The grounds of the Palais des Nations (seat of the United Nations Office at Geneva) contain many fine objects donated by member states of the United Nations, private sponsors and artists. The Celestial Sphere (also known as the Armillary Sphere) in the Ariana Park of the Palais des Nations is the best-known of these. The huge - over four meter diameter - Celestial Sphere is the chef d'oeuvre of the American sculptor Paul Manship (1885–1966). It was donated in 1939 by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation to what was then the League of Nations building. Known also as the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Sphere of the Palais des Nations it is today a symbol of Geneva International and of Geneva as the centre of dialogue and peace.
The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial, Ariana Park, Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010
Contacted in late 1935 by the Board of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, Manship was asked to provide an idea for a memorial to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson as the founding father of the League of Nations. At that time the Palais des Nations was still under construction.
The first idea for Manship's contribution to the new buildings was to have him design two doors to the Assembly Hall from the Halle des Pas Perdus. Both the artist and the donor, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, rejected this idea because doors would not be suitable for a memorial. Manship then proposed a large-scale version of the present celestial sphere, which he had developed after years of study. It is based upon several earlier versions, including the Aero Memorial in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It differs from these in that the Sphere is supported upon the backs of four tortoises, taken from his models for the gates to the New York Bronx Zoo, which in turn rest upon a stepped socle bearing a cast representation of the Chinese "celestial sea" (Hai Shui Jiang Ya). The tortoises may therefore be thought to represent the Chinese tortoise of immortality (Ao) - an auspicious symbol from Tang times on. Other zodiac signs come from the world's major civilizations, both past and present.
Manship described this sphere in the following words:
The representation of the heavenly constellations is derived from Babylonia and Assyria: the Greeks and Latins added their names and gave the constellations a local significance in some cases and I have adhered as closely as possible to the ancient forms. Thus the star, Aldebaran, which represents the eye of Taurus, dictates the character of the design, as is also the case of Regulus, Leo's Heart, and so with all the constellations. The forms and attitudes of the figures have been made to correspond firstly with the positions and the meanings of the emblems themselves. After that the inter-relationship of the constellations was designed to create a harmonious ensemble.
In a letter written by Ham Armstrong to Arthus Sweetser dated 30 June 1935, we read that the building committee considered the Celestial Sphere, which they had seen in Paris, superb, not only in originality of conception, but in delicacy of execution and in spirituality of meaning. However, two obstacles were foreseen; first, that it would cost more than the budget available and, second, that it would be difficult to obtain the approval of committee in New York and Geneva on anything so novel and non-utilitarian. Nonetheless, Manship's proposal for a monumental celestial sphere was accepted and a commission for the project was awarded to him in April 1936.
Process
In spring of 1936, immediately after the approval by the committee, Manship began working on a large-scale model in wax. At his atelier, he gathered a team of sculptors and other artists to work on the various aspects of the design. The team included such famous names as Angelo Colombo, Giuseppe Massari, and Richard Pousette-Dart, the renowned painter, who collaborated with Herbert Kammerer on the lettering of the sphere.
The original plaster moulds, executed by Flitzer, were ready in 1938 and were sent to the Bruno Bearzi Atelier in Florence for casting. The elements of the sphere were cast from these plaster moulds by Bearzi using a cire-perdu process from a bronze/zinc high-tin alloy with added lead. The constellations were originally gilded and applied stars, chrome-silvered. The meridians and architectural elements of the composition have been variously nielloed.
The Celestial Sphere measures 410 cm. in diameter and weighs some 5,800 kg. The spherical frame is adorned with constellations and stars. The Sphere represents eighty-five constellations of the universe and shows four stars of the first four magnitudes. The constellations are gilded and the 840 stars are silvered. As his signature, it bears Manship's self-portrait with his tools, in profile, hidden among the constellations.
A place for the Celestial Sphere
One of the main difficulties was to find a location for the sphere. Even though Manship designed it for the Court of Honour in front of the Assembly Hall, the question was raised in 1937 whether this space should be left completely open for a full panorama. When neither the Woodrow Wilson Foundation nor the artist wanted to hear of a change in 1938, it was decided to put the sphere in the middle of the Park, not too close to the building and not too close to the trees. The sphere was placed in a small reservoir that would reflect the image of the sphere and the building in the water. The sphere was installed in its present location, in the Court d'Honneur of the Ariana park of the Palais des Nations by the Bearzi Atelier in August 1939. The official inauguration of what has become a United Nations symbol took place in September 1939.
The sphere is equipped with a motor. In the words of the artist it was designed "so that it would rotate slowly" around an axis turned to the Pole star, and it was intended to be illuminated at night.
