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The Cetina culture is the name for the culture of the inhabitants of the Middle Dalmatian coast, and especially its hinterland, during the early Bronze Age (1900 to 1600 BC), or, according to Paul Reineck's chronology, Br A1 - A2/B1 (2200. – 1500 BC.).[1] It is named after the numerous sites along the Cetina river in Central Dalmatia and Herzegovina. People of this culture were present in caves (Škarin Samograd near Drniš, Gudnja near Ston, Ravlić cave in Drinovci) or in open settlements (Gradac in Kotorac and Krstina near Posušje). The graves are in rocky colonies. In the case of inhumation, they have the shape of a stone chest, while incinerated remains of the deceased are laid in clay pots.
The largest number of well-known sites of Cetina culture is located in the interior of Dalmatia, primarily between the upper stream of the Cetina river and the lower Neretva river. Individual finds are documented on Central Dalmatian islands, Palagruza, Northern Adriatic, deep in the interior of the Western Balkans, Albania, Southern and Eastern Italy, and Greece.
Settlements
Silver and gold axe from the Mala Gruda tumulus, Montenegro, c. 2200 BC. A gold dagger and gold rings were also found in the tumulus.[2]
Settlements are the least known aspect of Cetina culture. The most significant deposits of Cetina culture were discovered in the Škarin Samograd cave located at the foot of the Mogli brdo, six kilometers northwest of Unešić. The amount of findings collected in other researched settlements, mostly caves, suggests mainly temporary inhabitation. The stratigraphy of Škarin Samograd enabled Ivan Marovic and Borivoj Covic to produce a three-phase periodization of Cetina culture, which is still used.
Funeral Customs
The bearers of the Cetina culture buried their dead in tumuli usually made of large crushed stone, and only exceptionally of small stone or a mixture of stone and earth. The deceased were laid in a crouched position in a stone chest or their cremated remains were stored in a clay urn, most often placed in the center of the tumulus. In both burial methods, fragments of a large number (from two to as many as 67) of ceramic vessels were discovered in the stone layer of the tumulus, and it is possible that these are traces of the ritual breaking of dishes used during the posthumous feast. In addition to exclusively inhumation or cremation necropolises, there are also those where both funeral rites were used. Contributions in graves are very rare, and most often they are bronze weapons or jewelry. The ceramics found in the funerary context are generally of much lower quality than those from the settlement.
The Mathieson et al. (2018) archaeogenetic study included two Early to Middle Bronze Age samples (1631-1521/1618-1513 calBCE) from Veliki Vanik, Dalmatia, Croatia (near Vrgorac). According to autosomal admixture analysis they had approximately 60% Early European Farmers, 33% Western Steppe Herders and 7% Western Hunter-Gatherer-related ancestry. The male individual from Veliki Vanik carried the Y-DNA haplogroupJ2b2a1a1a1b2-Z38240 while his and the female's mtDNA haplogroup were I1a1, W3a1 respectively.[3] Freilich et al. (2021) identify the Veliki Vanik samples as related to Cetina culture. They carry similar ancestry to a Copper Age sample from the site of Beli Manastir-Popova Zemlja (late Vučedol culture), eastern Croatia.[4] Lazaridis et al. (2022) examined 18 samples from Bronze Age Cetina valley and confirmed previous conclusions. Out of 10 males whose Y-DNA was successfully extracted, 9 belonged to haplogroup J2b (mainly J2b2a1-L283 subclades) and 1 to haplogroup R1b1a1b1a2-Z2118. The group's mtDNA haplogroups consisted of 2x H, H13a2a, H5, H6a1, 3x H6a1a, HV0e, 6x J1c1, N1a1a1, T1a1 and U5a1a.[5]
^ abMathieson I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Posth C, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Rohland N, Mallick S, et al. (March 2018). "The genomic history of southeastern Europe". Nature. 555 (7695): 197–203. Bibcode:2018Natur.555..197M. doi:10.1038/nature25778. PMC6091220. PMID 29466330.
^Freilich, Suzanne; Ringbauer, Harald; Los, Dženi; Novak, Mario; Tresić Pavičić, Dinko; Schiffels, Stephan (2021). "Reconstructing genetic histories and social organisation in Neolithic and Bronze Age Croatia". Scientific Reports. 11. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94932-9.
^ abLazaridis I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Acar A, Açıkkol A, Agelarakis A, Aghikyan L, Akyüz U, Andreeva D, Andrijašević G, Reich D, et al. (26 August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609). doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. PMID 36007055.
