John Crystmasse was a nobleman of the area in 1433 14 The name has been recorded with spellings Cristemass in 1185 and 1191 and Cristesmesse in 1308 15 The Norman People notes a Richard Christmasse in c 1272 12 Hanks also noted the name as pertaining to Southern England but found an established family in County Waterford Ireland in 1622 13 During the time of James I Gerard or Garrett Christmas 16 and his sons John and Matthew were involved in producing entertainment They were trained carvers but thanks to their craft also staged the Lord Mayor s Show annual pageants for the Lord Mayor of London with royal approval Their positions cumulatively lasted for twenty one years and their work was well respected 17 18 In the 17th century a Thomas Christmas was a trumpeter in Charles II s court 19 he and another Christmas from Waterford have their names written as Christmas in a royal record printed in 1691 while the celebration itself is written with the spelling Christmass 20 A different Thomas Christmas whose will was dated 1520 was a merchant and major philanthropist in Colchester 21 In the 20th century William Herbert Turner compiled two volumes of Christmas families based in South Carolina and the East Coast of the United States 22 23 Christmas disease Edit Main article Haemophilia B The blood disorder haemophilia B is also known as Christmas disease named after Stephen Christmas the first patient described with the condition 24 the Journal of Haemophilia Practice said that Stephen Christmas s parents in naming him Stephen and his brother Robin with the surname Christmas had a sense of humour 25 Other men named Christmas have been found to have the condition which is inherited 26 A deficiency of Factor IX or the Christmas factor also named for Stephen Christmas causes Christmas disease 27 The condition was first published in a journal at Christmas leading some to assume it was offensively named for the holiday and demand its name be changed As a result the condition is now formally known as haemophilia B 25 Notable persons with the surname Christmas EditArt Christmas 1905 1961 Canadian jazz saxophonist Cecil Christmas 1886 1916 English footballer Celestina Christmas 1827 1859 English murderer as Celestina Sommer Dani Christmas born 1987 British racing cyclist and former runner David Christmas born 1969 English cricketer Demarcus Christmas born 1995 American football player Dionte Christmas born 1986 American professional basketball player Edward A Christmas 1903 1969 American horse trainer Eric Christmas 1916 2000 British actor Ernst William Christmas 1863 1918 Australian painter George R Christmas born 1940 American Marine Corps general Henry Christmas 1811 1868 English Anglican priest Jarred Christmas born c 1980 New Zealand born British comedian John Christmas born 1969 American former banker and writer Johnny Christmas born 1982 lacrosse player for Philadelphia Wings Julie Christmas born 1975 American heavy metal singer Karima Christmas born 1989 American female professional basketball player Keith Christmas born 1946 English singer songwriter Lee Christmas 1863 1924 American mercenary Mary Christmas American magazine editor Rakeem Christmas born 1991 American college basketball player Randy Christmas 1920 1969 Mayor of Miami Florida Ruth Christmas 1904 2001 English middle distance runner Stephen Christmas 1947 1993 for whom the blood clotting protein Factor IX was named Steve Christmas born 1957 American Major League Baseball player William Christmas Kilmallock MP 1734 1803 Irish politician MP for Kilmallock 1776 1783 William Christmas Waterford MP 1798 1867 Irish politician Conservative Party MP for Waterford City William Whitney Christmas 1895 1960 American aviation pioneer and designer of the Christmas Bullet aircraftFictional characters with the name Christmas EditJoe Christmas see below a character in William Faulkner s novel Light in August Lee Christmas played by Jason Statham a member of the Expendables in the movie franchise of the same name Lloyd Christmas played by Jim Carrey one of the main characters in the Dumb and Dumber movie franchise Miss Merry Christmas member of Baroque Works from the manga series One Piece Rev Tom Christmas protagonist of C C Benison s Father Christmas Mystery series of books The Christmas family in 2021 holiday movie Father Christmas Is Back An unseen character named U S Christmas is referred to in the 1973 movie Pat Garrett and Billy the KidJoe Christmas Edit Faulkner s character of Joe Christmas has a lot of his identity based on his name The name had been given to him when he was left at an orphanage on Christmas but he claims it over the surname of his foster father 28 29 Scholarly researcher Owen Robinson wrote that the self represented by the name Christmas is the very core of Joe s largely inarticulate being he quoted Alfred Kazin stating that because of its lack of personal identity the name Joe Christmas is worse than any real name could be Robinson argues that choosing to claim a lack of identity embodies the character s approach to matters and this plays an important role in driving the narrative The story also contains racial conflict with Joe Christmas s ambiguity a main issue again his name is used to define him when another character asks Did you ever hear of a white man named Christmas 29 on page twenty nine There is also religious conflict with Joe Christmas s foster father