fbpx
Wikipedia

Chiropractic education

January 29, 2023

Chiropractic education trains students in chiropractic.[1] The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world.[2] Students are trained in academic areas including scopes of practice, neurology, radiology, microbiology, psychology, ethics, biology, gross anatomy, biochemistry, spinal anatomy and more.[3] Prospective students are also usually trained in clinical nutrition, public health, pediatrics and other health or wellness related areas.

The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world, although in the United States programs are required to teach specific areas for accreditation purposes.

A 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) guideline states regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.[2] Students must pass boards administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) to be licensed to practice in a U.S. state or territory. The boards consists of parts I, II, III, and IV, as well as other additional tests required by state or if desired by students such as the physiotherapy exam.

History

In 1908, chiropractic education originally began with a few months of training for chiropractic spinal manipulation. Over the next several years it grew to 18 months of training. In the 1920s the education expanded again to include subjects such as anatomy, physiology and histology.[4] It was not until the 1950s that chiropractic schools began requiring college coursework as a prerequisite for admission.[4] While chiropractic education continued to expand its educational requirements, the education still varied between institutions due to there being no single regulatory agency overseeing chiropractic education. This changed in 1974, with the Council for Chiropractic Educate (CCE) being appointed as the official chiropractic accrediting agency.[4]

As chiropractic grew, there were two distinct groups that emerged in the profession; Straights and Mixers. The Straights emphasized a vitalistic philosophy and used spinal manipulation as their sole method of treatment.[5] They had the belief that all disease originated from the spine. Mixers utilized spinal manipulation, but in conjunction with other therapies such as physical therapy, nutrition, electrical muscle stimulation, and more.[5] Mixer chiropractic schools offered more medical training, which initially resulted in significant controversy.[4] In 1997, American chiropractic schools tended to have lower entry requirements than medical or dental schools.[6] A 2005 report stated "Early chiropractic education included classes in some basic and clinical sciences along with philosophy of chiropractic."[7]

Training

Chiropractic education consists of college- or university-based training and education in the field of chiropractic as well as various certificates, certifications, licenses and diplomas.[8][9] Regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This calculates out to 21 hours per week, using a standard 50-week year. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training.[2] The gross anatomy curricula of most chiropractic programs require students to spend time performing human cadaver dissection.[10] Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school, a degree in chiropractic is granted. However, in order to legally practice, chiropractors, like all self regulated health care professionals, must be licensed. Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state/provincial and national board exams so long as the chiropractor maintains malpractice insurance. Nonetheless, there are still some variations in educational standards internationally, depending on admission and graduation requirements. Chiropractic is regulated in North America by state/provincial statute, and also—to some extent—by the Business and Professions Code (e.g., in the state of California)—and the Case Law. Further, it has been argued that, at least in some states (in the USA), that this license subsumed the previous "drugless practitioner" license, and includes—within its scope of practice—that of the previous discipline.

In some countries, like the United States, chiropractors earn a professional doctorate where training is entered after obtaining between 90 and 120 credit hours of university level work (see second entry degree) and in most cases after obtaining a bachelor's degree. The World Health Organization lists three potential educational paths involving full‐time chiropractic education around the globe. This includes: one to four years of pre-requisite training in basic sciences at university level followed by a four-year full‐time doctorate program; DC. A five-year integrated bachelor degree; BSc (Chiro). A two-to-three-year master's degree following the completion of a bachelor's degree leads to the MSc (Chiro).[2] In South Africa the Masters of Technology in Chiropractic (M.Tech. Chiro) is granted following six years of university.[11]

Doctors of Chiropractic who wish to practice in New Mexico can prescribe certain medications. These doctors are required to obtain additional license and credentials from the New Mexico Board of Pharmacy and apply for a "Chiropractic Advanced Practice" Certification from the New Mexico Department of Regulations and Licensing [12]

International degrees in chiropractic

Further information: List of chiropractic schools

Various degree designations for the chiropractic field exist in different countries. They generally follow the Bachelor's, Master's, Doctorate scheme.[13]

