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Chaoui people

February 16, 2024

The Chaoui people or Shawia (Algerian Arabic: الشاوية, Tachawit: Išawiyen) are a Berber ethnic group native to the Aurès region in northeastern Algeria which spans Batna and Khenchla, Oum El Bouaghi provinces located in and surrounded by the Aurès Mountains.

Chaoui people (Shawiya)
Map showing Chaoui areas in the east
Total population
2,870,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Aurès, Algeria
Languages
Shawiya
Religion
Sunni Islam[2]

They also live in the Algerian provinces of Tébessa, Constantine, Setif and other parts of Eastern Algeria coextensive with the ancient Massylii of Numidia, as well as northwest Tunisia. They call themselves Išawiyen/Icawiyen (pronounced [iʃawijən]) and speak the Shawiya language. They are the second largest Tell Atlas Amazigh-speaking ethnicity, alongside the Kabyles and Chenouas.

History edit

Historically, the Aurès Mountains served as a refuge for Berber peoples, forming a base of resistance against the Roman Empire, the Vandals, the Byzantine Empire and Arabs. Aurès was also a district of Algeria that existed during and after the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962. It was in this region that Berber independence fighters started the war.

 
Madghacen, the burial of Numidias kings

The patriarch of Berbers is believed to have been Madghacen, the common ancestor of the Zenata and of the Botri as well. Ibn Khaldun identified the Zenata as Berbers. Modern historians rank this Berber region within the group of Numidians and Gaetuli or the much more ancient Meshwesh, Maesulians and Mazaxes, from whom the Zenata formed, the main inhabitants of the Aurès in the Middle Ages. Chaoui clans known by Ibn Khaldoun were the Ifren, Maghrawa, Djerawa, Abdalwadides, Howara and Awarba.

According to de Slane, translator of the books of Ibn Khaldun, the term Chaoui/Shawi means "shepherd" and designates the Zenata Berbers.[3]

After the independence of Algeria, the Chaouis remained localized mainly in the Auresian region. They are the second largest Berber-speaking group in terms of number of speakers, the first being the Kabyle.

Language edit

Main article: Shawiya language

The Chaoui traditionally speak the Shawiya language (Berber: Tachawit). It belongs to the Berber branch of the Afro-Asiatic family, and is a variety of the Zenati languages.

Shawiya is a closely related cluster of dialects spoken in the Aurès region (Berber: Awras) of eastern Algeria and surrounding areas including Batna, Khenchela, south Sétif, Oum El Bouaghi, Souk Ahras, Tébessa, and the north part of Biskra.

Recently the Shawiya language, together with the Kabyle language, has begun to achieve some cultural prominence due to the Berber cultural and political movements in Algeria.

Culture and art edit

Chaoui music is a specific style of Berber music. The Shawia dance is called Rahaba; men and women dancing at weddings. There are many 20th century singers, such as Aïssa Djermouni, Ali Khencheli, Massinissa, Ishem Boumaraf, Djamel Sabri, Groupe Iwal, Houria Aïchi, etc.

Chaoui painters and sculptors (of whom there are many) include Cherif Merzouki, Abdelkhader Houamel, Hassane Amraoui, Adel Abdessemed, and Mohamed Demagh.

The fantasia is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Aurès performed during cultural festivals.

The Chaoui were featured in Amor Hakkar's 2008 film La Maison jaune.

See also: Chaoui music
Examples of Chaoui craftwork
  •  
    Bendir with snares.
  •  
    Chaoui jewelry, Museum of Man, Paris, during an exhibition Germaine Tillion.
  •  
    Chaoui bread.
  •  
    A woman wearing traditional chaoui dress.
  •  
    An Algerian girl wearing traditional chaoui dress.

References edit

  1. ^ "Centre de Recherche Berbère - Chaouia". www.centrederechercheberbere.fr.
  2. ^ "Shawiya of Algeria". joshuaproject.net. Retrieved September 11, 2012.
  3. ^ Khaldûn, ʻAbd al-Raḥman b Muḥammad Ibn (1856). Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique septentrionale (in French). Translated by de Slane, William McGuckin. pp. 495.

