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China–Egypt relations

People's Republic of China – Egypt relations were established on May 30, 1956.[1]: 345 

China-Egyptian relations

Egypt

China

History edit

Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sent a delegation to Song dynasty China led by Domiyat.

The Mamluk Sultan of Egypt ordered Jidda to treat Chinese traders honorably upon their arrival in the early 15th century.[2]

Yusuf Ma Dexin visited Egypt in the 1840s.

The Republic of China (1912–49) sent Hui Muslims like Muhammad Ma Jian and other Hui Muslim students to study at Al-Azhar in Egypt.[3] The Fuad Muslim Library in China was named after Fuad I of Egypt by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting.[4]

Imam Wang Jingzhai studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt along with several other Chinese Muslim students, the first Chinese students in modern times to study in the Middle East.[5] Wang recalled his experience teaching at madrassas in the provinces of Henan (Yu), Hebei (Ji), and Shandong (Lu) which were outside of the traditional stronghold of Muslim education in northwest China, and where the living conditions were poorer and the students had a much tougher time than the northwestern students.[6] In 1931 China sent five students to study at Al-Azhar in Egypt, among them was Muhammad Ma Jian and they were the first Chinese to study at Al-Azhar.[7][8][9][10] Na Zhong, a descendant of Nasr al-Din (Yunnan) was another one of the students sent to Al-Azhar in 1931, along with Zhang Ziren, Ma Jian, and Lin Zhongming.[11]

A False Hadith(圣训), a saying of the prophet Muhammad, spread to China, which says "Loving your country is part of loving the Faith" (traditional Chinese: 愛護祖國是屬於信仰的一部份; simplified Chinese: 爱护祖国是属于信仰的一部份; pinyin: àihù zǔguó shì shǔyú xìnyǎng de yī bùfèn) (Arabic: حب الوطن من الایمان ḥubb al-waṭan min al-imān). It is not a real Hadith but was a popular slogan among Arabic speakers in Middle East in the 19th-20th centuries. It spread to China via Hui Muslim students like Muhammad Ma Jian who studied at Al-Azhar in Egypt.[12]

Hui Muslim General Ma Bufang and his retinue including Ma Chengxiang moved to Egypt before being appointed as ambassador to Saudi Arabia.

 
Nasser and Zhou, 1964

Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai first met Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser at the Asian-African Conference in Bandung. In May 1956, Nasser defied U.S. pressure and displeasure by recognizing People's Republic of China. Zhou visited Egypt three times during his tenure.[13] During the Suez War, on 3 November 1956, China supported Egypt's bid to take back control of the Suez Canal, 250,000 Chinese reportedly registered to serve as "volunteers" in Egypt.[14]

In the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War, China provided Egypt with economic aid and food aid (100.000 tons of cereals) and military equipment.[15] Egyptian government maintained cordial relations with the China even after Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, broke with the USSR in favor of a partnership with the U.S., Hosni Mubarak first visited China in 1976 as vice president, during which he was received by Mao Zedong and provision of spare parts for Egypt's Soviet‐supplied Tupolev bombers and MIG fighters.[16][17][18]

 
Egyptian Vice President Hosni Mubarak and Chinese Leader Mao Zedong, 1976

In 1971 Egypt supported China's bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations and it voted in favour to admit Beijing and replace Taipei.

In 2012, Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi chose China for his first official visit outside the Middle East.[19]

Military edit

1970–80s, China delivered B-6 bomber and F-6 fighter to Cairo and received several MiG-23 from Egypt.[18][20][21]Egyptian navy received ships in the 1980s from China including submarines and frigates.[22] China has also helped Egypt develop its own missile systems.[23][24][25]

The K-8E is an Egyptian variant of the Chinese Hongdu JL-8, exported as the Karakorum-8 (or K-8) to (among others) Pakistan, Zambia and Myanmar. The K-8E's manufacture at the Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI) Aircraft Factory began in 2000, under an agreement between the AOI and CATIC, the Chinese state-owned aerospace manufacturer, to produce a total of 60 K-8s over five years. The contract, valued at US$347.4 million, was signed in 1999 in connection with the state visit by Chinese president Jiang Zemin that year.[26] Initially, most of the parts were manufactured in China and the aircraft were assembled in Egypt, but by the end of the programme the manufacture was to be carried out entirely at the AOI Aircraft Factory.[27] It is located in Helwan.[28] In May 2012 six Egyptian drones of ASN-209 was built in collaboration with a Chinese defence manufacturer during the first phase and are fully operational under the Egyptian armed forces according to Hamdy Weheba,[29][30]

