fbpx
Wikipedia

Chicago Boys

January 31, 2023

The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean economists prominent around the 1970s and 1980s, the majority of whom were educated at the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago under Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger, or at its affiliate in the economics department at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. After they finished their studies and returned to Latin America, they adopted positions in numerous South American governments including, prominently, the military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990), as economic advisors. Many of them reached the highest positions within those governments.[1] While The Heritage Foundation credits them with transforming Chile into Latin America's best performing economy and one of the world's most business-friendly jurisdictions, critics point to drastic increases in unemployment that can be attributed to counter-inflation policies implemented on their advice.[2] Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher were influenced by Chile's policies and economic reforms.[3]

History

The term "Chicago Boys" has been used at least as early as the 1980s[4] to describe Latin American economists who studied or identified with the liberal economic theories then taught at the University of Chicago, even though some of them earned degrees at Harvard University or MIT. They advocated widespread deregulation, privatization, and other free market policies for closely controlled economies. The Chicago Boys rose to prominence as leaders of the early reforms initiated in Chile during General Augusto Pinochet's rule.[4] Milton and Rose Friedman used the term "Chicago Boys" in their memoir: "In 1975, when inflation still raged and a world recession triggered a depression in Chile, General Pinochet turned to the "Chicago Boys"; he appointed several of them to powerful positions in the government.[5]

The training program was the result of the "Chile Project" organized in the 1950s by the U.S. State Department, through the Point Four program, the first US program for global economic development.[6] It was funded by the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation aimed at influencing Chilean economic thinking.[7] The University of Chicago's Department of Economics set up scholarship programs with Chile's Catholic University. About one hundred select students between 1957 and 1970 received training, first in an apprenticeship program in Chile and then in post-graduate work in Chicago.

The project was uneventful until the early 1970s. The Chicago Boys' ideas remained on the fringes of Chilean economic and political thought, even after a group of them prepared a 189-page "Program for Economic Development" called El ladrillo ("the brick").[8] It was presented in 1969 as part of Jorge Alessandri's unsuccessful presidential candidacy. Alessandri rejected El ladrillo, but it was revisited after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état on 11 September 1973 brought Augusto Pinochet to power, and it became the basis of the new regime's economic policy.

After the coup when the Chicago boys were given power and el ladrillo was implemented, the Chilean economy began to grow and expand at a rate much higher than that of other similar countries. This was seen as an economic miracle and gave these policies greater credibility worldwide. However, this has led to greater income inequality in Chile which is still an issue that raises concern.[9]

These policies were seen as the natural reaction to Marxism and part of Chile's role as a hotspot during the Cold War. The anti-Marxist junta supported radical free market policies promoted by the Chicago Boys as a part of their destruction of Marxism.

After the end of the military rule and return to democracy this specific group lost power and many joined the private sector, although their policies and effects still remained in place in many areas.[10]

Even though the Chile Project ended, the training connection between Chile and the University of Chicago continued. One of the numerous networking organizations for alumni, including the Chicago Boys, is the "Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business" (LATAM). The term continues to be used in popular culture, business magazines, press and media. In 2015, a Chilean film titled Chicago Boys was released.[11][12]

Shock Doctrine and Economic Policies

As the key economic advisors of the Pinochet dictatorship, the Chicago Boys were the forerunners of the economic policies of that government. They sponsored state run policies to decrease national spending, end inflation and promote economic growth. They promoted a policy of strict austerity and cut government expenditures substantially. Free trade agreements and the breakdown of barriers to trade were also promoted to help Chile compete in the world market. They also privatized public companies, and utilized the free market rather than government rule to promote their economic policies.[9] This was part of the neoliberal economic views espoused by Milton Friedman, the ideological backer for their views. Friedman and his connections to the Chicago Boys was highly politicized especially after he received the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1976. The policies are also sometimes referred to as shock therapy based on the fact that they were projected to hurt the economy but overall be beneficial in the long run.[13] These policies influenced future governments and organizations tied to the neoliberal economic viewpoint such as the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, and other International Organizations and governments. However, the relations between these organizations were not always close, and rivalry between neoliberal organizations still existed.[14] The ideology of free market capitalism and laissez faire economics in conjunction with a strong military rule and total political control is the cornerstone of Pinochetism, in conjunction with a strong anti-communist political platform. These policies and their effects are both highly controversial in Chile and around the World, and represent a major divide in Chilean politics to this day.[15]