Bibliography edit

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  • Basset, A., "Sur la toponymie berbère et spécialement sur la toponymie chaouïa Aït Frah", Onomastica, 1948, p. 123-126.
  • Basset A., Textes berbères de l'Aurès (parler des Aït Frah), Paris, Publ. de l'Institut d'Etudes Orientales, 1961.
  • Basset R., Loqmân berbère ... , Paris, 1890 (15 textes de l’Aurès).
  • Basset R., "Notice sur le chaouïa de la province de Constantine (Sedrata)", Journal asiatique, 1896, 36p.
  • Boughida B.K., Bibliographie sur l’Aurès de 1830 à 1880, 103p., 2cartes, 760 réf. Bibl.:Mémoirede Licence Institut de bibliothéconomie Univ. De Constantine.
  • Boulhaïs, N., "Recherches sur l'Aurès, bibliographie ordonnée", Etudes et Documents Berbères 15-16 (1998), pp. 284–312.
  • Chaker S., "Chaoui/Chaouia (linguistique/littérature)", Encyclopédie berbère, XII, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1993, p. 1875-1877.
  • Chaker S., "Aurès (linguistique)", Encyclopédie berbère, VIII, Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1989–90, p. 1162-1169.
  • Dejeux J., "La Kahina: de l’Histoire à la fiction littéraire. Mythe et épopée", Studi Magrebini, 15, 1983, p. 1-42.
  • Dejeux J., "Le bandit d’honneur en Algérie, de la réalité et l’oralité à la fiction", Études et Documents Berbères, 4, 1988, p. 39-60 (deux poèmes sur Ben Zelmat, p. 56-7).
  • Dejeux J., Les femmes d’Algérie; légendes, tradition, histoire, littérature, Paris, la Boîte à documents, 1987, 347 p.
  • {Djarallah A.}, "Un conte chaouï: Hend utteγyult", Awal, Cahiers d’études berbères, 1, 1985, p. 163-175.
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  • Hamouda N., "Les femmes rurales de l’Aurès et la production poétique", Peuples méditerranéens, 22–23, 1983, p. 267-269 (texte poétique).
  • Huyghe R.P., Dictionnaire français-chaouïa (Qamūs rūmi-caui), Alger, Jourdan, 1906, 750 p.
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  • Joly A., Le chaouiya des Ouled Sellem, suivi d’un vocabulaire, Alger, 1912, 88 p. (= Revue africaine, 1911–4, p. 441-449 et 1912–2, p. 219-266).
  • Lafkioui M. & Merolla D., Contes berbères chaouis de l'Aurès d'après Gustave Mercier. Köln, Köppe, 2002.
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  • Maougal M., "Une étude sociolinguistique en pays chaouïa", Nedjma, Paris, 6, 1984, p. 35-50.
  • Masqueray, E., Comparaison d’un vocabulaire des Zenaga avec les vocabulaires correspondents des dialectes Chawia et des Beni Mzab, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, (Archives des missions scientifiques et littéraires 3/5), 1879, p. 473-533.
  • Masqueray, E., Formation des cités chez les populations sédentaires de l’Algérie. Kabyles du Djurdjura, Chaouia de l’Aourâs, Beni Mezâb. (Réed.) Aix-en-Provence, Edisud, 1886–1983, 374 p. (Archives maghrébines, CRESM) (Fac-sim. Del’éd. De Paris, Leroux, 1886).
  • Masqueray, E., "Le Djebel-Chechar", Revue africaine, 22, 1878, p. 26-48, 129–145, 202–214, 259–281, 1885, p. 72-110.
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  • Mercier G., Cinq textes berbères en dialecte chaouïa, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1900. (Journal asiatique).
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  • Mercier G., Le chaouïa de l'Aurès (dialecte de l'Ahmar-Khaddou) (Étude grammaticale, texte en dialecte chaouïa) Paris, Publications de la Faculté des Lettres d'Alger, 1896, 326 p. (Bulletin de correspondance africaine 17).
  • Mercier G., "Les noms des plantes en dialecte chaouïa de l’Aurès", XVIe Congrès International des Orienatlistes, Alger, 1905, 2/4, p. 79-92.
  • Merolla D., "Il ‘Tempo di Roma’ in alcuni racconti orali dei gruppi berberofoni chaouia dell Aures (Algéria)", Studi e materiali di Storia delle religioni, 54 (12-1), 1988, p. 133-150.
  • Morizot J., L’Aurès ou le mythe de la montagne rebelle, Paris, l’Harmattan, 1991, 273 p.
  • Note concernant les Aoulad-Daoud du Mont-Aurès (Aourâs), Alger, A. Jourdan, 1879
  • Papier A., "De l’étymologie des mots employés par les Grecs, les Romains, les Arabes pour désigner le Djebel Aurès", Revue de l’Afrique française, 1887.
  • Penchoen Th.G., Etude syntaxique d'un parler berbère (Ait Frah de l'Aurès), Napoli, Istituto Universitario Orientale(= Studi magrebini V), 1973, 217p.
  • Plault, "Études berbères, La langue berbère dans la commune mixte de Barika", Revue africaine, 1946, p. 194-207, (vocabulaire, bovins).
  • Riviere Th., "Coutumes agricoles de l’Aurès", Études et Documents berbères, 3, 1987, p. 124-152 (informations sur les documents recueillis par Th. R., Cinq textes de chansons, p. 148-152).
  • Servier J., Chants de femmes de l’Aurès, Thèse complémentaire pour le doctorat des Lettres, Paris, 1995 (Inédite).
  • Sierakowsky A., Das Schaui, ein Beitrag zur berberischen Sprach- und Volkskunde, Dresde, Kraszewski, 1871, 137 p.
  • Sorand C., "La Fibule berbère: le type chaouïa", AWAL No.3, Paris, 1987 et CNRS: INIST 11906904
  • Stricker B.H., "Compte rendu de: A. Basset, Textes berbères de l’Aurès, 1961", Kroniek van Afrika, Leyde, 1967, p. 122-125.
  • Stuhlmann F., Die Kulturgeschichtlicher Ausflug in den Aures, Atlas von Süd-Algerien, Hamburg, Friederichsen, 1912, XII/205 p., ill.
  • Stumme H., Arabische und berberische Dialekte, Berlin, 1928, p. 14-19.
  • Tafsut (série normale, Tizi-Ouzou), 4, 1982, p. 24-28: Dihya, neγ tigγri n Wawras (Dihya, ou l’appel des Aurès), (texte berbère sur une chanteuse aurésienne).
  • Vycichl W., "Un probléme de cartographie historique: Claude Ptolémée et la cartographie de la Tunisie actuelle", Polyphème (Genève), 1, 1969, 31–33. (dénominations des points cardinaux).