Major problems
The rotation system and illumination do not work
Due to the outbreak of the Second World War the rotation motor of the Celestial Sphere was used for several months only. In the files of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, the following brief description was found: "A complex silence and solitude reigned; the great ceremony of dedication, with the 30th Assembly in session, had become impossible: only an occasional chance visitor and a few especially interested Americans watched the Italians putting the great sphere, representative of universal comity, into its place of high honour." The rotation motor of the Celestial Sphere was not used during 1940–1945 and ceased to function in the early 1960s.
The state of the Celestial Sphere is critical
The sphere began to have significant problems as early as 1942. The alloy used by the Bearzi Atelier contracted so sharply during the winter that a considerable amount of water could and did enter the hollow constellations. The freezing of that water caused the metal to crack. Already several of the constellations had to be repaired in 1942–43 and at least one cover of a meridian had to be replaced after falling off. "Weep holes" were drilled in all the constellations at that time to allow the water to drain out. The socle, which bears the whole of the 5,800 kg weight, has cracked. Large areas of corrosion and uneven natural patina are seen. The 840 chrome-plated stars, once present in four sizes, have been widely lost. The sphere cage is at the limit of its weight bearing load. Metal fatigue, cracks and corrosion have increasingly added to its deterioration.
Symbol of Peace - Pax Universalis
Today the Celestial Sphere stands in the Court d’Honneur of the Palais des Nations, itself an important landmark of the City of Geneva. It serves as a vivid reminder that despite all cultural and religious differences we are inhabitants of one and the same planet of the galaxy, the Earth. The time has come to think in terms of Pax Universalis rather than of other Paxes, and one of the contributors to a Pax Universalis is an action-oriented dialogue, based on common human values and the ideals of the United Nations.
Gallery
The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial in the Ariana Park with Lake Geneva in the background.
The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial with the Assembly Hall in the background. Palais des Nations, Geneva, 2010.
Open day at the Palais des Nations in the Ariana Park, 5 June 2010.
Fragment of the Celestial Sphere, 2010.
Fragment of the Celestial Sphere, upper part 2010.
Critical state of the Celestial Sphere, fragment with the signs of corrosion, 2010.
Fragment of the Celestial Sphere with the turtles, 2010.
Critical state of the Celestial Sphere, fragment, 2010.
References
Jean-Claude Pallas (2001). Histoire et architecture des Palais des Nations, 1924-2001: l'art déco au service des relations internationales, Nations Unies, pp. 48, 65, 100, 111, 354.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Edgar Burkhardt Nixon, Donald B. Schewe (1979)Franklin D. Roosevelt and foreign affairs, second series, January 1937-August 1939.
Ernest Willian Watson, Arthur Leighton Guptill (1951), American artist, Watson-Guptil Publications.
Janis C. Conner, Joel Rosenkranz, David Finn (1989). Rediscoveries in American sculpture: studio works, 1893-1939.
(2006).Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, p. 264.
I.Dembinski (2009). International Geneva Yearbook 2008, Dominique Dembinski-Goumard, p. 341.
Harry Rand (1989). Paul Manship Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 124-126.
(1949). United Nations world, UN World Inc., p. 63.
Albert Picot (1965). Le rayonnement international de Genève, Editions du Griffon.
Laure De Gonneville (2009). Suisse 2009 Edition Petite Futé.
(2006). Geneva - centre for new dialogue among civilizations, UN Special Magazine, No. 652 (www.unspecial.org)
(2008). Pax Universalis Aeternaque, UN Special Magazine, No. 671 (www.unspecial.org)
Christian David and Evelina Rioukhina (2010). The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial, UN Special (magazine), No. 699
Tom Armstrong (1976). 200 years of American sculpture, Whitney Museum of American Art
(1985) Paul Manship: changing taste in America: 19 May to 18 August 1985, Minnesota Museum of Art, Landmark Center.
(2000). Booklet “The Dutch 17th Century in Etchings” for the exhibition of Rembrandt at the United Nations by Museum Geelvinck Hinlopen Huis (with the project proposals by Maecenas World Patrimony Foundation ((www.maecenasworldpatrimony.org) “Contribute to the Cycle of Life – the restoration of the Armillary Sphere”, Geneva.
Alastair Duncan (1986). American art deco, Abrams.
Carol Hynning Smith (1987). Drawings by Paul Manship: the Minnesota Museum of Art collection, Minnesota Museum of Art.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial.