International Influence

The economic success of the Chicago boys was a critical part of bolstering the Pinochet regime abroad. The Chilean miracle as it was called attracted a lot of necessary positive attention for the Pinochet government, and allowed Pinochet to exercise political repression without condemnation by economic allies. New policies such as structural adjustment, free trade, and tax cuts became incredibly popular with conservative political groups throughout the western world. These policies eventually spread into the United States and United Kingdom via their conservative leaders. Chile was one of the first countries to embrace these policies and they have since spread in part due to the initial success Chile experienced.[3]

Notable Chicago Boys

Chile

Some of them are or were:

  • Jorge Cauas, Minister of Finance, 1975–1977.
  • Sergio de Castro, Minister of Finance, 1977–1982.
  • Pablo Baraona, Minister of Economy, 1976–1979.
  • José Piñera, Minister of Labor and Pensions, 1978–1980; Minister of Mining, 1980–1981. (Received M.A. and Ph.D. Economics at Harvard.)
  • Hernán Büchi, Minister of Finance, 1985–1989. (Received MBA at Columbia University.)
  • Alvaro Bardón, President of the Central Bank of Chile; Minister of Economy, 1982–1983.
  • Juan Carlos Méndez, Budget Director, 1975–1981.
  • Emilio Sanfuentes, Economic advisor to Central Bank of Chile.
  • Sergio de la Cuadra, President of the Central Bank of Chile; Minister of Finance, 1982.
  • Rolf Lüders, (Minister of Economy, 1982; Minister of Finance, 1982-83)
  • Francisco Rosende, Research Manager, Central Bank of Chile, 1985 and 1990; Antitrust Commission, 1999 and 2001; Dean and Professor of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economy of PUC, 1995–present.[15]
  • Miguel Kast, Minister of Planning, 1978–1980; Labor Minister, 1980–1982; Governor of the Central Bank of Chile, 1982–83.
  • Martín Costabal, Budget Director, 1987–1989.
  • Juan Ariztía Matte, Pension Superintendent, 1980–1990.
  • Maria Teresa Infante, Minister of Labor, 1988–1990.
  • Camilo Carrasco Alfonso, General Manager of Central Bank, 1994–2005.
  • Joaquín Lavín, Minister of Education, 2010–2011; Minister of Planning, 2011–2013; Mayor of Las Condes, 2016–2021
  • Cristián Larroulet Vignau, Chief of Staff of the Finance Minister; member of National Commission for Privatization; Head of Antitrust Commission; Minister of General Secretariat to the Presidency, [SEGPRES] 2010–present; Executive Director at Libertad y Desarrollo, a private think tank; Dean and Professor of Economics; Faculty of Business and Economy at Universidad Del Desarrollo (UDD), Santiago, Chile; member of the boards of several public enterprises; member of the Mont Pelerin Society.[16]
  • Juan Andrés Fontaine, Minister of Economy, 2010–2011.
  • Francisco Perez Mackenna, Chief Executive Officer of Quinenco, one of Chile's largest conglomerates, with assets of over US$33.1 billion 1998–present; Director of many Quinenco group companies, including Banco de Chile, Madeco, CCU, Inversiones y Rentas, LQIF, ECUSA, CCU Argentina and Banchile Corretores de Bolsa, and Advisor to the Board of Vina San Pedro Tarapaca; CEO of CCU, 1991–1998. (Received Business Administration degree from Universidad Catolica de Chile and M.B.A. from University of Chicago.[17]
  • Ernesto Fontaine, Professor, Faculty of Economics and Administration, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; returned to Chile financed by the Inter American Development Bank, 1976; chief of the "external financing unit," the Organization of American States (OAS), where he organized a Technical Assistance Program that trained teams of public officials in Project Preparation and Social Evaluation;[18] World Bank consultant, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); died January 20, 2014, of lung cancer.
  • Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, called a "heterodox Chicago Boy"[19] and an "anti Chicago Boy".[20]

Elsewhere in Latin America

Although the largest and most influential group of so-called Chicago Boys was Chilean in origin, there were many Latin American graduates from the University of Chicago around the same period. These economists continued to shape the economies of their respective countries, and include people like Mexico's Sócrates Rizzo, Francisco Gil Díaz, Fernando Sanchez Ugarte, Carlos Isoard y Viesca, Argentina's Adolfo Diz, Roque Fernández, Carlos Alfredo Rodríguez, Fernando de Santibañes and Ricardo Lopez Murphy, Brazil's Paulo Guedes, as well as others in Peru, Colombia, Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Panama.