External links edit

 
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February 16, 2024
chaoui, people, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, this, article, possibly, contains, original, research, please, improve, verifying, claims, made, adding,. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages This article possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed May 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations September 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message The Chaoui people or Shawia Algerian Arabic الشاوية Tachawit Isawiyen are a Berber ethnic group native to the Aures region in northeastern Algeria which spans Batna and Khenchla Oum El Bouaghi provinces located in and surrounded by the Aures Mountains Chaoui people Shawiya Map showing Chaoui areas in the eastTotal population2 870 000 1 Regions with significant populationsAures AlgeriaLanguagesShawiyaReligionSunni Islam 2 They also live in the Algerian provinces of Tebessa Constantine Setif and other parts of Eastern Algeria coextensive with the ancient Massylii of Numidia as well as northwest Tunisia They call themselves Isawiyen Icawiyen pronounced iʃawijen and speak the Shawiya language They are the second largest Tell Atlas Amazigh speaking ethnicity alongside the Kabyles and Chenouas Contents 1 History 2 Language 3 Culture and art 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksHistory editHistorically the Aures Mountains served as a refuge for Berber peoples forming a base of resistance against the Roman Empire the Vandals the Byzantine Empire and Arabs Aures was also a district of Algeria that existed during and after the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962 It was in this region that Berber independence fighters started the war nbsp Madghacen the burial of Numidias kingsThe patriarch of Berbers is believed to have been Madghacen the common ancestor of the Zenata and of the Botri as well Ibn Khaldun identified the Zenata as Berbers Modern historians rank this Berber region within the group of Numidians and Gaetuli or the much more ancient Meshwesh Maesulians and Mazaxes from whom the Zenata formed the main inhabitants of the Aures in the Middle Ages Chaoui clans known by Ibn Khaldoun were the Ifren Maghrawa Djerawa Abdalwadides Howara and Awarba According to de Slane translator of the books of Ibn Khaldun the term Chaoui Shawi means shepherd and designates the Zenata Berbers 3 After the independence of Algeria the Chaouis remained localized mainly in the Auresian region They are the second largest Berber speaking group in terms of number of speakers the first being the Kabyle Language editMain article Shawiya language The Chaoui traditionally speak the Shawiya language Berber Tachawit It belongs to the Berber branch of the Afro Asiatic family and is a variety of the Zenati languages Shawiya is a closely related cluster of dialects spoken in the Aures region Berber Awras of eastern Algeria and surrounding areas including Batna Khenchela south Setif Oum El Bouaghi Souk Ahras Tebessa and the north part of Biskra Recently the Shawiya language together with the Kabyle language has begun to achieve some cultural prominence due to the Berber cultural and political movements in Algeria Culture and art editChaoui music is a specific style of Berber music The Shawia dance is called Rahaba men and women dancing at weddings There are many 20th century singers such as Aissa Djermouni Ali Khencheli Massinissa Ishem Boumaraf Djamel Sabri Groupe Iwal Houria Aichi etc Chaoui painters and sculptors of whom there are many include Cherif Merzouki Abdelkhader Houamel Hassane Amraoui Adel