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Central Sudanic languages

January 01, 1970

Central Sudanic is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed Nilo-Saharan language family. Central Sudanic languages are spoken in the Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo (DRC), Nigeria and Cameroon. They include the pygmy languages Efé and Asoa.

Central Sudanic
Geographic
distribution		CAR, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo (DRC), Nigeria and Cameroon
Native speakers
ca. 15 million[1]
Linguistic classificationNilo-Saharan?
  • Central Sudanic
Proto-languageProto-Central Sudanic
Subdivisions
ISO 639-5csu
Glottologcent2225
Central Sudanic languages in Africa

Blench (2011) suggests that Central Sudanic influenced the development of the noun-class system characteristic of the Atlantic–Congo languages.[citation needed]

Classification edit

Half a dozen groups of Central Sudanic languages are generally accepted as valid. They are customarily divided into East and West branches.

Blench (2023) edit

Blench cites the following classification:[2]

Central Sudanic 
 Eastern 
(Lendu–Mangbetu) 

Birri (1)

 West 
(Bongo–Kresh) 

Bongo–Bagirmi (40 languages)

Kresh (2)

? Sinyar–Formona

Sinyar–Formona is sparsely documented and its placement in the western branch is "provisional".

Starostin (2016) edit

Starostin (2016)[3] finds support for Eastern Central Sudanic (Lendu, Mangbetu, Lugbara, etc., concentrated in the northeast corner of DR Congo) but not for the western division, which would include Bongo–Bagirmi and Kresh scattered across Chad, the CAR, and South Sudan.

Central Sudanic 
 Eastern 
(Lendu–Mangbetu) 

Mangbetu (2–3)

Mangbutu–Lese (5)

Lendu (2–3)

Moru–Madi (10)

Bongo–Bagirmi (40 languages)

 Birri–Kresh 

Birri (1)

Kresh (2)

Starostin (2011) notes that the poorly attested language Mimi of Decorse is suggestive of Central Sudanic, though he provisionally treats it as an isolate. Boyeldieu (2010) states that the inclusion of Kresh has yet to be demonstrated, but Starostin (2016) finds good support, with Birri being its closest relative.

Bender (1992) edit

Lionel Bender (1992) classifies the Central Sudanic languages as follows, with Central Sudanic bifurcating into a Peripheral branch and a Central branch.[4]

Numerals edit

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[5]

Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lendu Lendu ɗì / di (by Rev. N.M. Mpanzu) arɔ / aro ɡ͡bɔ / ɡbo θɔ / tho mbə / mbu aza / aza àrʊ̀-ɡ͡bɔ / aruɡbo àrʊ̀ / aru ɗrɛ-ði / dredhi ɗrɛ / dree
Lendu Ngiti aɪdí ɔyɔ ɪ̀ɓʊ ɪ̀fɔ imbo aza àrʊ̀ɓʊ̀ àrʊ̀ àrʊ̀ɡyèɪdí ɪdrɛ
Mangbetu Mangbetu kana sóóndrwé / sóóndrú sɔ́ta sɔ́sʉa tɔ́zɛrɛna / sɔ́zɛrɛna tɛ́nɡwɛkana / ɛ́tɛana tónórwe / tónóru bɔɡɨna téndeléɡí tɛ́ɛ́vhɛ́
Mangbutu-Efe Efe édí ɛ̀ɡbɛ̄ tsínà tsītɔ̀ tsībú tsínà tsínà (3 + 3) tsínà tsītɔ̀ (3 + 4) tsītɔ̀ tsītɔ̀ (4 + 4) tsītɔ̀ tsībú (4 + 5) ádíbȍsí
Mangbutu-Efe Mvuba eɗì àkpe ɛ̀tsɪrà ɛ̀tsɪrɔ̀ ɛ̀tsɪᵐbú màⁿzà làlòɗu làlɔ̀ àᵐbʊ̀tsɪhʊwa àᵐʊ̀tsí
Moru-Madi Moru àlʊ̄ rì nā sū nd͡ʒī nd͡ʒī drì àlʊ̄ (5+ 1) nd͡ʒī drì rì (5+ 2) nd͡ʒī drì nā (5+ 3) nd͡ʒī drì sū (5+ 4) ɓùtè
Moru-Madi, Central Avokaya àlō rì nā sū njī njī-kázíyá njī-drì-là-rì (5 + 2) njī-drì-là-nā (5 + 3) njī-drì-là-sū (5 + 4) mūdrí (hands joined)
Moru-Madi, Central Kaliko (Keliko) àlō ìrì nā sū tàu ázyá ázîrí àrò órōmè mūdrí (hands joined)
Moru-Madi, Central Logo àlo rì na su nzi kází nzi-drì-rì (5 + 2) nzi-drì-na (5 + 3) nzi-drì-su (5 + 4) mudrí (hands joined)
Moru-Madi, Central Lugbara (Lugbarati) àlʊ̄ ìrɪ̀ nā sū tòwɪ́ ázɪ́á ázɪ́ìrɪ̀ àrò óròmɪ̀ mōdrɪ́
Moru-Madi, Central Omi (Omiti) àlō ìrɪ̀ nā sū tòwú ázɪ́á ázɪ́ɪ̀rɪ̀ àrò órōmɪ̀ mūdrɪ́
Moru-Madi, Southern Ma'di (1) àlʊ̄ (è)rì (ī)nā (ī)sū tòú ázɨ́á tûdērì àrɔ̀ drítʃàlʊ̄ mūdrí
Moru-Madi, Southern Ma'di (2) àlʊ̄ èrì ~ rì ìnā ~ nā ìsū ~ sū tòú ázɨ́á tûdērì àrɔ̀ drítʃàlʊ̄ mūdrí
Moru-Madi, Southern Olu'bo àlʊ̄ rì nā sū tòú ázɨ́á tûdērì àrɔ̀ tɔ́rɔ̄mɛ̀ mūdúrí
Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Baka Baka ké̘ɗò ɡ͡bʀ͡ʙɛ̀ ɔ̀tà ɛ̀sɔ̀ ìɲì ìɲi dɔ̀à kéɽí (5, on it 1) ìɲi dɔ̀à ɡ͡bʀ͡ʙɛ̀ (5, on it 2) ìɲi dɔ̀à ɔ̀tà (5, on it 3) ìɲi dɔ̀à ɛ̀sɔ̀ (5, on it 4) sɔ̀kɔ́
Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Bongo Bongo kɔ̀tʊ́ ŋɡɔ̀r mʊ̀tːà ʔɛ́w múì dɔ̀kɔtʊ́ (5 + 1) dɔ́ŋɡɔr (5 + 2) dɔ̀mʊ́tːà (5 + 3) dɔ̀mʔɛ́w (5 + 4) kɪ̀ː
Bongo-Bagirmi, Bongo-Baka, Morokodo-Beli Jur Mödö kɔ̀tɔ́ rḯyö́ mòtá sòwɔ́ mùyí̈ mòdɔ́ɔ́kɔ̀tɔ́ (5 + 1) mòdɔ́mòrḯyö́ (5 + 2) mòdɔ́ɔ́mòtá (5 + 3) mòdɔ́mòsòwɔ́ (5 + 4) ɓùtë́
Bongo-Bagirmi, Kara Yulu kȁal(ə̏) jōoy(ə̄) mȍotȁ ȕsȍ mȕu mȉtə̏ kȁal(ə̏) {? / one} mȉtə̏ jōoy(ə̄) {? / two} mȉtə̏ mȍotȁ {? / three} mȉtə̏ ȕsȍ ~ mȉȕsȍ {? / four} kpúu
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi Bagirmi (Bʼarma) kɛ́ɗɛ̀ sapi mtá só mí mìká tʃílí marta doso dòk kemɛ́
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi Kenga kàlāŋ dìó mɔ̀tɔ́ sɔ̄ː mīː mɛ̀cɛ́ cīlí mārtá jɛ́rnàŋ sīk