See also

References

  1. ^ Naomi Klein, 2007, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism
  2. ^ Heritage Foundation (2015). "Chile, Index of Economic Freedom".
  3. ^ a b O'Brien, Philip J. (1983). Chile, the Pinochet decade : the rise and fall of the Chicago boys. Jacqueline Roddick. London: Latin America Bureau. ISBN 0-906156-18-1. OCLC 10830245.
  4. ^ a b Gary S. Becker (1997-10-30). "What Latin America Owes to the "Chicago Boys"". Hoover Digest. Stanford University. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  5. ^ Two Lucky People: Memoirs. Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman. University of Chicago Press, 1998. p. 398.
  6. ^ Paterson, Thomas G. (1972). "Foreign Aid under Wraps: The Point Four Program". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 56 (2): 119–126. ISSN 0043-6534. JSTOR 4634774.
  7. ^ Biglaiser, Glen (2002). "The Internationalization of Chicago's Economics in Latin America". Economic Development and Cultural Change.
  8. ^ El Ladrillo. Bases de la política económica del gobierno militar chileno.Santiago: CEP 2nd edition1992
  9. ^ a b Brender, Valerie (2010-03-01). "Economic Transformations in Chile: The Formation of the Chicago Boys". The American Economist. 55 (1): 111–122. doi:10.1177/056943451005500112. ISSN 0569-4345.
  10. ^ Maxwell, Kenneth; Valdés, Juan Gabriel (1996). "Pinochet's Economists: The Chicago School in Chile". Foreign Affairs. 75 (2): 157. doi:10.2307/20047535. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 20047535.
  11. ^ "Chicago Boys". Nov 5, 2015. Retrieved Sep 14, 2020 – via IMDb.
  12. ^ . Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2019-01-03.
  13. ^ Edwards, Sebastian; Montes, Leonidas (2020-02-04). "MILTON FRIEDMAN IN CHILE: SHOCK THERAPY, ECONOMIC FREEDOM, AND EXCHANGE RATES". Journal of the History of Economic Thought. 42 (1): 105–132. doi:10.1017/s1053837219000397. ISSN 1053-8372.
  14. ^ Kedar, Claudia (2017-02-03). "The International Monetary Fund and the Chilean Chicago Boys, 1973–7: Cold Ties between Warm Ideological Partners". Journal of Contemporary History. 54 (1): 179–201. doi:10.1177/0022009416685895. ISSN 0022-0094.
  15. ^ a b . Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  16. ^ . Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  17. ^ . Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  18. ^ . Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-26.
  19. ^ Rumié Rojo, Sebastián Andrés (2019). "Chicago Boys en Chile: neoliberalismo, saber experto y el auge de una nueva tecnocracia" [Chicago Boys in Chile: Neoliberalism, Expert Knowledge, and the Rise of a New Technocracy]. Revista mexicana de ciencias políticas y sociales (in Spanish). 64 (235). doi:10.22201/fcpys.2448492xe.2019.235.61782.
  20. ^ Bravo Pou, Ximena (2014-05-26). "Ricardo Ffrench-Davis, el anti Chicago Boy". América Economía (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-02-13.

Further reading

  • Valdés, Juan Gabriel (1995), Pinochet's Economists: The Chicago School of Economics in Chile, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-45146-9
  • Constable, Pamela, and Arturo Valenzuela (1991), A Nation Of Enemies: Chile Under Pinochet, New York, W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393309850
  • Fontaine Aldunate, Arturo (1988), "Los Economistas y el Presidente Pinochet", Zig Zag.