Degree Full Name Country in which it is awarded
D.C. and M.S. (Chiro) Doctor of Chiropractic & Master of Science (Chiropractic) South Korea
B.App.Sc. (clin). & B.C.Sc. Bachelor of Applied Science (Clinical Science) & Bachelor of Chiropractic Science
B.Sc. (chiro) & B.C. Bachelor of Science (Chiropractic) & Bachelor of Chiropractic Australia
B.App.Sc. (Compl) & M.Clin.Chiro. Bachelor of Applied Science (Complementary Medicine) & Master of Clinical Chiropractic Australia
B.Chiro. Bachelor of Chiropractic New Zealand
B.Chiro. & M.Chiro Bachelor of Chiropractic & Master of Chiropractic Australia
B.Sc. (Hons) Chiro Bachelor of Science (Hons) Chiropractic Malaysia[14]
B.Tech. (chiro) and M.Tech. (chiro) Bachelor in Technology (Chiropractic) & Master in Technology (Chiropractic) South Africa[15]
D.C. Doctor of Chiropractic Brazil, Canada, France, Mexico, Spain, Sweden[citation needed], United States
M.C. or M.Chiro. Master of Chiropractic Australia, Switzerland, UK
M.C.B. Master in Clinical Biomechanics Denmark[16]
M.Sc.(Chiro) or M.Chiro Master of Science (Chiropractic) Turkey[17]

Licensure and regulation

Regulations for chiropractic practice vary considerably from country to country. In some countries, such as the United States of America, Canada and some European countries, chiropractic has been legally recognized. In these countries, the profession is regulated and the prescribed educational qualifications are generally consistent, satisfying the requirements of the respective accrediting agencies. However, many countries have not yet developed chiropractic education or established laws to regulate the qualified practice of chiropractic. In addition, in some countries, other qualified health professionals and lay practitioners may use techniques of spinal manipulation and claim to provide chiropractic services, although they may not have received chiropractic training in an accredited program.

Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is recognized by the World Federation of Chiropractic and the World Health Organization as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.[2]

The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 90 semester hours. Common prerequisite classes include those of the biological, chemical, & physical sciences, including: human anatomy and physiology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, immunology, cellular biology, exercise physiology, kinesiology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, toxicology/pharmacology, nutrition, nuclear medicine, physics, biomechanics, and statistics.[18] Chiropractic programs require at least 4,200 hours of combined classroom, laboratory, and clinical experience.

Australia

The Chiropractors' Association of Australia has provided instructions for students who intend on becoming registered chiropractors in Australia.[19] The profession is regulated by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency (AHPRA).[20]

Canada

There are currently two schools of chiropractic in Canada: Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, in Toronto, Ontario and the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, in Trois-Rivieres, Quebec. Both programs are fully accredited by the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards.[21] In 2010, the majority of students (87%) entering the CMCC program had completed a baccalaureate university degree, and approximately 3% have a graduate degree.[22] The CMCC program is a privately funded institution and requires four years of full-time study, including a 12-month clinical internship.[23] The UQTR and CMCC programs both include courses in anatomy, biochemistry, embryology, immunology, microbiology, neurology, clinical nutrition, pathology, physiology, principles of chiropractic, radiology, and other basic and clinical medical sciences.[24]

Pilot projects involving doctors of chiropractic in hospital emergency rooms in the province of Ontario were underway in 2011, but as of 2020 the website states chiropractors only see patients based on referral.[25] Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12-month clinical internship to obtain licensure, as well as write a total of three exams in their fourth year of study. Candidates must successfully pass Components A and B (Written Cognitive Skills Examination) to be eligible for the Clinical Skills Examination.[26]

Germany

In December 2009, Jann-Oliver Broschinski and Friso Krüger had founded the Chiropraktik Akademie (Chiropractic Academy) from the Berlin Chiropractic School. The aim of the academy is the training of principled chiropractors who meet the standard of the WHO Guidelines for the Training and Safety for Chiropractors.[27] The academy is located in Bad Oeynhausen, Germany,[28] and received its accreditation from Stiftung Akkreditierungsrat (German Accreditation Council) in Bachelor and Master of Science in Chiropractic.[29] As of now, the Chiropraktik Akademie's programmes are not accredited by the European Council for Chiropractic Education (ECCE), which is the European organization to accredit officially recognized programmes of Chiropractic education.[30][31] Furthermore, the Chiropraktik Akademie is not listed as one of the NBCE approved colleges to take the American national board exams, which are the oldest chiropractic licensing exams existing.[32]

South Africa

In South Africa (SA) there are two schools offering chiropractic: the Durban Institute of Technology and the University of Johannesburg.[33] Both offer a 6-year full-time course leading to a Masters of Technology (M.Tech.) in Chiropractic; the course comprises two years of basic sciences followed by four years specialising in chiropractic, and incorporates a research dissertation. In order to practice in SA chiropractors are required to complete an internship, and must be registered with the Allied Health Professions Council of SA (AHPCSA) the relevant governmental statutory body. Membership of the Chiropractic Association of SA (CASA) is voluntary; CASA is the profession's sole national association and aims to promote Chiropractic through publications in newspaper, interviews, internet and other public inquiries.