China and Egypt held first joint naval drills in June 2015.[22][31]

In 2018, the Egyptian air force revealed they were operating Chinese-made CAIG Wing Loong drones.[32]

Economic relations edit

 
Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative

Bilateral trade reached about $4 billion U.S. dollars in 2007, up from $3.19b in 2006.[33] In 2010, it was worth US$7.0 billion.[34] In 2011 Egypt was the 5th largest trading partner of China in Africa and in the first 8 months of 2012 it was the 4th.[35]

From 2000 to 2012, there are approximately 39 Chinese official development finance projects identified in Egypt through various media reports.[36][page needed] These projects range from jointly constructing an industrial park in the Northwest Suez Economic Zone beginning June 1, 2000,[37] to the construction of a Chinese language school in Cairo in 2002 through a US$4 million grant from the Chinese government.[38] In 2016, Egyptian president Elsisi made a visit to China and signed a number of deals there including New Administrative Capital of Egypt.[39]

In November 2020, Egypt and China signed a protocol of cooperation to utilise and market a land plot owned by the Suez Canal Authority in Ain Sokhna.[40]

Space cooperation edit

China provided Egypt's space program with grants in 2016 ($23 million), 2018 ($45 million), and 2019 ($72 million).[1]: 302  China also cooperates with the Egyptian Space Agency in developing the Assembly and Integration Centre in Egypt's Space City.[1]: 303 

Human rights edit

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Egypt, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region.[41] Western media outlets reported that Egypt had aided in deporting Uyghurs to China;[42] however, in July 2017, Al-Azhar, Egypt's leading Islamic institution, denied that any Uyghurs had been arrested from within its campus or other buildings belonging to the organization itself.[43]

In June 2020, Egypt was one of 53 countries that backed a statement supporting the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[44]

Education edit

Peking University has a long history of friendly cooperation with Cairo University. As early as 1986, the two universities signed an inter-school exchange agreement, after which they have completed the renewal of the Inter-school cooperation Agreement in year 2000. On 29 December 2007, the two sides signed an implementary agreement of establishing Confucius Institute through cooperation, and held a grand opening ceremony for the new institute, which had the honor of the attendance of Mr. Wu Chunhua Chinese Ambassador in Egypt, Mr. Ali Abd el-Rahman Yousef President of Cairo University, Mr. Zhang Guoyou Vice President of Peking University and other leaders. On 18 March 2008, the Confucius Institute in Cairo University---the first Confucius Institute established both in Egypt and North Africa—started its recruitment and Chinese language courses.[45]

See also edit

Bibliography edit

  • Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). La silenciosa conquista china (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 33–40. ISBN 978-84-9892-257-8.