External links

  • NPR Planet Money - The Chicago Boys Pt. 1
  • NPR Planet Money - The Chicago Boys Pt. 2
  • PBS Video clip – Chicago Boys and Pinochet
  • Is Chile a Neoliberal Success? analysis of Chicago Boys' policies in Dollars & Sense magazine 2004
  • Forbes Magazine article 2010-3-17
  • Audio clip – 'Chicago Boys' Leave Lasting Legacy on Chile's Economy, National Public Radio

January 31, 2023
chicago, boys, were, group, chilean, economists, prominent, around, 1970s, 1980s, majority, whom, were, educated, department, economics, university, chicago, under, milton, friedman, arnold, harberger, affiliate, economics, department, pontifical, catholic, un. The Chicago Boys were a group of Chilean economists prominent around the 1970s and 1980s the majority of whom were educated at the Department of Economics of the University of Chicago under Milton Friedman and Arnold Harberger or at its affiliate in the economics department at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile After they finished their studies and returned to Latin America they adopted positions in numerous South American governments including prominently the military dictatorship of Chile 1973 1990 as economic advisors Many of them reached the highest positions within those governments 1 While The Heritage Foundation credits them with transforming Chile into Latin America s best performing economy and one of the world s most business friendly jurisdictions critics point to drastic increases in unemployment that can be attributed to counter inflation policies implemented on their advice 2 Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher were influenced by Chile s policies and economic reforms 3 Contents 1 History 1 1 Shock Doctrine and Economic Policies 1 2 International Influence 2 Notable Chicago Boys 2 1 Chile 2 2 Elsewhere in Latin America 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory EditThe term Chicago Boys has been used at least as early as the 1980s 4 to describe Latin American economists who studied or identified with the liberal economic theories then taught at the University of Chicago even though some of them earned degrees at Harvard University or MIT They advocated widespread deregulation privatization and other free market policies for closely controlled economies The Chicago Boys rose to prominence as leaders of the early reforms initiated in Chile during General Augusto Pinochet s rule 4 Milton and Rose Friedman used the term Chicago Boys in their memoir In 1975 when inflation still raged and a world recession triggered a depression in Chile General Pinochet turned to the Chicago Boys he appointed several of them to powerful positions in the government 5 The training program was the result of the Chile Project organized in the 1950s by the U S State Department through the Point Four program the first US program for global economic development 6 It was funded by the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation aimed at influencing Chilean economic thinking 7 The University of Chicago s Department of Economics set up scholarship programs with Chile s Catholic University About one hundred select students between 1957 and 1970 received training first in an apprenticeship program in Chile and then in post graduate work in Chicago The project was uneventful until the early 1970s The Chicago Boys ideas remained on the fringes of Chilean economic and political thought even after a group of them prepared a 189 page Program for Economic Development called El ladrillo the brick 8 It was presented in 1969 as part of Jorge Alessandri s unsuccessful presidential candidacy Alessandri rejected El ladrillo but it was revisited after the 1973 Chilean coup d etat on 11 September 1973 brought Augusto Pinochet to power and it became the basis of the new regime s economic policy After the coup when the Chicago boys were given power and el ladrillo was implemented the Chilean economy began to grow and expand at a rate much higher than that of other similar countries This was seen as an economic miracle and gave these policies greater credibility worldwide However this has led to greater income inequality in Chile which is still an issue that raises concern 9 These policies were seen as the natural reaction to Marxism and part of Chile s role as a hotspot during the Cold War The anti Marxist junta supported radical free market policies promoted by the Chicago Boys as a part of their destruction of Marxism After the end of the military rule and return to democracy this specific group lost power and many joined the private sector although their policies and effects still remained in place in many areas 10 Even though the Chile Project ended the training connection between Chile and the University of Chicago continued One of the numerous networking organizations for alumni including the Chicago Boys is the Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business LATAM The term continues to be used in popular culture business magazines press and media In 2015 a Chilean film titled Chicago Boys was released 