South Korea

Hanseo University, located in Seosan, South Korea, has a CCEA accredited chiropractic program,[34][35][36] the planning for which started in 1997.[37]

United Kingdom

In 1993, HRH Princess Diana visited the Anglo-European College of Chiropractic and became its patron. She also appeared at a news conference that launched a report calling for legislation to prevent unqualified individuals from practicing Chiropractic in the UK.[38] In 1994, Parliament passed legislation regulating the practice of Chiropractic, like other health care professions, and created the General Chiropractic Council (GCC) as the regulatory board. Since that time, it is illegal to call oneself a Chiropractor in the UK without being registered with the GCC.[39] There are currently three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised by the GCC.[40]

The McTimoney College of Chiropractic offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic (MChiro) programme[41] and two post-graduate Masters programmes in Animal Manipulation, plus a masters in Paediatric Chiropractic.[42] The Anglo-European College of Chiropractic also offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic (MChiro) programme[43] as well as three post-graduate programmes.[44] The Welsh Institute of Chiropractic (WIOC) is a chiropractic training centre integrated within the University of South Wales[45] offering an integrated undergraduate degree course in Chiropractic.[46]

It is a legal requirement that all chiropractors in the UK register with the GCC to practice. A minimum of 30 hours of Continuing Professional Development per year is required to remain a registered practicing chiropractor.[47]

United States

Graduates of chiropractic schools receive the degree Doctor of Chiropractic (DC), and are eligible to seek licensure in all jurisdictions. The Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) sets minimum guidelines for chiropractic colleges;[48] all 18 chiropractic institutions are accredited by the CCE. The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 3 years (90 semester hours) of undergraduate study, and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 3.0 on a 4.0 scale.[49] Recommended prerequisite classes may include those of the biological, chemical, and physical sciences, including: human anatomy and physiology, embryology, genetics, microbiology, immunology, cellular biology, exercise physiology, kinesiology, general chemistry, organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, toxicology/pharmacology, nutrition, nuclear medicine, physics, biomechanics, and statistics.[18]

Accreditation

Main article: Councils on Chiropractic Education International

Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International (CCEI). This body is officially recognized by the World Federation of Chiropractic and the World Health Organization as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world.

In 2005, in efforts to improve consistency and equivalency in chiropractic training, the WHO published basic training and safety guidelines to provide international minimum requirements for chiropractic education and to serve as a reference for national authorities in establishing an examination and licensing system for the qualified practice of chiropractic.[2]