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
  2. ^ Levathes, Louise (1994). When China Ruled The Seas. Oxford University Press. p. 171.
  3. ^ Kees Versteegh; Mushira Eid (2005). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed. Brill. pp. 382–. ISBN 978-90-04-14473-6.
  4. ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (eds.). Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  5. ^ ed. Kurzman 2002, p. 368.
  6. ^ ed. Kurzman 2002, p. 373.
  7. ^ "China Magazine, Volumes 6-7" 1941, p. 21.
  8. ^ "China at War, Volume 6" 1941, p. 21.
  9. ^ "Asia and the Americas, Volume 42, Issues 1-6" 1942, p. 21.
  10. ^ "Asia, Volume 42" 1942, p. 21.
  11. ^ 编导:韩玲 (Director: Han Ling) 摄像:李斌 (Photography: Li Bin) (央视国际 (CCTV international)). 2005年02月24日 16:22.
  12. ^ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  13. ^ "China-Egypt Relations". Chinese Foreign Ministry. January 18, 2004. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
  14. ^ The Middle East in China's Foreign Policy, 1949–1977 Yitzhak Shichor New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p.51
  15. ^ "习近平访埃及为何提起毛泽东". Duowei News. 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  16. ^ "EGYPT AND CHINA SIGN ARMS PACT, HAIL CLOSER TIES". The New York Times. 1976-04-22. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  17. ^ "China Will Sell Arms to Egypt, Sadat Announces". The Washington Post. 1979-06-06. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  18. ^ a b "Reconnaissance & Special-Mission Tu-16s / Xian H-6". Air Vector. from the original on 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  19. ^ "Egypt's Morsi Firms China Ties". WSJ. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  20. ^ SIPRI Database
  21. ^ . 空军世界. Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  22. ^ a b "Exclusive: China trying to undercut Germany on submarine offer to Egypt". Reuters. 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  23. ^ Adel Darwish,"China to update Egypt's missiles," Independent, 14 June 90, p. 2.
  24. ^ 2004 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review p.146
  25. ^ "Chinese missile technicians spotted in Egypt". Free Beacon. 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  26. ^ Xinhua (2005-08-30). "China award Egypt aircraft production licence". China Daily. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  27. ^ "About the factory". Arab Organization for Industrialization Aircraft Factory (in Arabic). Arab Organization for Industrialization.
  28. ^ "Contact us". Arab Organization for Industrialization Aircraft Factory (in Arabic). Arab Organization for Industrialization.
  29. ^ . Egypt Defence. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  30. ^ Mortimer, Gary (18 May 2012). "Egypt: Nation Produces UAV in Cooperation With China". sUAS News. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  31. ^ "Egypt Loves China's Deep Pockets". Foreign policy. 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  32. ^ Binnie, Jeremy (19 October 2018). "Egypt shows Wing Loong UAV". IHS Jane's 360. London. from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  33. ^ . Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 2007-10-29. Archived from the original on 2011-02-04. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
  34. ^ "China pledges $20bn in credit for Africa at summit". BBC News Online. BBC. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  35. ^ "Mozambique-China Trade Continues to Grow". allafrica.com. 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  36. ^ Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development.[page needed]
  37. ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/440[dead link]
  38. ^ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/468[dead link]
  39. ^ "Egypt is getting a new capital -- courtesy of China". CNN. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  40. ^ "Egypt, China sign protocol to build industrial projects in Ain Sokhna". Amwal Al Ghad. 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  41. ^ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  42. ^ "Egypt aided Chinese officials to detain and 'interrogate' Uighur students". Middle East Eye. 2019-08-18. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  43. ^ "No Uyghur Muslim students arrested inside Al-Azhar campus or affiliated buildings: Egypt's Al-Azhar". Ahram Online. 8 July 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2020. No Uyghur Muslim students have been arrested inside Al-Azhar campus or from inside any buildings associated with Al-Azhar, the Muslim Sunni institution stated in a Friday statement.
  44. ^ Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020). "The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong". Axios. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  45. ^ Yellinek, Roie; Mann, Yossi; Lebel, Udi (2020-11-01). "Chinese Soft-Power in the Arab world – China's Confucius Institutes as a central tool of influence". Comparative Strategy. 39 (6): 517–534. doi:10.1080/01495933.2020.1826843. ISSN 0149-5933. S2CID 226263146.