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Bagirmi Naba (Bilala) fèné /pènè rìyó mɔ̀tɔ́ / mátà sɔ́ móy míʃà / máʃà sī̄lí rātá rɔ̄fó sí
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Bébot káre ɟó mɨ̀té sɔ́ː mḭ́ː mɛ̰hɛ sɨrí ɟiɟó (10 -2) ɟikáre (10 -1) dɔ̀ɡɨ
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Bedjond kárē jōó mə̀tá sɔ́ mí mêhḛ́ sīrí jī jōó (10 -2) jī kárē (10 -1) dɔ̀ɡə̀
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Gulay kérē jōó mùtœ́ sɔ́ mí mèhé̯ sìrí sɔ́sɔ́ (4 + 4) jī kérē (10 - 1) dɔ̀ɡə̀ / kùtə̀
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Kaba (Kabba) (1) kaára jooà moètaà sóà mïù mïìsaàn sirïù jijooà (4 + 4) jikaàra (10 - 1) dóèkuè
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Kaba (Kabba) (2) káɾā dʒōó mòtá sɔ́ mĩ́ mĩ̀sã́n sīɾí dʒīdʒōó (4 + 4) dʒīkáɾā (10 - 1) dɔ̀kù
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Mango kárē jōó mɨ̀tə́ sɔ́ mí mèhẽ́ sīrí jī̄-nàɲ-jōó (10 - 2) jī̄-nàɲ-kárē (10 - 1) dɔ̀ɡɨ̀
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Mbay kə́rā jōó mə̀tá sɔ̄ɔ́ mḭ̄́ḭ kə́-bɔ̀y-dètə́ tènə̀-mə̀tá (5 + 1) jī-jōó (10 - 2) jī-kə́rā (10 - 1) kə̀lá
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Ngam kóɡīí dīyó mə̀tá sɔ́ mí mêhḛ́ sīrí sɔ́sɔ́ (4 + 4) ndōhó kùtə̀
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Ngambay (Sara Ngambai) kàrā jōó mùndá sɔ́ mí mìsã́ / màhã́ sīrí jī̄-này-jōó (10 - 2) jī̄-này-kárā (10 - 1) dɔ̀ɡə̀
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper Sar (Sara) kóɡīí jōó mə̀tá sɔ́ mí mèhé̯ sìrí sɔ́sɔ́ (4 + 4) ndōkó kùtə̀
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba Kaba Deme ɗíyá jó mùtɔ́ sɔ̀ɔ́ mìí mìi kàlí (5 + 1) mìí já jó (5 + 2) sàlānjā dɔ̀ kám dɔ̀ɡɔ̀ / kùtù
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Sara Proper, Sara Kaba Kaba Na kárē / hàré jōó mùtá sɔ̀ɔ́ mìí màhá mìtə́kə́jə́ sàlīnjā dàhábú dɔ̀ɡɔ̀
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale Lutos ɗóí zíò mútà só mí mí zò ɗóí (5 + 1) kál m͡bákàɗɛ̀ (8 - 1) m͡bákàɗɛ́ kál ɓú (10 - 1) ɓú
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sara-Bagirmi, Sara, Vale Vale kīɗá díyò mùtá sɔ́ mí míkìdí kīɗá (5 + 1) míkìdí díyò (5 + 1) ɗɔ̄ɗɔ̄sɔ́ (2 x 4) ?? kàmnànɡà kīɗá (10 - 1) ɓúfú
Bongo-Bagirmi, Sinyar Sinyar kàllà róò mùʈʈà ùssà mòy mìccà mòorsò màartà mànɖéy ʈìyà
Kresh Kresh (Gbaya) ɓälã rǒmó tötö sösö sálã sálã lẽmbẽ ɓälã (5 + 1) sálã lẽmbẽ rǒmó (5 + 2) sálã lẽmbẽ tötö (5 + 3) sálã lẽmbẽ sösö (5 + 4) kpú