11 12 Shock Doctrine and Economic Policies Edit As the key economic advisors of the Pinochet dictatorship the Chicago Boys were the forerunners of the economic policies of that government They sponsored state run policies to decrease national spending end inflation and promote economic growth They promoted a policy of strict austerity and cut government expenditures substantially Free trade agreements and the breakdown of barriers to trade were also promoted to help Chile compete in the world market They also privatized public companies and utilized the free market rather than government rule to promote their economic policies 9 This was part of the neoliberal economic views espoused by Milton Friedman the ideological backer for their views Friedman and his connections to the Chicago Boys was highly politicized especially after he received the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1976 The policies are also sometimes referred to as shock therapy based on the fact that they were projected to hurt the economy but overall be beneficial in the long run 13 These policies influenced future governments and organizations tied to the neoliberal economic viewpoint such as the World Bank International Monetary Fund and other International Organizations and governments However the relations between these organizations were not always close and rivalry between neoliberal organizations still existed 14 The ideology of free market capitalism and laissez faire economics in conjunction with a strong military rule and total political control is the cornerstone of Pinochetism in conjunction with a strong anti communist political platform These policies and their effects are both highly controversial in Chile and around the World and represent a major divide in Chilean politics to this day 15 International Influence Edit The economic success of the Chicago boys was a critical part of bolstering the Pinochet regime abroad The Chilean miracle as it was called attracted a lot of necessary positive attention for the Pinochet government and allowed Pinochet to exercise political repression without condemnation by economic allies New policies such as structural adjustment free trade and tax cuts became incredibly popular with conservative political groups throughout the western world These policies eventually spread into the United States and United Kingdom via their conservative leaders Chile was one of the first countries to embrace these policies and they have since spread in part due to the initial success Chile experienced 3 Notable Chicago Boys EditChile Edit Some of them are or were Jorge Cauas Minister of Finance 1975 1977 Sergio de Castro Minister of Finance 1977 1982 Pablo Baraona Minister of Economy 1976 1979 Jose Pinera Minister of Labor and Pensions 1978 1980 Minister of Mining 1980 1981 Received M A and Ph D Economics at Harvard Hernan Buchi Minister of Finance 1985 1989 Received MBA at Columbia University Alvaro Bardon President of the Central Bank of Chile Minister of Economy 1982 1983 Juan Carlos Mendez Budget Director 1975 1981 Emilio Sanfuentes Economic advisor to Central Bank of Chile Sergio de la Cuadra President of the Central Bank of Chile Minister of Finance 1982 Rolf Luders Minister of Economy 1982 Minister of Finance 1982 83 Francisco Rosende Research Manager Central Bank of Chile 1985 and 1990 Antitrust Commission 1999 and 2001 Dean and Professor of Economics Faculty of Business and Economy of PUC 1995 present 15 Miguel Kast Minister of Planning 1978 1980 Labor Minister 1980 1982 Governor of the Central Bank of Chile 1982 83 Martin Costabal Budget Director 1987 1989 Juan Ariztia Matte Pension Superintendent 1980 1990 Maria Teresa Infante Minister of Labor 1988 1990 Camilo Carrasco Alfonso General Manager of Central Bank 1994 2005 Joaquin Lavin Minister of Education 2010 2011 Minister of Planning 2011 2013 Mayor of Las Condes 2016 2021 Cristian Larroulet Vignau Chief of Staff of the Finance Minister member of National Commission for Privatization Head of Antitrust Commission Minister of General Secretariat to the Presidency SEGPRES 2010 present Executive Director at Libertad y Desarrollo a private think tank Dean and Professor of Economics Faculty of Business and Economy at Universidad Del Desarrollo UDD Santiago Chile member of the boards of several public enterprises member of the Mont Pelerin Society 16 Juan Andres Fontaine Minister of Economy 2010 2011 Francisco Perez Mackenna Chief Executive Officer of Quinenco one of Chile s largest conglomerates with assets of over US 33 1 billion 1998 present Director of many Quinenco group companies including Banco de Chile Madeco CCU Inversiones y Rentas LQIF ECUSA CCU Argentina and Banchile Corretores de Bolsa and Advisor to the Board of Vina San Pedro Tarapaca CEO of CCU 1991 1998 Received Business Administration degree from Universidad Catolica de Chile and M B A from University of Chicago 17 Ernesto Fontaine Professor Faculty of Economics and Administration Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile returned to Chile financed by