External links edit

  • Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Arab Republic of Egypt

china, egypt, relations, people, republic, china, egypt, relations, were, established, 1956, china, egyptian, relationsegypt, china, contents, history, military, economic, relations, space, cooperation, human, rights, education, also, bibliography, references,. People s Republic of China Egypt relations were established on May 30 1956 1 345 China Egyptian relationsEgypt China Contents 1 History 2 Military 3 Economic relations 4 Space cooperation 5 Human rights 6 Education 7 See also 8 Bibliography 9 References 10 External linksHistory editFatimid Caliph Al Hakim bi Amr Allah sent a delegation to Song dynasty China led by Domiyat The Mamluk Sultan of Egypt ordered Jidda to treat Chinese traders honorably upon their arrival in the early 15th century 2 Yusuf Ma Dexin visited Egypt in the 1840s The Republic of China 1912 49 sent Hui Muslims like Muhammad Ma Jian and other Hui Muslim students to study at Al Azhar in Egypt 3 The Fuad Muslim Library in China was named after Fuad I of Egypt by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting 4 Imam Wang Jingzhai studied at Al Azhar University in Egypt along with several other Chinese Muslim students the first Chinese students in modern times to study in the Middle East 5 Wang recalled his experience teaching at madrassas in the provinces of Henan Yu Hebei Ji and Shandong Lu which were outside of the traditional stronghold of Muslim education in northwest China and where the living conditions were poorer and the students had a much tougher time than the northwestern students 6 In 1931 China sent five students to study at Al Azhar in Egypt among them was Muhammad Ma Jian and they were the first Chinese to study at Al Azhar 7 8 9 10 Na Zhong a descendant of Nasr al Din Yunnan was another one of the students sent to Al Azhar in 1931 along with Zhang Ziren Ma Jian and Lin Zhongming 11 A False Hadith 圣训 a saying of the prophet Muhammad spread to China which says Loving your country is part of loving the Faith traditional Chinese 愛護祖國是屬於信仰的一部份 simplified Chinese 爱护祖国是属于信仰的一部份 pinyin aihu zǔguo shi shǔyu xinyǎng de yi bufen Arabic حب الوطن من الایمان ḥubb al waṭan min al iman It is not a real Hadith but was a popular slogan among Arabic speakers in Middle East in the 19th 20th centuries It spread to China via Hui Muslim students like Muhammad Ma Jian who studied at Al Azhar in Egypt 12 Hui Muslim General Ma Bufang and his retinue including Ma Chengxiang moved to Egypt before being appointed as ambassador to Saudi Arabia nbsp Nasser and Zhou 1964Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai first met Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser at the Asian African Conference in Bandung In May 1956 Nasser defied U S pressure and displeasure by recognizing People s Republic of China Zhou visited Egypt three times during his tenure 13 During the Suez War on 3 November 1956 China supported Egypt s bid to take back control of the Suez Canal 250 000 Chinese reportedly registered to serve as volunteers in Egypt 14 In the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War China provided Egypt with economic aid and food aid 100 000 tons of cereals and military equipment 15 Egyptian government maintained cordial relations with the China even after Nasser s successor Anwar Sadat broke with the USSR in favor of a partnership with the U S Hosni Mubarak first visited China in 1976 as vice president during which he was received by Mao Zedong and provision of spare parts for Egypt s Soviet supplied Tupolev bombers and MIG fighters 16 17 18 nbsp Egyptian Vice President Hosni Mubarak and Chinese Leader Mao Zedong 1976In 1971 Egypt supported China s bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations and it voted in favour to admit Beijing and replace Taipei In 2012 Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi chose China for his first official visit outside the Middle East 19 Military edit1970 80s China delivered B 6 bomber and F 6 fighter to Cairo and received several MiG 23 from Egypt 18 20 21 Egyptian navy received ships in the 1980s from China including submarines and frigates 22 China has also helped Egypt develop its own missile systems 23 24 25 The K 8E is an Egyptian variant of the Chinese Hongdu JL 8 exported as the Karakorum 8 or K 8 to among others Pakistan Zambia and Myanmar The K 8E s manufacture at the Arab Organization for Industrialization AOI Aircraft Factory began in 2000 under an agreement between the AOI and CATIC the Chinese state owned aerospace manufacturer to