References

  1. ^ Innes, Stanley I.; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte; Walker, Bruce F. (2016). "Similarities and differences of graduate entry-level competencies of chiropractic councils on education: a systematic review". Chiropractic & Manual Therapies. 24 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/s12998-016-0084-0. ISSN 2045-709X. PMC 4721112. PMID 26798453.
  2. ^ a b c d e f World Health Organization (2005). "WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-03. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ "July 2021 Accreditation requirements" (PDF). Council on Chiropractic Education, Retrieved 21 October 2021
  4. ^ a b c d Susan L. Smith-Cunnien (1998). A Profession of One's Own: Organized Medicine's Opposition to Chiropractic. University Press of America. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-0-7618-0943-2.
  5. ^ a b Joseph C. Keating Jr.; Cleveland CS III; Menke M (2005). (PDF). Association for the History of Chiropractic. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
  6. ^ Cherkin; Mootz (1997). "Chiropractic in the United States: Training, Practice, and Research" (PDF). p. 19. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  7. ^ Wyatt, Lawrence H; Stephen M Perle; Donald R Murphy; Thomas E Hyde (2005-07-07). "The necessary future of chiropractic education: a North American perspective". Chiropractic & Osteopathy. 13 (10): 10. doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-10. PMC 1181629. PMID 16001976.
  8. ^ "Chiropractors - How to Become One". Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retrieved 21 October 2021
  9. ^ "American Board of Chiropractic Specialties". American Chiropractic Association, Retrieved 21 October 2021
  10. ^ Ball JJ, Petrocco-Napuli KL, Zumpano MP (2012). "An International Survey of Gross Anatomy Courses in Chiropractic Colleges". J Chiropr Educ. 26 (2): 175–183. doi:10.7899/jce-12-004. PMC 3557653. PMID 23362365.
  11. ^ . Durban University of Technology. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  12. ^ http://www.rld.state.nm.us/boards/Pharmacy.aspx
  13. ^ Shearer, Kevin. "Chiropractic Education". Quantum Integrated Health. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  14. ^ "ABOUT THE CHIROPRACTIC DEGREE". imu.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  15. ^ "Higher Degrees". Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  16. ^ "Master of Science in Clinical biomechanics - the chiropractic programme". sdu.dk. Retrieved 6 December 2016.
  17. ^ "Master of Science (Chiropractic)". yukseklisans.bau.edu.tr. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  18. ^ a b "Admissions Requirements - D.C". Palmer.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-16.
  19. ^ ashwathi cr (7 December 2011). "Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner". Oneindia. Greynium Information Technologies.
  20. ^ "Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency FAQ". Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. Retrieved 2022-07-31.
  21. ^ "Accreditation of Educational Programmes". Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  22. ^ . Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Archived from the original on 2011-09-15. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  23. ^ . Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-08-21.
  24. ^ . Ontario Chiropractic Association. Archived from the original on 2009-08-09. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  25. ^ "Chiropractic Services". St. Michael's Health Centre. Retrieved 2011-11-08.
  26. ^ . cceb.ca. Archived from the original on 2007-03-07.
  27. ^ "Hong Kong Chiropractors Mar2018" (PDF). Chiropractic Doctors Association of Hong Kong. July 22, 2018.
  28. ^ "Chiropraktik Akademie". July 22, 2018.
  29. ^ "Chiropractic Institutes". World Federation of Chiropractic. July 22, 2018.
  30. ^ "Institutions with accredited programmes - ECCE - the European Council on Chiropractic Education e.V."
  31. ^ "Chiropractic Educational Institutions".
  32. ^ . www.nbce.org. Archived from the original on 2019-04-04.
  33. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
  34. ^ DiDanieli, Maria (August 15, 2008). "Korea and China: Recent chiropractic advances in the Far East". Canadian Chiropractor.
  35. ^ Micozzi, Marc S. (2014). Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 308. ISBN 9780323298940.
  36. ^ "Accredited programs". CCEA -- Council on Chiropractic Education Australasia. Retrieved 25 March 2017.
  37. ^ "South Korean University to Begin Chiropractic Course". Dynamic Chiropractic Newsletter. April 7, 1997.
  38. ^ Staff (June 18, 1993). "Chiropractic Report Calls for Registry of DCs in United Kingdom". Dynamic Chiropractic. 11 (13).
  39. ^ . Archived from the original on 2006-03-04. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  40. ^ . gcc-uk.org. Archived from the original on 2013-08-30. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
  41. ^ McTimoney College of Chiropractic (15 October 2013). "Undergraduate Studies". McTimoney-college.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  42. ^ "McTimoney College Prospectus". mctimoney-college.ac.uk.
  43. ^ AECC. "Undergraduate Courses at the AECC". aecc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  44. ^ AECC. "Postgraduate Studies at the AECC". aecc.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  45. ^ WIOC. . wioc.southwales.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2017-06-26. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  46. ^ WIOC. "Chiropractic Degrees". southwales.ac.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  47. ^ General Chiropractic Council UK. "Continuing Professional Development". GCC-UK.org. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  48. ^ Council on Chiropractic Education (2007). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-29.
  49. ^ Council on Chiropractic Education (2007). "Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status" (PDF). p. 22.