See also edit

  • List of Proto-Central Sudanic reconstructions (Wiktionary)
  • Central Sudanic word lists (Wiktionary)

References edit

  1. ^ "Nilo-Saharan; Ethnologue".
  2. ^ Blench, Roger. 2023. In defence of Nilo-Saharan.
  3. ^ George Starostin (2016) The Nilo-Saharan hypothesis tested through lexicostatistics: current state of affairs
  4. ^ Bender, Lionel M. 1992. "Central Sudanic segmental and lexical reconstruction." Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 29: 5-61.
  5. ^ Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Nilo-Saharan Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.

Sources edit

  • Blench, Roger. 2011. "Can Sino-Tibetan and Austroasiatic help us understand the evolution of Niger-Congo noun classes?",[1] CALL 41, Leiden.
  • Blench, Roger. Central Sudanic overview.
  • Blench, Roger. 2018. Core and peripheral noun morphology in Central Sudanic languages. Proceedings of the 13th Nilo-Saharan Conference University of Addis Ababa, 6 May 2017
  • Starostin, George. On Mimi, Journal of Language Relationship, v. 6, 2011, pp. 115–140.

External links edit

 
For a list of words relating to Central Sudanic languages, see the Central Sudanic languages category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  • A map of Central Sudanic

January 01, 1970
central, sudanic, languages, central, sudanic, family, about, sixty, languages, that, have, been, included, proposed, nilo, saharan, language, family, spoken, central, african, republic, chad, sudan, south, sudan, uganda, congo, nigeria, cameroon, they, includ. Central Sudanic is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed Nilo Saharan language family Central Sudanic languages are spoken in the Central African Republic Chad Sudan South Sudan Uganda Congo DRC Nigeria and Cameroon They include the pygmy languages Efe and Asoa Central SudanicGeographicdistributionCAR Chad Sudan South Sudan Uganda Congo DRC Nigeria and CameroonNative speakersca 15 million 1 Linguistic classificationNilo Saharan Central SudanicProto languageProto Central SudanicSubdivisionsBongo Bagirmi Mangbetu Asoa Mangbutu Lese Lendu Moru Madi Birri KreshISO 639 5csuGlottologcent2225Central Sudanic languages in Africa Blench 2011 suggests that Central Sudanic influenced the development of the noun class system characteristic of the Atlantic Congo languages citation needed Contents 1 Classification 1 1 Blench 2023 1 2 Starostin 2016 1 3 Bender 1992 2 Numerals 3 See also 4 References 5 Sources 6 External linksClassification editHalf a dozen groups of Central Sudanic languages are generally accepted as valid They are customarily divided into East and West branches Blench 2023 edit Blench cites the following classification 2 Central Sudanic Eastern Lendu Mangbetu Mangbutu Lese 5 Mangbetu Asua 2 3 Lendu Ngiti 2 3 Moru Madi 10 Birri 1 West Bongo Kresh Bongo Bagirmi 40 languages Kresh 2 Sinyar Formona Sinyar Formona is sparsely documented and its placement in the western branch is provisional Starostin 2016 edit Starostin 2016 3 finds support for Eastern Central Sudanic Lendu Mangbetu Lugbara etc concentrated in the northeast corner of DR Congo but not for the western division which would include Bongo Bagirmi and Kresh scattered across Chad the CAR and South Sudan Central Sudanic Eastern Lendu Mangbetu Mangbetu 2 3 Mangbutu Lese 5 Lendu 