produce a total of 60 K 8s over five years The contract valued at US 347 4 million was signed in 1999 in connection with the state visit by Chinese president Jiang Zemin that year 26 Initially most of the parts were manufactured in China and the aircraft were assembled in Egypt but by the end of the programme the manufacture was to be carried out entirely at the AOI Aircraft Factory 27 It is located in Helwan 28 In May 2012 six Egyptian drones of ASN 209 was built in collaboration with a Chinese defence manufacturer during the first phase and are fully operational under the Egyptian armed forces according to Hamdy Weheba 29 30 China and Egypt held first joint naval drills in June 2015 22 31 In 2018 the Egyptian air force revealed they were operating Chinese made CAIG Wing Loong drones 32 Economic relations edit nbsp Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road InitiativeBilateral trade reached about 4 billion U S dollars in 2007 up from 3 19b in 2006 33 In 2010 it was worth US 7 0 billion 34 In 2011 Egypt was the 5th largest trading partner of China in Africa and in the first 8 months of 2012 it was the 4th 35 From 2000 to 2012 there are approximately 39 Chinese official development finance projects identified in Egypt through various media reports 36 page needed These projects range from jointly constructing an industrial park in the Northwest Suez Economic Zone beginning June 1 2000 37 to the construction of a Chinese language school in Cairo in 2002 through a US 4 million grant from the Chinese government 38 In 2016 Egyptian president Elsisi made a visit to China and signed a number of deals there including New Administrative Capital of Egypt 39 In November 2020 Egypt and China signed a protocol of cooperation to utilise and market a land plot owned by the Suez Canal Authority in Ain Sokhna 40 Space cooperation editChina provided Egypt s space program with grants in 2016 23 million 2018 45 million and 2019 72 million 1 302 China also cooperates with the Egyptian Space Agency in developing the Assembly and Integration Centre in Egypt s Space City 1 303 Human rights editIn July 2019 UN ambassadors of 37 countries including Egypt have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China s treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region 41 Western media outlets reported that Egypt had aided in deporting Uyghurs to China 42 however in July 2017 Al Azhar Egypt s leading Islamic institution denied that any Uyghurs had been arrested from within its campus or other buildings belonging to the organization itself 43 In June 2020 Egypt was one of 53 countries that backed a statement supporting the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations 44 Education editPeking University has a long history of friendly cooperation with Cairo University As early as 1986 the two universities signed an inter school exchange agreement after which they have completed the renewal of the Inter school cooperation Agreement in year 2000 On 29 December 2007 the two sides signed an implementary agreement of establishing Confucius Institute through cooperation and held a grand opening ceremony for the new institute which had the honor of the attendance of Mr Wu Chunhua Chinese Ambassador in Egypt Mr Ali Abd el Rahman Yousef President of Cairo University Mr Zhang Guoyou Vice President of Peking University and other leaders On 18 March 2008 the Confucius Institute in Cairo University the first Confucius Institute established both in Egypt and North Africa started its recruitment and Chinese language courses 45 See also editList of ambassadors of China to EgyptBibliography editCardenal Juan Pablo Araujo Heriberto 2011 La silenciosa conquista china in Spanish Barcelona Critica pp 33 40 ISBN 978 84 9892 257 8 References edit a b c Shinn David H Eisenman Joshua 2023 China s Relations with Africa a New Era of Strategic Engagement New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 21001 0 Levathes Louise 1994 When China Ruled The Seas Oxford University Press p 171 Kees Versteegh Mushira Eid 2005 Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics A Ed Brill pp 382 ISBN 978 90 04 14473 6 Stephane A Dudoignon Hisao Komatsu Yasushi Kosugi 2006 Stephane A Dudoignon Hisao Komatsu Yasushi Kosugi eds Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World Transmission Transformation Communication Taylor amp Francis p 251 ISBN 978 0 415 36835 3 Retrieved 28 June 2010 ed Kurzman 2002 p 368 ed Kurzman 2002 p 373 China Magazine Volumes 6 7 1941 p 21 China at War Volume 6 1941 p 21 Asia and the Americas Volume 42 Issues 1 6 1942 p 21 Asia Volume 42 1942 