January 29, 2023
chiropractic, education, this, article, uses, bare, urls, which, uninformative, vulnerable, link, please, consider, converting, them, full, citations, ensure, article, remains, verifiable, maintains, consistent, citation, style, several, templates, tools, avai. This article uses bare URLs which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting such as Reflinks documentation reFill documentation and Citation bot documentation September 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Chiropractic education news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Chiropractic education trains students in chiropractic 1 The entry criteria structure teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world 2 Students are trained in academic areas including scopes of practice neurology radiology microbiology psychology ethics biology gross anatomy biochemistry spinal anatomy and more 3 Prospective students are also usually trained in clinical nutrition public health pediatrics and other health or wellness related areas The entry criteria structure teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world although in the United States programs are required to teach specific areas for accreditation purposes A 2005 World Health Organization WHO guideline states regardless of the model of education utilized prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student teacher contact hours or the equivalent in four years of full time education This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training 2 Students must pass boards administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners NBCE to be licensed to practice in a U S state or territory The boards consists of parts I II III and IV as well as other additional tests required by state or if desired by students such as the physiotherapy exam Contents 1 History 2 Training 3 International degrees in chiropractic 4 Licensure and regulation 4 1 Australia 4 2 Canada 4 3 Germany 4 4 South Africa 4 5 South Korea 4 6 United Kingdom 4 7 United States 5 Accreditation 6 ReferencesHistory EditThis section needs expansion with additional explanation on how the education changed over time and the straight mixer schism as it pertained to educational differences 21 October 2021 You can help by adding to it October 2021 In 1908 chiropractic education originally began with a few months of training for chiropractic spinal manipulation Over the next several years it grew to 18 months of training In the 1920s the education expanded again to include subjects such as anatomy physiology and histology 4 It was not until the 1950s that chiropractic schools began requiring college coursework as a prerequisite for admission 4 While chiropractic education continued to expand its educational requirements the education still varied between institutions due to there being no single regulatory agency overseeing chiropractic education This changed in 1974 with the Council for Chiropractic Educate CCE being appointed as the official chiropractic accrediting agency 4 As chiropractic grew there were two distinct groups that emerged in the profession Straights and Mixers The Straights emphasized a vitalistic philosophy and used spinal manipulation as their sole method of treatment 5 They had the belief that all disease originated from the spine Mixers utilized spinal manipulation but in conjunction with other therapies such as physical therapy nutrition electrical muscle stimulation and more 5 Mixer chiropractic schools offered more medical training which initially resulted in significant controversy 4 In 1997 American chiropractic schools tended to have lower entry requirements than medical or dental schools 6 A 2005 report stated Early chiropractic education included classes in some basic and clinical sciences along with philosophy of chiropractic 7 Training Edit Founded in 1945 the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College in Toronto Ontario Canada Chiropractic education consists of college or university based training and education in the field of chiropractic as well as various certificates certifications licenses and diplomas 8 9 Regardless of the model of education utilized prospective chiropractors without prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student teacher contact hours or the equivalent in four years of full time education This calculates out to 21 hours per week using a standard 50 week year This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training 2 The gross anatomy curricula of most chiropractic programs require students to spend time performing human cadaver dissection 10 Upon meeting all clinical and didactic requirements of chiropractic school a degree in chiropractic is granted However in order to legally practice chiropractors like all self regulated health care professionals must be licensed Licensure is granted following successful completion of all state provincial and national board exams so long as the chiropractor maintains malpractice insurance Nonetheless there are still some variations in educational standards internationally depending on admission and graduation requirements Chiropractic is regulated in North America by state provincial statute and also to some extent by the Business and Professions Code e g in the state of California and the Case Law Further it has been argued that at least in some states in the USA that this license subsumed the previous drugless practitioner license and includes within its scope of practice that of the previous discipline In some countries like the