Abdessemed and Mohamed Demagh The fantasia is a traditional exhibition of horsemanship in the Aures performed during cultural festivals The Chaoui were featured in Amor Hakkar s 2008 film La Maison jaune See also Chaoui music Examples of Chaoui craftwork nbsp Bendir with snares nbsp Chaoui jewelry Museum of Man Paris during an exhibition Germaine Tillion nbsp Chaoui bread nbsp A woman wearing traditional chaoui dress nbsp An Algerian girl wearing traditional chaoui dress References edit Centre de Recherche Berbere Chaouia www centrederechercheberbere fr Shawiya of Algeria joshuaproject net Retrieved September 11 2012 Khaldun ʻAbd al Raḥman b Muḥammad Ibn 1856 Histoire des Berberes et des dynasties musulmanes de l Afrique septentrionale in French Translated by de Slane William McGuckin pp 495 Bibliography editBasset A Atlas linguistique des parlers berberes Alger 1936 and 1939 cartes Basset A Presentation de cartes linguistiques berberes Comptes Rendus du Groupe Linguistique d Etudes Chamito Semitiques 1 2 1934 1937 p 42 p 81 82 Basset A Sur la toponymie berbere et specialement sur la toponymie chaouia Ait Frah Onomastica 1948 p 123 126 Basset A Textes berberes de l Aures parler des Ait Frah Paris Publ de l Institut d Etudes Orientales 1961 Basset R Loqman berbere Paris 1890 15 textes de l Aures Basset R Notice sur le chaouia de la province de Constantine Sedrata Journal asiatique 1896 36p Boughida B K Bibliographie sur l Aures de 1830 a 1880 103p 2cartes 760 ref Bibl Memoirede Licence Institut de bibliotheconomie Univ De Constantine Boulhais N Recherches sur l Aures bibliographie ordonnee Etudes et Documents Berberes 15 16 1998 pp 284 312 Chaker S Chaoui Chaouia linguistique litterature Encyclopedie berbere XII Aix en Provence Edisud 1993 p 1875 1877 Chaker S Aures linguistique Encyclopedie berbere VIII Aix en Provence Edisud 1989 90 p 1162 1169 Dejeux J La Kahina de l Histoire a la fiction litteraire Mythe et epopee Studi Magrebini 15 1983 p 1 42 Dejeux J Le bandit d honneur en Algerie de la realite et l oralite a la fiction Etudes et Documents Berberes 4 1988 p 39 60 deux poemes sur Ben Zelmat p 56 7 Dejeux J Les femmes d Algerie legendes tradition histoire litterature Paris la Boite a documents 1987 347 p Djarallah A Un conte chaoui Hend uttegyult Awal Cahiers d etudes berberes 1 1985 p 163 175 Djarallah A Bagyay un conte chaoui Awal Cahiers d etudes berberes 3 1987 p 198 201 Djarallah A Un conte dans le parler des Ait Abdi Aures meridional Etudes et Documents Berberes 4 1988 p 139 142 Djeghloul A Elements d histoire culturelle algerienne Alger ENAL 1984 244 p Faublee J A propos de Therese Riviere 1901 1970 et de ses missions dans l Aures Etudes et Documents Berberes 4 1988 94 102 Fery R Aures Le Haf Encyclopedie Berbere 43 1988 1p Galand L Libyque et berbere Annuaire EPHE IVe section 1977 78 p 199 212 Gaudry M La femme chaouia de l Aures Etude de sociologie berbere Paris P Geuthner 1929 texte poetique p 274 279 Hamouda N Les femmes rurales de l Aures et la production poetique Peuples mediterraneens 22 23 1983 p 267 269 texte poetique Huyghe R P Dictionnaire francais chaouia Qamus rumi caui Alger Jourdan 1906 750 p Huyghe R P Dictionnaire chaouia arabe kabyle francais Alger 1907 571 p Joly A Le chaouiya des Ouled Sellem suivi d un vocabulaire Alger 1912 88 p Revue africaine 1911 4 p 441 449 et 1912 2 p 219 266 Lafkioui M amp Merolla D Contes berberes chaouis de l Aures d apres Gustave Mercier Koln Koppe 2002 Maougal M L arabisation des Chaouia Nedjma Paris 1 1981 p 20 42 Maougal M Une etude sociolinguistique en pays chaouia Nedjma Paris 6 1984 p 35 50 Masqueray E Comparaison d un vocabulaire des Zenaga avec les