p 21 编导 韩玲 Director Han Ling 摄像 李斌 Photography Li Bin 央视国际 CCTV international 2005年02月24日 16 22 Stephane A Dudoignon Hisao Komatsu Yasushi Kosugi 2006 Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world transmission transformation communication Taylor amp Francis p 279 ISBN 978 0 415 36835 3 Retrieved 2010 06 28 China Egypt Relations Chinese Foreign Ministry January 18 2004 Retrieved 2010 06 13 The Middle East in China s Foreign Policy 1949 1977 Yitzhak Shichor New York Cambridge University Press 1979 p 51 习近平访埃及为何提起毛泽东 Duowei News 2016 01 21 Retrieved 2020 01 10 EGYPT AND CHINA SIGN ARMS PACT HAIL CLOSER TIES The New York Times 1976 04 22 Retrieved 2020 01 09 China Will Sell Arms to Egypt Sadat Announces The Washington Post 1979 06 06 Retrieved 2020 01 09 a b Reconnaissance amp Special Mission Tu 16s Xian H 6 Air Vector Archived from the original on 2017 04 22 Retrieved 2020 01 09 Egypt s Morsi Firms China Ties WSJ 2016 10 10 Retrieved 2020 01 09 SIPRI Database 我国通过埃及获得的米格 23MS出口型战斗机 空军世界 Archived from the original on 2018 08 07 Retrieved 2020 01 09 a b Exclusive China trying to undercut Germany on submarine offer to Egypt Reuters 2016 09 16 Retrieved 2020 01 09 Adel Darwish China to update Egypt s missiles Independent 14 June 90 p 2 2004 Report to Congress of the U S China Economic and Security Review p 146 Chinese missile technicians spotted in Egypt Free Beacon 2013 01 29 Retrieved 2020 01 09 Xinhua 2005 08 30 China award Egypt aircraft production licence China Daily Retrieved 2020 01 09 About the factory Arab Organization for Industrialization Aircraft Factory in Arabic Arab Organization for Industrialization Contact us Arab Organization for Industrialization Aircraft Factory in Arabic Arab Organization for Industrialization Egypt starts the production of ASN 209 UAVs Egypt Defence Archived from the original on June 10 2012 Retrieved May 22 2012 Mortimer Gary 18 May 2012 Egypt Nation Produces UAV in Cooperation With China sUAS News Retrieved 18 May 2012 Egypt Loves China s Deep Pockets Foreign policy 2018 08 28 Retrieved 2020 01 09 Binnie Jeremy 19 October 2018 Egypt shows Wing Loong UAV IHS Jane s 360 London Archived from the original on 2018 10 20 Retrieved 2020 01 09 Chinese ambassador highlights China Egypt relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs the People s Republic of China 2007 10 29 Archived from the original on 2011 02 04 Retrieved 2010 06 13 China pledges 20bn in credit for Africa at summit BBC News Online BBC 2012 07 19 Retrieved 2012 07 19 Mozambique China Trade Continues to Grow allafrica com 2012 12 09 Retrieved 2012 12 09 Austin Strange Bradley C Parks Michael J Tierney Andreas Fuchs Axel Dreher and Vijaya Ramachandran 2013 China s Development Finance to Africa A Media Based Approach to Data Collection CGD Working Paper 323 Washington DC Center for Global Development 1 page needed Strange Parks Tierney Fuchs Dreher and Ramachandran China s Development Finance to Africa A Media Based Approach to Data Collection http aiddatachina org projects 440 dead link Strange Parks Tierney Fuchs Dreher and Ramachandran China s Development Finance to Africa A Media Based Approach to Data Collection http aiddatachina org projects 468 dead link Egypt is getting a new capital courtesy of China CNN 2016 10 10 Retrieved 2020 01 09 Egypt China sign protocol to build industrial projects in Ain Sokhna Amwal Al Ghad 2020 11 05 Retrieved 2020 11 05 Which Countries Are For or Against China s Xinjiang Policies The Diplomat 15 July 2019 Retrieved 2020 01 09 Egypt aided Chinese officials to detain and interrogate Uighur students Middle East Eye 2019 08 18 Retrieved 2020 01 09 No Uyghur Muslim students arrested inside Al Azhar campus or affiliated buildings Egypt s Al Azhar Ahram Online 8 July 2017 Retrieved 17 August 2020 No Uyghur Muslim students have been arrested inside Al Azhar campus or from inside any buildings associated with Al Azhar the Muslim Sunni institution stated in a Friday statement Lawler Dave 2 July 2020 The 53 countries supporting China s crackdown on Hong Kong Axios Retrieved 3 July 2020 Yellinek Roie Mann Yossi Lebel Udi 2020 11 01 Chinese Soft Power in the Arab world China s Confucius Institutes as a central tool of influence Comparative Strategy 39 6 517 534 doi 10 1080 01495933 2020 1826843 ISSN 0149 5933 S2CID 226263146 External links editEmbassy of the People s Republic of China in the Arab Republic of Egypt Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title China Egypt relations amp oldid 1179409025, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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