United States chiropractors earn a professional doctorate where training is entered after obtaining between 90 and 120 credit hours of university level work see second entry degree and in most cases after obtaining a bachelor s degree The World Health Organization lists three potential educational paths involving full time chiropractic education around the globe This includes one to four years of pre requisite training in basic sciences at university level followed by a four year full time doctorate program DC A five year integrated bachelor degree BSc Chiro A two to three year master s degree following the completion of a bachelor s degree leads to the MSc Chiro 2 In South Africa the Masters of Technology in Chiropractic M Tech Chiro is granted following six years of university 11 Doctors of Chiropractic who wish to practice in New Mexico can prescribe certain medications These doctors are required to obtain additional license and credentials from the New Mexico Board of Pharmacy and apply for a Chiropractic Advanced Practice Certification from the New Mexico Department of Regulations and Licensing 12 International degrees in chiropractic EditThe examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate October 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Further information List of chiropractic schools Various degree designations for the chiropractic field exist in different countries They generally follow the Bachelor s Master s Doctorate scheme 13 Degree Full Name Country in which it is awardedD C and M S Chiro Doctor of Chiropractic amp Master of Science Chiropractic South KoreaB App Sc clin amp B C Sc Bachelor of Applied Science Clinical Science amp Bachelor of Chiropractic ScienceB Sc chiro amp B C Bachelor of Science Chiropractic amp Bachelor of Chiropractic AustraliaB App Sc Compl amp M Clin Chiro Bachelor of Applied Science Complementary Medicine amp Master of Clinical Chiropractic AustraliaB Chiro Bachelor of Chiropractic New ZealandB Chiro amp M Chiro Bachelor of Chiropractic amp Master of Chiropractic AustraliaB Sc Hons Chiro Bachelor of Science Hons Chiropractic Malaysia 14 B Tech chiro and M Tech chiro Bachelor in Technology Chiropractic amp Master in Technology Chiropractic South Africa 15 D C Doctor of Chiropractic Brazil Canada France Mexico Spain Sweden citation needed United StatesM C or M Chiro Master of Chiropractic Australia Switzerland UKM C B Master in Clinical Biomechanics Denmark 16 M Sc Chiro or M Chiro Master of Science Chiropractic Turkey 17 Licensure and regulation EditThe examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with Western culture and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this section discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new section as appropriate October 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message Regulations for chiropractic practice vary considerably from country to country In some countries such as the United States of America Canada and some European countries chiropractic has been legally recognized In these countries the profession is regulated and the prescribed educational qualifications are generally consistent satisfying the requirements of the respective accrediting agencies However many countries have not yet developed chiropractic education or established laws to regulate the qualified practice of chiropractic In addition in some countries other qualified health professionals and lay practitioners may use techniques of spinal manipulation and claim to provide chiropractic services although they may not have received chiropractic training in an accredited program Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International CCEI This body is recognized by the World Federation of Chiropractic and the World Health Organization as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world 2 The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 90 semester hours Common prerequisite classes include those of the biological chemical amp physical sciences including human anatomy and physiology embryology genetics microbiology immunology cellular biology exercise physiology kinesiology general chemistry organic chemistry analytical chemistry biochemistry toxicology pharmacology nutrition nuclear medicine physics biomechanics and statistics 18 Chiropractic programs require at least 4 200 hours of combined classroom laboratory and clinical experience Australia Edit The Chiropractors Association of Australia has provided instructions for students who intend on becoming registered chiropractors in Australia 19 The profession is regulated by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency AHPRA 20 Canada Edit There are currently two schools of chiropractic in Canada Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College in Toronto Ontario and the Universite du Quebec a Trois Rivieres in Trois Rivieres Quebec Both programs are fully accredited by the Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards 21 In 2010 the majority of students 87 entering the CMCC program had completed a baccalaureate university degree and approximately 3 have a graduate degree 22 The CMCC program is a privately funded institution and requires four years of full time study including a 12 month clinical internship 23 The UQTR and CMCC programs both include courses in anatomy biochemistry embryology immunology microbiology neurology clinical nutrition pathology physiology principles of chiropractic radiology and other basic and clinical medical sciences 24 Pilot projects involving doctors of chiropractic in