vocabulaires correspondents des dialectes Chawia et des Beni Mzab Paris Imprimerie Nationale Archives des missions scientifiques et litteraires 3 5 1879 p 473 533 Masqueray E Formation des cites chez les populations sedentaires de l Algerie Kabyles du Djurdjura Chaouia de l Aouras Beni Mezab Reed Aix en Provence Edisud 1886 1983 374 p Archives maghrebines CRESM Fac sim Del ed De Paris Leroux 1886 Masqueray E Le Djebel Chechar Revue africaine 22 1878 p 26 48 129 145 202 214 259 281 1885 p 72 110 Masqueray E Traditions de l Aouras oriental Bulletin de Correspondance africaine 3 185 p 72 110 Masqueray E Voyage dans l Aouras Bulletin de la Societe de Geographie juillet 1876 texte p 55 56 Mercier G Cinq textes berberes en dialecte chaouia Paris Imprimerie Nationale 1900 Journal asiatique Mercier G Etude sur la toponymie berbere de la region de l Aures Actes du XIe Congres International des Orientalistes Paris 1897 sect Egypte et langues africaines p 173 207 Mercier G Le chaouia de l Aures dialecte de l Ahmar Khaddou Etude grammaticale texte en dialecte chaouia Paris Publications de la Faculte des Lettres d Alger 1896 326 p Bulletin de correspondance africaine 17 Mercier G Les noms des plantes en dialecte chaouia de l Aures XVIe Congres International des Orienatlistes Alger 1905 2 4 p 79 92 Merolla D Il Tempo di Roma in alcuni racconti orali dei gruppi berberofoni chaouia dell Aures Algeria Studi e materiali di Storia delle religioni 54 12 1 1988 p 133 150 Morizot J L Aures ou le mythe de la montagne rebelle Paris l Harmattan 1991 273 p Note concernant les Aoulad Daoud du Mont Aures Aouras Alger A Jourdan 1879 Papier A De l etymologie des mots employes par les Grecs les Romains les Arabes pour designer le Djebel Aures Revue de l Afrique francaise 1887 Penchoen Th G Etude syntaxique d un parler berbere Ait Frah de l Aures Napoli Istituto Universitario Orientale Studi magrebini V 1973 217p Plault Etudes berberes La langue berbere dans la commune mixte de Barika Revue africaine 1946 p 194 207 vocabulaire bovins Riviere Th Coutumes agricoles de l Aures Etudes et Documents berberes 3 1987 p 124 152 informations sur les documents recueillis par Th R Cinq textes de chansons p 148 152 Servier J Chants de femmes de l Aures These complementaire pour le doctorat des Lettres Paris 1995 Inedite Sierakowsky A Das Schaui ein Beitrag zur berberischen Sprach und Volkskunde Dresde Kraszewski 1871 137 p Sorand C La Fibule berbere le type chaouia AWAL No 3 Paris 1987 et CNRS INIST 11906904 Stricker B H Compte rendu de A Basset Textes berberes de l Aures 1961 Kroniek van Afrika Leyde 1967 p 122 125 Stuhlmann F Die Kulturgeschichtlicher Ausflug in den Aures Atlas von Sud Algerien Hamburg Friederichsen 1912 XII 205 p ill Stumme H Arabische und berberische Dialekte Berlin 1928 p 14 19 Tafsut serie normale Tizi Ouzou 4 1982 p 24 28 Dihya neg tiggri n Wawras Dihya ou l appel des Aures texte berbere sur une chanteuse auresienne Vycichl W Un probleme de cartographie historique Claude Ptolemee et la cartographie de la Tunisie actuelle Polypheme Geneve 1 1969 31 33 denominations des points cardinaux External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chaoui people Chawi people in 1952 on YouTube Pictures of Chaouis Videos in Chaoui chawinet com in French http www truveo com khouya ya chaoui id 2928217872 Archived 2020 09 27 at the Wayback Machine Among the hill folk of Algeria journeys among the Shawia of the Aures Mountains 1921 by Melville William Hilton Simpson Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Chaoui people amp oldid 1192728583, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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