the Inter American Development Bank 1976 chief of the external financing unit the Organization of American States OAS where he organized a Technical Assistance Program that trained teams of public officials in Project Preparation and Social Evaluation 18 World Bank consultant Organization for Economic Co operation and Development OECD died January 20 2014 of lung cancer Ricardo Ffrench Davis called a heterodox Chicago Boy 19 and an anti Chicago Boy 20 Elsewhere in Latin America Edit Although the largest and most influential group of so called Chicago Boys was Chilean in origin there were many Latin American graduates from the University of Chicago around the same period These economists continued to shape the economies of their respective countries and include people like Mexico s Socrates Rizzo Francisco Gil Diaz Fernando Sanchez Ugarte Carlos Isoard y Viesca Argentina s Adolfo Diz Roque Fernandez Carlos Alfredo Rodriguez Fernando de Santibanes and Ricardo Lopez Murphy Brazil s Paulo Guedes as well as others in Peru Colombia Uruguay Costa Rica and Panama See also EditMiracle of Chile Berkeley Mafia Jeffrey Sachs John Perkins Augusto Pinochet Pinochetism Universidad del Desarrollo The Shock DoctrineReferences Edit Naomi Klein 2007 The Shock Doctrine The Rise of Disaster Capitalism Heritage Foundation 2015 Chile Index of Economic Freedom a b O Brien Philip J 1983 Chile the Pinochet decade the rise and fall of the Chicago boys Jacqueline Roddick London Latin America Bureau ISBN 0 906156 18 1 OCLC 10830245 a b Gary S Becker 1997 10 30 What Latin America Owes to the Chicago Boys Hoover Digest Stanford University Retrieved 2012 11 14 Two Lucky People Memoirs Milton Friedman and Rose D Friedman University of Chicago Press 1998 p 398 Paterson Thomas G 1972 Foreign Aid under Wraps The Point Four Program The Wisconsin Magazine of History 56 2 119 126 ISSN 0043 6534 JSTOR 4634774 Biglaiser Glen 2002 The Internationalization of Chicago s Economics in Latin America Economic Development and Cultural Change El Ladrillo Bases de la politica economica del gobierno militar chileno Santiago CEP 2nd edition1992 a b Brender Valerie 2010 03 01 Economic Transformations in Chile The Formation of the Chicago Boys The American Economist 55 1 111 122 doi 10 1177 056943451005500112 ISSN 0569 4345 Maxwell Kenneth Valdes Juan Gabriel 1996 Pinochet s Economists The Chicago School in Chile Foreign Affairs 75 2 157 doi 10 2307 20047535 ISSN 0015 7120 JSTOR 20047535 Chicago Boys Nov 5 2015 Retrieved Sep 14 2020 via IMDb Latin American Business Group the University of Chicago Booth School of Business Archived from the original on 2020 04 17 Retrieved 2019 01 03 Edwards Sebastian Montes Leonidas 2020 02 04 MILTON FRIEDMAN IN CHILE SHOCK THERAPY ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND EXCHANGE RATES Journal of the History of Economic Thought 42 1 105 132 doi 10 1017 s1053837219000397 ISSN 1053 8372 Kedar Claudia 2017 02 03 The International Monetary Fund and the Chilean Chicago Boys 1973 7 Cold Ties between Warm Ideological Partners Journal of Contemporary History 54 1 179 201 doi 10 1177 0022009416685895 ISSN 0022 0094 a b Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business Latam Group Speaker Profile Archived from the original on December 22 2015 Retrieved 2014 01 26 Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business Latam Group Speaker Profile Archived from the original on November 17 2010 Retrieved 2014 01 26 Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business Latam Group Speaker Profile Archived from the original on November 17 2010 Retrieved 2014 01 26 Latin American Business Group at Chicago Booth School of Business Latam Group Speaker Profile Archived from the original on February 22 2014 Retrieved 2014 01 26 Rumie Rojo Sebastian Andres 2019 Chicago Boys en Chile neoliberalismo saber experto y el auge de una nueva tecnocracia Chicago Boys in Chile Neoliberalism Expert Knowledge and the Rise of a New Technocracy Revista mexicana de ciencias politicas y sociales in Spanish 64 235 doi 10 22201 fcpys 2448492xe 2019 235 61782 Bravo Pou Ximena 2014 05 26 Ricardo Ffrench Davis el anti Chicago Boy America Economia in Spanish Retrieved 2022 02 13 Further reading EditValdes Juan Gabriel 1995 Pinochet s Economists The Chicago School of Economics in Chile Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 45146 9 Constable Pamela and Arturo Valenzuela 1991 A Nation Of Enemies Chile Under Pinochet New York W W Norton ISBN 9780393309850 Fontaine Aldunate Arturo 1988 Los Economistas y el Presidente Pinochet Zig Zag External links EditNPR Planet Money The Chicago Boys Pt 1 NPR Planet Money The Chicago Boys Pt 2 PBS Video clip Chicago Boys and Pinochet Is Chile a Neoliberal Success analysis of Chicago Boys policies in Dollars amp Sense magazine 2004 Forbes Magazine article 2010 3 17 Audio clip Chicago Boys Leave Lasting Legacy on Chile s Economy National Public Radio Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chicago Boys amp oldid 1136125999, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.