hospital emergency rooms in the province of Ontario were underway in 2011 but as of 2020 the website states chiropractors only see patients based on referral 25 Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board requires all candidates to complete a 12 month clinical internship to obtain licensure as well as write a total of three exams in their fourth year of study Candidates must successfully pass Components A and B Written Cognitive Skills Examination to be eligible for the Clinical Skills Examination 26 Germany Edit In December 2009 Jann Oliver Broschinski and Friso Kruger had founded the Chiropraktik Akademie Chiropractic Academy from the Berlin Chiropractic School The aim of the academy is the training of principled chiropractors who meet the standard of the WHO Guidelines for the Training and Safety for Chiropractors 27 The academy is located in Bad Oeynhausen Germany 28 and received its accreditation from Stiftung Akkreditierungsrat German Accreditation Council in Bachelor and Master of Science in Chiropractic 29 As of now the Chiropraktik Akademie s programmes are not accredited by the European Council for Chiropractic Education ECCE which is the European organization to accredit officially recognized programmes of Chiropractic education 30 31 Furthermore the Chiropraktik Akademie is not listed as one of the NBCE approved colleges to take the American national board exams which are the oldest chiropractic licensing exams existing 32 South Africa Edit In South Africa SA there are two schools offering chiropractic the Durban Institute of Technology and the University of Johannesburg 33 Both offer a 6 year full time course leading to a Masters of Technology M Tech in Chiropractic the course comprises two years of basic sciences followed by four years specialising in chiropractic and incorporates a research dissertation In order to practice in SA chiropractors are required to complete an internship and must be registered with the Allied Health Professions Council of SA AHPCSA the relevant governmental statutory body Membership of the Chiropractic Association of SA CASA is voluntary CASA is the profession s sole national association and aims to promote Chiropractic through publications in newspaper interviews internet and other public inquiries South Korea Edit Hanseo University located in Seosan South Korea has a CCEA accredited chiropractic program 34 35 36 the planning for which started in 1997 37 United Kingdom Edit In 1993 HRH Princess Diana visited the Anglo European College of Chiropractic and became its patron She also appeared at a news conference that launched a report calling for legislation to prevent unqualified individuals from practicing Chiropractic in the UK 38 In 1994 Parliament passed legislation regulating the practice of Chiropractic like other health care professions and created the General Chiropractic Council GCC as the regulatory board Since that time it is illegal to call oneself a Chiropractor in the UK without being registered with the GCC 39 There are currently three UK chiropractic colleges with chiropractic courses recognised by the GCC 40 The McTimoney College of Chiropractic offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic MChiro programme 41 and two post graduate Masters programmes in Animal Manipulation plus a masters in Paediatric Chiropractic 42 The Anglo European College of Chiropractic also offers an Integrated Masters in Chiropractic MChiro programme 43 as well as three post graduate programmes 44 The Welsh Institute of Chiropractic WIOC is a chiropractic training centre integrated within the University of South Wales 45 offering an integrated undergraduate degree course in Chiropractic 46 It is a legal requirement that all chiropractors in the UK register with the GCC to practice A minimum of 30 hours of Continuing Professional Development per year is required to remain a registered practicing chiropractor 47 United States Edit Graduates of chiropractic schools receive the degree Doctor of Chiropractic DC and are eligible to seek licensure in all jurisdictions The Council on Chiropractic Education CCE sets minimum guidelines for chiropractic colleges 48 all 18 chiropractic institutions are accredited by the CCE The minimum prerequisite for enrollment in a chiropractic college set forth by the CCE is 3 years 90 semester hours of undergraduate study and the minimum cumulative GPA for a student entering is 3 0 on a 4 0 scale 49 Recommended prerequisite classes may include those of the biological chemical and physical sciences including human anatomy and physiology embryology genetics microbiology immunology cellular biology exercise physiology kinesiology general chemistry organic chemistry analytical chemistry biochemistry toxicology pharmacology nutrition nuclear medicine physics biomechanics and statistics 18 Accreditation EditMain article Councils on Chiropractic Education International Chiropractic is governed internationally by the Councils on Chiropractic Education International CCEI This body is officially recognized by the World Federation of Chiropractic and the World Health Organization as the accrediting agency for schools of chiropractic around the world In 2005 in efforts to improve consistency and equivalency in chiropractic training the WHO published basic training and safety guidelines to provide international minimum requirements for chiropractic education and to serve as a reference for national authorities in establishing an examination and licensing system for the qualified practice of chiropractic 2 References Edit Innes Stanley I