Bibliography
Borivoj Čović: Od Butmira do Ilira, Sarajevo, 1976.
Stašo Forenbaher - Timonthy Kaiser: Palagruža, jadranski moreplovci i njihova kamena industrija na prijelazu iz bakrenog u brončano doba, Opuscula archaeologica, 21, Zagreb, 1997, 15–28 https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/5438
Blagoje Govedarica, Rano bronzano doba na području istočnog Jadrana, Sarajevo, 1989.
Blagoje Govedarica: Keramika cetinskog tipa u unutrašnjosti zapadnog Balkana i problem kulturno-istorijske interpretacije praistorijskih nalaza, Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, 35, Sarajevo, 2006., str. 95-114 [1][permanent dead link]
Nives Majnarić Pandžić: Brončano doba, u: Stojan Dimitrijević, Tihomila Težak-Gragl, Nives Majnarić Pandžić: Povijest umjetnosti u Hrvatskoj - Prapovijest, Zagreb, 1998., 159-219
Joseph Maran - Seaborne Contacts between the Aegean, the Balkans and the Central Mediterranean in the 3rd Millennium BC; The Unfolding of the Mediterranean World, u I. Galanaki, H. Tomas, Y. Galanakis, and R. Laffineur (ur.), Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory across Borders (Aegaeum 27), Liège/Austin, 2007, str. 3-21 [2]
Brunislav Marijanović: Cetinska kultura - rana faza, - samostalna kultura ili integralni dio eneolitika, Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta, Razdio povijesnih znanosti, Sv. 36/23 (1997.), Zadar, 1998. [3]
Ivan Marović: Prethistorijska istraživanja u okolici Narone, Dolina rijeke Neretve od prethistorije do ranog srednjeg vijeka, Izdanja Hrvatskog arheološkog društva, 5, 1980, str. 45-104
Ivan Marović: Istraživanja kamenih gomila Cetinske kulture u srednjoj Dalmaciji, Vjesnik za historiju i arheologiju dalmatinsku, sv. 84, Split, 1991., str. 15-214
Ivan Marović, Borivoj Čović: Cetinska kultura, Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja, IV, Sarajevo, 1983., str. 191-231
Darko Periša: Prikaz – Stojan Dimitrijević, Tihomila Težak-Gregl, Nives Majnarić Pandžić: Prapovijest, Zagreb, 1998., Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku, 93, Split, 2001., 555-562
Darko Periša: Brunislav Marijanović, Prilozi za prapovijest u zaleđu jadranske obale, Arheološki vestnik, 54, 2003., str. 422-438 [4]
Ksenija Vinski-Gasparini: Litzen-keramima savsko-dravskog međurječja, Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja, IV, Sarajevo, 1983., 484-491
Gori, Maja; Recchia, Giulia; Tomas, Helen (2018). "The Cetina phenomenon across the Adriatic during the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC: new data and research perspectives". 38° Convegno Nazionale sulla Preistoria, Protostoria, Storia dellaDaunia.
Forenbaher, Staso (2018). Special Place, Interesting Times: The island of Palagruža and transitional periods in Adriatic prehist. Archaeopress. ISBN978 1 78491 850 7.