2 3 Moru Madi 10 Bongo Bagirmi 40 languages Birri Kresh Birri 1 Kresh 2 Starostin 2011 notes that the poorly attested language Mimi of Decorse is suggestive of Central Sudanic though he provisionally treats it as an isolate Boyeldieu 2010 states that the inclusion of Kresh has yet to be demonstrated but Starostin 2016 finds good support with Birri being its closest relative Bender 1992 edit Lionel Bender 1992 classifies the Central Sudanic languages as follows with Central Sudanic bifurcating into a Peripheral branch and a Central branch 4 Central Sudanic Peripheral Moru Madi Moru Miza etc Avukaya Logo Keliko Madi Lokai etc Mangbutu Mamvu Balese Mangbetu Meje Asua Aka Lombi Kresh Kresh Aja Baadha a k a Baledha Lendu Central Bagirmi Sara Barma Bagirmi Sara Mbay Sara Ngambay Sara Kaba Baka Yulu Binga Fongoro Shemya Sinyar Bongoid Bongo Fer Kara Modo Jur BeliNumerals editComparison of numerals in individual languages 5 Classification Language 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lendu Lendu ɗi di by Rev N M Mpanzu arɔ aro ɡ bɔ ɡbo 8ɔ tho mbe mbu aza aza arʊ ɡ bɔ aruɡbo arʊ aru ɗrɛ di dredhi ɗrɛ dree Lendu Ngiti aɪdi ɔyɔ ɪ ɓʊ ɪ fɔ imbo aza arʊ ɓʊ arʊ arʊ ɡyeɪdi ɪdrɛ Mangbetu Mangbetu kana soondrwe soondru sɔ ta sɔ sʉa tɔ zɛrɛna sɔ zɛrɛna tɛ nɡwɛkana ɛ tɛana tonorwe tonoru bɔɡɨna tendeleɡi tɛ ɛ vhɛ Mangbutu Efe Efe edi ɛ ɡbɛ tsina tsitɔ tsibu tsina tsina 3 3 tsina tsitɔ 3 4 tsitɔ tsitɔ 4 4 tsitɔ tsibu 4 5 adibȍsi Mangbutu Efe Mvuba eɗi akpe ɛ tsɪra ɛ tsɪrɔ ɛ tsɪᵐbu maⁿza laloɗu lalɔ aᵐbʊ tsɪhʊwa aᵐʊ tsi Moru Madi Moru alʊ ri na su nd ʒi nd ʒi dri alʊ 5 1 nd ʒi dri ri 5 2 nd ʒi dri na 5 3 nd ʒi dri su 5 4 ɓute Moru Madi Central Avokaya alō ri na su nji nji kaziya nji dri la ri 5 2 nji dri la na 5 3 nji dri la su 5 4 mudri hands joined Moru Madi Central Kaliko Keliko alō iri na su tau azya aziri aro orōme mudri hands joined Moru Madi Central Logo alo ri na su nzi kazi nzi dri ri 5 2 nzi dri na 5 3 nzi dri su 5 4 mudri hands joined Moru Madi Central Lugbara Lugbarati alʊ irɪ na su towɪ azɪ a azɪ irɪ aro oromɪ mōdrɪ Moru Madi Central Omi Omiti alō irɪ na su towu azɪ a azɪ ɪ rɪ aro orōmɪ mudrɪ Moru Madi Southern Ma di 1 alʊ e ri i na i su tou azɨ a tuderi arɔ dritʃalʊ mudri Moru Madi Southern Ma di 2 alʊ eri ri ina na isu su tou azɨ a tuderi arɔ dritʃalʊ mudri Moru Madi Southern Olu bo alʊ ri na su tou azɨ a tuderi arɔ tɔ rɔ mɛ muduri Bongo Bagirmi Bongo Baka Baka Baka ke ɗo ɡ bʀ ʙɛ ɔ ta ɛ sɔ iɲi iɲi dɔ a keɽi 5 on it 1 iɲi dɔ a ɡ bʀ ʙɛ 5 on it 2 iɲi dɔ a ɔ ta 5 on it 3 iɲi dɔ a ɛ sɔ 5 on it 4 sɔ kɔ Bongo Bagirmi Bongo Baka Bongo Bongo kɔ tʊ ŋɡɔ r mʊ tːa ʔɛ w mui dɔ kɔtʊ 5 1 dɔ ŋɡɔr 5 2 dɔ mʊ tːa 5 3 dɔ mʔɛ w 5 4 kɪ ː Bongo Bagirmi Bongo Baka Morokodo Beli Jur Modo kɔ tɔ rḯyo mota sowɔ muyi modɔ ɔ kɔ tɔ 5 1 modɔ morḯyo 5 2 modɔ ɔ mota 5 3 modɔ mosowɔ 5 4 ɓute Bongo Bagirmi Kara Yulu kȁal e jōoy e mȍotȁ ȕsȍ mȕu mȉte kȁal e one mȉte jōoy e two mȉte mȍotȁ three mȉte ȕsȍ mȉȕsȍ four kpuu Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Bagirmi Bagirmi Bʼarma kɛ ɗɛ sapi mta so mi mika tʃili marta doso dok kemɛ Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Bagirmi Kenga kalaŋ dio mɔ tɔ sɔ ː miː mɛ cɛ cili marta jɛ rnaŋ sik Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Bagirmi Naba Bilala fene pene riyo mɔ tɔ mata sɔ moy miʃa maʃa si li rata rɔ fo si Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Bebot