Leboeuf Yde Charlotte Walker Bruce F 2016 Similarities and differences of graduate entry level competencies of chiropractic councils on education a systematic review Chiropractic amp Manual Therapies 24 1 1 doi 10 1186 s12998 016 0084 0 ISSN 2045 709X PMC 4721112 PMID 26798453 a b c d e f World Health Organization 2005 WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic PDF Retrieved 2008 03 03 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help July 2021 Accreditation requirements PDF Council on Chiropractic Education Retrieved 21 October 2021 a b c d Susan L Smith Cunnien 1998 A Profession of One s Own Organized Medicine s Opposition to Chiropractic University Press of America pp 19 ISBN 978 0 7618 0943 2 a b Joseph C Keating Jr Cleveland CS III Menke M 2005 Chiropractic history a primer PDF Association for the History of Chiropractic Archived from the original PDF on 19 June 2013 Retrieved 2021 10 21 Cherkin Mootz 1997 Chiropractic in the United States Training Practice and Research PDF p 19 Retrieved 18 February 2013 Wyatt Lawrence H Stephen M Perle Donald R Murphy Thomas E Hyde 2005 07 07 The necessary future of chiropractic education a North American perspective Chiropractic amp Osteopathy 13 10 10 doi 10 1186 1746 1340 13 10 PMC 1181629 PMID 16001976 Chiropractors How to Become One Bureau of Labor Statistics Retrieved 21 October 2021 American Board of Chiropractic Specialties American Chiropractic Association Retrieved 21 October 2021 Ball JJ Petrocco Napuli KL Zumpano MP 2012 An International Survey of Gross Anatomy Courses in Chiropractic Colleges J Chiropr Educ 26 2 175 183 doi 10 7899 jce 12 004 PMC 3557653 PMID 23362365 CHIROPRACTIC AND SOMATOLOGY Durban University of Technology Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 Retrieved 6 December 2016 http www rld state nm us boards Pharmacy aspx Shearer Kevin Chiropractic Education Quantum Integrated Health Retrieved 15 July 2016 ABOUT THE CHIROPRACTIC DEGREE imu edu Retrieved 6 December 2016 Higher Degrees Retrieved 6 December 2016 Master of Science in Clinical biomechanics the chiropractic programme sdu dk Retrieved 6 December 2016 Master of Science Chiropractic yukseklisans bau edu tr Retrieved 1 September 2015 a b Admissions Requirements D C Palmer edu Retrieved 2012 09 16 ashwathi cr 7 December 2011 Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner Study To Become A Chiropractic Practitioner Oneindia Greynium Information Technologies Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency FAQ Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency Retrieved 2022 07 31 Accreditation of Educational Programmes Canadian Federation of Chiropractic Regulatory and Educational Accrediting Boards Retrieved 2009 10 16 An Overview of CMCC Admissions Shortcuts Admissions Brochure Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College Archived from the original on 2011 09 15 Retrieved 2011 08 21 Undergraduate education Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College Archived from the original on 2011 08 26 Retrieved 2011 08 21 Becoming a Chiropractor Ontario Chiropractic Association Archived from the original on 2009 08 09 Retrieved 2009 10 16 Chiropractic Services St Michael s Health Centre Retrieved 2011 11 08 Canadian Chiropractic Examining Board cceb ca Archived from the original on 2007 03 07 Hong Kong Chiropractors Mar2018 PDF Chiropractic Doctors Association of Hong Kong July 22 2018 Chiropraktik Akademie July 22 2018 Chiropractic Institutes World Federation of Chiropractic July 22 2018 Institutions with accredited programmes ECCE the European Council on Chiropractic Education e V Chiropractic Educational Institutions Links to Chiropractic Colleges National Board of Chiropractic Examiners www nbce org Archived from the original on 2019 04 04 CASA Student Info Archived from the original on 2008 06 04 Retrieved 2009 10 19 DiDanieli Maria August 15 2008 Korea and China Recent chiropractic advances in the Far East Canadian Chiropractor Micozzi Marc S 2014 Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine E Book Elsevier Health Sciences p 308 ISBN 9780323298940 Accredited programs CCEA Council on Chiropractic Education Australasia Retrieved 25 March 2017 South Korean University to Begin Chiropractic Course Dynamic Chiropractic Newsletter April 7 1997 Staff June 18 1993 Chiropractic Report Calls for Registry of DCs in United Kingdom Dynamic Chiropractic 11 13 Regulation of chiropractic Archived from the original on 2006 03 04 Retrieved 2009 02 12 Home Redirect Contact Us Website GCC gcc uk org Archived from the original on 2013 08 30 Retrieved 2007 04 08 McTimoney College of Chiropractic 15 October 2013 Undergraduate Studies McTimoney college ac uk Retrieved 2017 04 11 McTimoney College Prospectus mctimoney college ac uk AECC Undergraduate Courses at the AECC aecc ac uk Retrieved 2017 04 11 AECC Postgraduate Studies at the AECC aecc ac uk Retrieved 2017 04 11 WIOC Chiropractic Services wioc southwales ac uk Archived from the original on 2017 06 26 Retrieved 2017 04 11 WIOC Chiropractic Degrees southwales ac uk Retrieved 2017 04 11 General Chiropractic Council UK Continuing Professional Development GCC UK org Retrieved 2017 04 11 Council on Chiropractic Education 2007 Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2010 11 29 Council on Chiropractic Education 2007 Standards for Doctor of Chiropractic Programs and Requirements for Institutional Status PDF p 22 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chiropractic education amp oldid 1119060775, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.