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This article includes a list of references related reading or external links but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations January 2011 Learn how and when to remove this template message The grounds of the Palais des Nations seat of the United Nations Office at Geneva contain many fine objects donated by member states of the United Nations private sponsors and artists The Celestial Sphere also known as the Armillary Sphere in the Ariana Park of the Palais des Nations is the best known of these The huge over four meter diameter Celestial Sphere is the chef d oeuvre of the American sculptor Paul Manship 1885 1966 It was donated in 1939 by the Woodrow Wilson Foundation to what was then the League of Nations building Known also as the Woodrow Wilson Memorial Sphere of the Palais des Nations it is today a symbol of Geneva International and of Geneva as the centre of dialogue and peace The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Ariana Park Palais des Nations Geneva Switzerland 2010 Contents 1 History 2 Process 3 A place for the Celestial Sphere 4 Major problems 4 1 The rotation system and illumination do not work 4 2 The state of the Celestial Sphere is critical 5 Symbol of Peace Pax Universalis 6 Gallery 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditContacted in late 1935 by the Board of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation Manship was asked to provide an idea for a memorial to President of the United States Woodrow Wilson as the founding father of the League of Nations At that time the Palais des Nations was still under construction The Aero Memorial in Philadelphia The first idea for Manship s contribution to the new buildings was to have him design two doors to the Assembly Hall from the Halle des Pas Perdus Both the artist and the donor the Woodrow Wilson Foundation rejected this idea because doors would not be suitable for a memorial Manship then proposed a large scale version of the present celestial sphere which he had developed after years of study It is based upon several earlier versions including the Aero Memorial in Philadelphia Pennsylvania It differs from these in that the Sphere is supported upon the backs of four tortoises taken from his models for the gates to the New York Bronx Zoo which in turn rest upon a stepped socle bearing a cast representation of the Chinese celestial sea Hai Shui Jiang Ya The tortoises may therefore be thought to represent the Chinese tortoise of immortality Ao an auspicious symbol from Tang times on Other zodiac signs come from the world s major civilizations both past and present Manship described this sphere in the following words The representation of the heavenly constellations is derived from Babylonia and Assyria the Greeks and Latins added their names and gave the constellations a local significance in some cases and I have adhered as closely as possible to the ancient forms Thus the star Aldebaran which represents the eye of Taurus dictates the character of the design as is also the case of Regulus Leo s Heart and so with all the constellations The forms and attitudes of the figures have been made to correspond firstly with the positions and the meanings of the emblems themselves After that the inter relationship of the constellations was designed to create a harmonious ensemble In a letter written by Ham Armstrong to Arthus Sweetser dated 30 June 1935 we read that the building committee considered the Celestial Sphere which they had seen in Paris superb not only in originality of conception but in delicacy of execution and in spirituality of meaning However two obstacles were foreseen first that it would cost more than the budget available and second that it would be difficult to obtain the approval of committee in New York and Geneva on anything so novel and non utilitarian Nonetheless Manship s proposal for a monumental celestial sphere was accepted and a commission for the project was awarded to him in April 1936 Process EditIn spring of 1936 immediately after the approval by the committee Manship began working on a large scale model in wax At his atelier he gathered a team of sculptors and other artists to work on the various aspects of the design The team included such famous names as Angelo Colombo Giuseppe Massari and Richard Pousette Dart the renowned painter who collaborated with Herbert Kammerer on the lettering of the sphere The original plaster moulds executed by Flitzer were ready in 1938 and were sent to the Bruno Bearzi Atelier in Florence for casting The elements of the sphere were cast from these plaster moulds by Bearzi using a cire perdu process from a bronze zinc high tin alloy with added lead The constellations were originally gilded and applied stars chrome silvered The meridians and architectural elements of the composition have been variously nielloed The Celestial Sphere measures 410 cm in diameter and weighs some 5 800 kg The spherical frame is adorned with constellations and stars The Sphere represents eighty five constellations of the universe and shows four stars of the first four magnitudes The constellations are gilded and the 840 stars are silvered As his signature it bears Manship s self portrait with his tools in profile hidden among the constellations A place for the Celestial Sphere EditOne of the main difficulties was to find a location for the sphere Even though Manship designed it for the Court of Honour in front of the Assembly Hall the question was raised in 1937 whether this space should be left completely open for a full panorama When neither the Woodrow Wilson Foundation nor the artist wanted to hear of a change in 1938 it was