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This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations August 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Croatian August 2017 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Croatian article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Croatian Wikipedia article at hr Cetinska kultura see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated hr Cetinska kultura to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Cetina culture is the name for the culture of the inhabitants of the Middle Dalmatian coast and especially its hinterland during the early Bronze Age 1900 to 1600 BC or according to Paul Reineck s chronology Br A1 A2 B1 2200 1500 BC 1 It is named after the numerous sites along the Cetina river in Central Dalmatia and Herzegovina People of this culture were present in caves Skarin Samograd near Drnis Gudnja near Ston Ravlic cave in Drinovci or in open settlements Gradac in Kotorac and Krstina near Posusje The graves are in rocky colonies In the case of inhumation they have the shape of a stone chest while incinerated remains of the deceased are laid in clay pots Cetina cultureGeographical rangeWest Balkans Dalmatian coastPeriodBronze Age EuropeDatesc 2200 BCE 1600 BCEMajor sitesCetina ValleyPreceded byVucedol culture Contents 1 Area of diffusion 2 Settlements 3 Funeral Customs 4 Genetics 5 Cetina Culture Archaeogenetic Samples 6 See also 7 References 8 BibliographyArea of diffusion EditThe largest number of well known sites of Cetina culture is located in the interior of Dalmatia primarily between the upper stream of the Cetina river and the lower Neretva river Individual finds are documented on Central Dalmatian islands Palagruza Northern Adriatic deep in the interior of the Western Balkans Albania Southern and Eastern Italy and Greece Settlements Edit Silver and gold axe from the Mala Gruda tumulus Montenegro c 2200 BC A gold dagger and gold rings were also found in the tumulus 2 Settlements are the least known aspect of Cetina culture The most significant deposits of Cetina culture were discovered in the Skarin Samograd cave located at the foot of the Mogli brdo six kilometers northwest of Unesic The amount of findings collected in other researched settlements mostly caves suggests mainly temporary inhabitation The stratigraphy of Skarin Samograd enabled Ivan Marovic and Borivoj Covic to produce a three phase periodization of Cetina culture which is still used Funeral Customs EditThe bearers of the Cetina culture buried their dead in tumuli usually made of large crushed stone and only exceptionally of small stone or a mixture of stone and earth The deceased were laid in a crouched position in a stone chest or their cremated remains were stored in a clay urn most often placed in the center of the tumulus In both burial methods fragments of a large number from two to as many as 67 of ceramic vessels were discovered in the stone layer of the tumulus and it is possible that these are traces of the ritual breaking of dishes used during the posthumous feast In addition to exclusively inhumation or cremation necropolises there are also those where both funeral rites were used Contributions in graves are very rare and most often they are bronze weapons or jewelry The ceramics found in the funerary context are generally of much lower quality than those from the settlement Cetina Culture tumuli stone cist graves Cetina Culture tumuli stone cist graves Genetics EditThe Mathieson et al 2018 archaeogenetic study included two Early to Middle Bronze Age samples 1631 1521 1618 1513 calBCE from Veliki Vanik Dalmatia Croatia near Vrgorac According to autosomal admixture analysis they had approximately 60 Early European Farmers 33 Western Steppe Herders and 7 Western Hunter Gatherer related ancestry The male individual from Veliki Vanik carried the Y DNA haplogroup J2b2a1a1a1b2 Z38240 while his and the female s mtDNA haplogroup were I1a1 W3a1 respectively 3 Freilich et al 2021 identify the Veliki Vanik samples as related to Cetina culture They carry similar ancestry to a Copper Age sample from the site of Beli Manastir Popova Zemlja late Vucedol culture eastern Croatia 4 Lazaridis et al 2022 examined 18 samples from Bronze Age Cetina valley and confirmed previous conclusions Out of 10 males whose Y DNA was successfully extracted 9 belonged to haplogroup J2b mainly J2b2a1 L283 subclades and 1 to haplogroup R1b1a1b1a2 Z2118 The group s mtDNA haplogroups consisted of 2x H H13a2a H5 H6a1 3x H6a1a HV0e 6x J1c1 N1a1a1 T1a1 and U5a1a 5 Cetina Culture Archaeogenetic Samples EditID Date Analysis Label Locality Sex Y DNA Yfull Y DNA ISOGG mtDNA Yfull I4331 1631 1521 BCE Croatia EMBA Veliki Vanik Croatia Male J Z38240 J2b2a1a1a1b2 I1a1I4332 1618 1513 BCE Croatia EMBA Veliki Vanik Croatia Female n a female n a female W3a1I11843 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male J Z597 J2b2a1a1a T1a1I18088 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male J L283 J2b2a1 H5I18745 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Female n a female n a female HV0eI18746 