at one point describing his surname as sacrilegious 30 Some scholars have compared Joe Christmas to Jesus Christ 31 See also EditChristmas disambiguation Christ surname List of mayors of Waterford several of whom were named Christmas Surnames which mean Christmas in other languages Bozic Di Natale JuhlReferences Edit Fink Jenni 2019 12 25 Why is it called Christmas The origin and meaning of the name explained Newsweek Retrieved 2021 12 26 a b c d e DNA search for father Christmas BBC News 2005 11 23 Retrieved 2007 12 25 Anderson William 1865 Genealogy and Surnames With Some Heraldic and Biographical Notices Ritchie p 62 Mckinley Richard 2014 05 12 A History of British Surnames Routledge p 160 ISBN 978 1 317 90146 4 a b c Bardsley Charles W 1877 The Romance of the London Directory Chapter IV The Bible and Nomenclature The Fireside annual pictorial annual conducted by C Bullock pp 473 475 Rowlands John Rowlands Sheila 1996 The Surnames of Wales For Family Historians and Others Genealogical Publishing Com p 85 ISBN 978 0 8063 1516 4 Tieken Boon van Ostade Ingrid Frankis John Whaley Diana 1991 Language Usage and Description Studies Presented to N E Osselton on the Occasion of His Retirement Rodopi p 12 ISBN 978 90 5183 312 6 Kirwin William Seary E 1998 11 01 Family Names of the Island of Newfoundland Corrected Edition McGill Queen s Press MQUP p 93 ISBN 978 0 7735 6741 2 Charles Wareing Endell Bardsley 1896 A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames p 180 Harrison Henry 1912 Surnames of the United Kingdom a concise etymological dictionary London Eaton Press OL 17313721M Lower Mark Antony 1860 Patronymica Britannica a dictionary of the family names of the United Kingdom London J R Smith pp iii 60 OL 7067015M a b The Norman People and Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States of America Henry S King amp Company 1874 p 198 a b Hanks Patrick 2003 05 08 Dictionary of American Family Names 3 Volume Set Oxford University Press USA p 332 ISBN 978 0 19 508137 4 Guppy Henry Brougham 1890 Homes of Family Names in Great Britain Harrison and Sons p 84 Reaney P H Wilson R M 1991 A Dictionary of English Surnames Psychology Press pp 658 659 ISBN 978 0 415 05737 0 Related text can be found Works related to Dictionary of National Biography 1885 1900 Christmas Gerard at Wikisource Bergeron David M 1968 The Christmas Family Artificers in English Civic Pageantry ELH 35 3 354 364 doi 10 2307 2872281 ISSN 0013 8304 JSTOR 2872281 Wiggins Martin 2012 Drama and the transfer of power in Renaissance England 1st ed Oxford Oxford University Press pp 83 87 ISBN 978 0 19 965059 0 OCLC 783148796 Highfill Philip H Burnim Kalman A Langhans Edward A 1973 A Biographical Dictionary of Actors Actresses Musicians Dancers Managers and Other Stage Personnel in London 1660 1800 SIU Press p 400 ISBN 9780809305179 King William 2004 The state of the Protestants of Ireland under the late King James s government in which their carriage towards him is justified and the absolute necessity of their endeavouring to be freed from his government and of submitting to their present Majesties is demonstrated pp 273 274 311 312 Goose Nigel 2006 The rise and decline of philanthropy in early modern Colchester the unacceptable face of mercantilism Social History 31 4 469 487 doi 10 1080 03071020600898726 hdl 2299 1994 ISSN 0307 1022 JSTOR 23073536 S2CID 144230568 Turner William Herbert 1999 Some Christmas Families Vol 1 W H Turner Turner William Herbert 1999 Some Christmas Families Vol 2 W H Turner Giangrande PL June 2003 Six characters in search of an author the history of the nomenclature of coagulation factors Br J Haematol 121 5 703 12 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2141 2003 04333 x PMID 12780784 a b Giangrande Paul 2015 03 01 Glad tidings for haemophilia B patients The Journal of Haemophilia Practice 2 1 1 2 doi 10 17225 jhp 00038 ISSN 2055 3390 S2CID 76812649 Kaufman Randal J 1999 09 01 Advances toward Gene Therapy for Hemophilia at the Millennium Human Gene Therapy 10 13 2091 2107 doi 10 1089 10430349950017095 ISSN 1043 0342 PMID 10498242 Biggs R Douglas AS Macfarlane RG Dacie JV Pitney WR Dec 1952 Christmas disease a condition previously mistaken for haemophilia British Medical Journal 2 4799 1378 82 doi 10 1136 bmj 2 4799 1378 PMC 2022306 PMID 12997790 Holman C Hugh 1958 The Unity of Faulkner s Light in August Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 73 1 155 166 doi 10 2307 460285 ISSN 0030 8129 JSTOR 460285 S2CID 163936514 a b Robinson Owen 2003 Liable to be anything The Creation of Joe Christmas in Faulkner s Light in August Journal of American Studies 37 1 119 133 doi 10 1017 S0021875803006960 ISSN 1469 5154 S2CID 144679171 Winkleblack Carole Booker 1976 Joe Christmas A Hero in Conflict in Faulkner s Light in August Lamont W H 1957 The Chronology of Light in August Modern Fiction Studies 3 4 360 External links EditChristmas Families Home Page Retrieved April 2 2013 Christmas Family History at AncientFaces com Retrieved April 2 2013 This page lists people with the surname Christmas If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page you may wish to change that link by adding the person s given name s to the link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Christmas surname amp oldid 1140553029, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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