decided to put the sphere in the middle of the Park not too close to the building and not too close to the trees The sphere was placed in a small reservoir that would reflect the image of the sphere and the building in the water The sphere was installed in its present location in the Court d Honneur of the Ariana park of the Palais des Nations by the Bearzi Atelier in August 1939 The official inauguration of what has become a United Nations symbol took place in September 1939 The sphere is equipped with a motor In the words of the artist it was designed so that it would rotate slowly around an axis turned to the Pole star and it was intended to be illuminated at night Major problems EditThe rotation system and illumination do not work Edit Due to the outbreak of the Second World War the rotation motor of the Celestial Sphere was used for several months only In the files of the Woodrow Wilson Foundation the following brief description was found A complex silence and solitude reigned the great ceremony of dedication with the 30th Assembly in session had become impossible only an occasional chance visitor and a few especially interested Americans watched the Italians putting the great sphere representative of universal comity into its place of high honour The rotation motor of the Celestial Sphere was not used during 1940 1945 and ceased to function in the early 1960s The state of the Celestial Sphere is critical Edit The sphere began to have significant problems as early as 1942 The alloy used by the Bearzi Atelier contracted so sharply during the winter that a considerable amount of water could and did enter the hollow constellations The freezing of that water caused the metal to crack Already several of the constellations had to be repaired in 1942 43 and at least one cover of a meridian had to be replaced after falling off Weep holes were drilled in all the constellations at that time to allow the water to drain out The socle which bears the whole of the 5 800 kg weight has cracked Large areas of corrosion and uneven natural patina are seen The 840 chrome plated stars once present in four sizes have been widely lost The sphere cage is at the limit of its weight bearing load Metal fatigue cracks and corrosion have increasingly added to its deterioration Symbol of Peace Pax Universalis EditToday the Celestial Sphere stands in the Court d Honneur of the Palais des Nations itself an important landmark of the City of Geneva It serves as a vivid reminder that despite all cultural and religious differences we are inhabitants of one and the same planet of the galaxy the Earth The time has come to think in terms of Pax Universalis rather than of other Paxes and one of the contributors to a Pax Universalis is an action oriented dialogue based on common human values and the ideals of the United Nations Gallery Edit The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial in the Ariana Park with Lake Geneva in the background The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial with the Assembly Hall in the background Palais des Nations Geneva 2010 Open day at the Palais des Nations in the Ariana Park 5 June 2010 Fragment of the Celestial Sphere 2010 Fragment of the Celestial Sphere upper part 2010 Critical state of the Celestial Sphere fragment with the signs of corrosion 2010 Fragment of the Celestial Sphere with the turtles 2010 Critical state of the Celestial Sphere fragment 2010 References EditJean Claude Pallas 2001 Histoire et architecture des Palais des Nations 1924 2001 l art deco au service des relations internationales Nations Unies pp 48 65 100 111 354 Franklin Delano Roosevelt Edgar Burkhardt Nixon Donald B Schewe 1979 Franklin D Roosevelt and foreign affairs second series January 1937 August 1939 Ernest Willian Watson Arthur Leighton Guptill 1951 American artist Watson Guptil Publications Janis C Conner Joel Rosenkranz David Finn 1989 Rediscoveries in American sculpture studio works 1893 1939 2006 Encyclopedia Americana Scholastic Library Publishing p 264 I Dembinski 2009 International Geneva Yearbook 2008 Dominique Dembinski Goumard p 341 Harry Rand 1989 Paul Manship Smithsonian Institution Press p 124 126 1949 United Nations world UN World Inc p 63 Albert Picot 1965 Le rayonnement international de Geneve Editions du Griffon Laure De Gonneville 2009 Suisse 2009 Edition Petite Fute 2006 Geneva centre for new dialogue among civilizations UN Special Magazine No 652 www unspecial org 2008 Pax Universalis Aeternaque UN Special Magazine No 671 www unspecial org Christian David and Evelina Rioukhina 2010 The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial UN Special magazine No 699 Tom Armstrong 1976 200 years of American sculpture Whitney Museum of American Art 1985 Paul Manship changing taste in America 19 May to 18 August 1985 Minnesota Museum of Art Landmark Center 2000 Booklet The Dutch 17th Century in Etchings for the exhibition of Rembrandt at the United Nations by Museum Geelvinck Hinlopen Huis with the project proposals by Maecenas World Patrimony Foundation www maecenasworldpatrimony org Contribute to the Cycle of Life the restoration of the Armillary Sphere Geneva Alastair Duncan 1986 American art deco Abrams Carol Hynning Smith 1987 Drawings by Paul Manship the Minnesota Museum of Art collection Minnesota Museum of Art External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Geneve tourisme La Geneve internationale Peace monuments in Switzerland UN Special magazine Maecenas World Patrimony Foundation Coordinates 46 13 34 N 6 08 32 E 46 22609 N 6 14223 E 46 22609 6 14223 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial amp oldid 1045232254, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