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male J Z38241 J2b2a1a1a1b2c N1a1a1I18747 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male J Y15058 J2b2a1a1a1b U5a1aI18752 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male R Z2118 R1b1a1b1a2 H13a2aI19016 2000 1600 BCE HRV MBA Cetina Cetina Valley Croatia Female n a female n a female H6a1I19017 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Female n a female n a female H6a1aI19019 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Female n a female n a female H6a1aI19020 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Female n a female n a female H6a1aI19022 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Female n a female n a female HI19025 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male J L283 J2b2a1 J1c1I19026 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male J M102 J2b J1c1I19027 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Female n a female n a female HI19029 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male J Z600 J2b2a1a J1c1I19030 2000 1600 BCE HRV MBA Cetina Valley Croatia Male n a low coverage n a low coverage J1c1I19031 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male J M102 J2b J1c1I19032 2000 1600 BCE HRV Cetina BA Cetina Valley Croatia Male J Y15058 J2b2a1a1a1b J1c1 3 5 See also EditIllyriansReferences Edit Harding A F 2000 European Societies in the Bronze Age PDF Cambridge world archaeology pp 14 18 Archived from the original PDF on 17 April 2015 Mala Gruda Muzeji Kotor a b Mathieson I Alpaslan Roodenberg S Posth C Szecsenyi Nagy A Rohland N Mallick S et al March 2018 The genomic history of southeastern Europe Nature 555 7695 197 203 Bibcode 2018Natur 555 197M doi 10 1038 nature25778 PMC 6091220 PMID 29466330 Freilich Suzanne Ringbauer Harald Los Dzeni Novak Mario Tresic Pavicic Dinko Schiffels Stephan 2021 Reconstructing genetic histories and social organisation in Neolithic and Bronze Age Croatia Scientific Reports 11 doi 10 1038 s41598 021 94932 9 a b Lazaridis I Alpaslan Roodenberg S Acar A Acikkol A Agelarakis A Aghikyan L Akyuz U Andreeva D Andrijasevic G Reich D et al 26 August 2022 The genetic history of the Southern Arc A bridge between West Asia and Europe Science 377 6609 doi 10 1126 science abm4247 PMID 36007055 Bibliography EditBorivoj Covic Od Butmira do Ilira Sarajevo 1976 Staso Forenbaher Timonthy Kaiser Palagruza jadranski moreplovci i njihova kamena industrija na prijelazu iz bakrenog u broncano doba Opuscula archaeologica 21 Zagreb 1997 15 28 https hrcak srce hr en 5438 Blagoje Govedarica Rano bronzano doba na podrucju istocnog Jadrana Sarajevo 1989 Blagoje Govedarica Keramika cetinskog tipa u unutrasnjosti zapadnog Balkana i problem kulturno istorijske interpretacije praistorijskih nalaza Godisnjak Centra za balkanoloska ispitivanja Akademije nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine 35 Sarajevo 2006 str 95 114 1 permanent dead link Nives Majnaric Pandzic Broncano doba u Stojan Dimitrijevic Tihomila Tezak Gragl Nives Majnaric Pandzic Povijest umjetnosti u Hrvatskoj Prapovijest Zagreb 1998 159 219 Joseph Maran Seaborne Contacts between the Aegean the Balkans and the Central Mediterranean in the 3rd Millennium BC The Unfolding of the Mediterranean World u I Galanaki H Tomas Y Galanakis and R Laffineur ur Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas Prehistory across Borders Aegaeum 27 Liege Austin 2007 str 3 21 2 Brunislav Marijanovic Cetinska kultura rana faza samostalna kultura ili integralni dio eneolitika Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta Razdio povijesnih znanosti Sv 36 23 1997 Zadar 1998 3 Ivan Marovic Prethistorijska istrazivanja u okolici Narone Dolina rijeke Neretve od prethistorije do ranog srednjeg vijeka Izdanja Hrvatskog arheoloskog drustva 5 1980 str 45 104 Ivan Marovic Istrazivanja kamenih gomila Cetinske kulture u srednjoj Dalmaciji Vjesnik za historiju i arheologiju dalmatinsku sv 84 Split 1991 str 15 214 Ivan Marovic Borivoj Covic Cetinska kultura Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja IV Sarajevo 1983 str 191 231 Darko Perisa Prikaz Stojan Dimitrijevic Tihomila Tezak Gregl Nives Majnaric Pandzic Prapovijest Zagreb 1998 Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku 93 Split 2001 555 562 Darko Perisa Brunislav Marijanovic Prilozi za prapovijest u zaleđu jadranske obale Arheoloski vestnik 54 2003 str 422 438 4 Ksenija Vinski Gasparini Litzen keramima savsko dravskog međurjecja Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja IV Sarajevo 1983 484 491 Gori Maja Recchia Giulia Tomas Helen 2018 The Cetina phenomenon across the Adriatic during the 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BC new data and research perspectives 38 Convegno Nazionale sulla Preistoria Protostoria Storia dellaDaunia Forenbaher Staso 2018 Special Place Interesting Times The island of Palagruza and transitional periods in Adriatic prehist Archaeopress ISBN 978 1 78491 850 7 This article relating to archaeology in Europe is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en 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