kare ɟo mɨ te sɔ ː mḭ ː mɛ hɛ sɨri ɟiɟo 10 2 ɟikare 10 1 dɔ ɡɨ Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Bedjond kare jōo me ta sɔ mi mehḛ siri ji jōo 10 2 ji kare 10 1 dɔ ɡe Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Gulay kere jōo mutœ sɔ mi mehe siri sɔ sɔ 4 4 ji kere 10 1 dɔ ɡe kute Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Kaba Kabba 1 kaara jooa moetaa soa miu miisaan siriu jijooa 4 4 jikaara 10 1 doekue Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Kaba Kabba 2 kaɾa dʒōo mota sɔ mĩ mĩ sa n siɾi dʒidʒōo 4 4 dʒikaɾa 10 1 dɔ ku Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Mango kare jōo mɨ te sɔ mi mehẽ siri ji naɲ jōo 10 2 ji naɲ kare 10 1 dɔ ɡɨ Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Mbay ke ra jōo me ta sɔ ɔ mḭ ḭ ke bɔ y dete tene me ta 5 1 ji jōo 10 2 ji ke ra 10 1 ke la Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Ngam koɡii diyo me ta sɔ mi mehḛ siri sɔ sɔ 4 4 ndōho kute Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Ngambay Sara Ngambai kara jōo munda sɔ mi misa maha siri ji nay jōo 10 2 ji nay kara 10 1 dɔ ɡe Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Sar Sara koɡii jōo me ta sɔ mi mehe siri sɔ sɔ 4 4 ndōko kute Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Sara Kaba Kaba Deme ɗiya jo mutɔ sɔ ɔ mii mii kali 5 1 mii ja jo 5 2 salanja dɔ kam dɔ ɡɔ kutu Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Sara Proper Sara Kaba Kaba Na kare hare jōo muta sɔ ɔ mii maha mite ke je salinja dahabu dɔ ɡɔ Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Vale Lutos ɗoi zio muta so mi mi zo ɗoi 5 1 kal m bakaɗɛ 8 1 m bakaɗɛ kal ɓu 10 1 ɓu Bongo Bagirmi Sara Bagirmi Sara Vale Vale kiɗa diyo muta sɔ mi mikidi kiɗa 5 1 mikidi diyo 5 1 ɗɔ ɗɔ sɔ 2 x 4 kamnanɡa kiɗa 10 1 ɓufu Bongo Bagirmi Sinyar Sinyar kalla roo muʈʈa ussa moy micca moorso maarta manɖey ʈiya Kresh Kresh Gbaya ɓala rǒmo toto soso sala sala lẽmbẽ ɓala 5 1 sala lẽmbẽ rǒmo 5 2 sala lẽmbẽ toto 5 3 sala lẽmbẽ soso 5 4 kpuSee also editList of Proto Central Sudanic reconstructions Wiktionary Central Sudanic word lists Wiktionary References edit Nilo Saharan Ethnologue Blench Roger 2023 In defence of Nilo Saharan George Starostin 2016 The Nilo Saharan hypothesis tested through lexicostatistics current state of affairs Bender Lionel M 1992 Central Sudanic segmental and lexical reconstruction Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 29 5 61 Chan Eugene 2019 The Nilo Saharan Language Phylum Numeral Systems of the World s Languages Sources editBlench Roger 2011 Can Sino Tibetan and Austroasiatic help us understand the evolution of Niger Congo noun classes 1 CALL 41 Leiden Blench Roger Central Sudanic overview Blench Roger 2018 Core and peripheral noun morphology in Central Sudanic languages Proceedings of the 13th Nilo Saharan Conference University of Addis Ababa 6 May 2017 Starostin George On Mimi Journal of Language Relationship v 6 2011 pp 115 140 External links edit nbsp For a list of words relating to Central Sudanic languages see the Central Sudanic languages category of words in Wiktionary the free dictionary A map of Central Sudanic Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Central Sudanic languages amp oldid 1214427191, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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