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Catshark

January 01, 1970

For additional species called "dogfish", see Dogfish (disambiguation).

Catsharks are ground sharks of the family Scyliorhinidae. They are the largest family of sharks with around 160 species placed in 17 genera.[2] Although they are generally known as catsharks, some species can also be called dogfish due to previous naming.[3] However, a dogfish may generally be distinguished from a catshark as catsharks lay eggs while dogfish have live young.[3] Like most bottom feeders, catsharks feed on benthic invertebrates and smaller fish. They are not harmful to humans.[3] The family is paraphyletic, containing several distinct lineages that do not form a monophyletic group.[4]

Catsharks
Temporal range: Upper Jurassic –Present[1]
Whitesaddled catshark, Scyliorhinus hesperius
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondrichthyes
Subclass: Elasmobranchii
Subdivision: Selachimorpha
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Family: Scyliorhinidae
T. N. Gill, 1862

Genera edit

 
Small-spotted catshark
 
Small-spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula

The family includes 17 genera and over 150 species,[1] making it the largest family of sharks.[5]

Cladogram edit

  • Scyliorhinidae
    • Scyliorhininae
    • Galeinae
      • Pentanchini
      • Galeini
        • Galeina
        • Halelaelurina
    • Atelomycterininae
    • Schroedericthyinae

Anatomy and appearance edit

Catsharks may be distinguished by their elongated, cat-like eyes and two small dorsal fins set far back. Most species are fairly small, growing no longer than 80 cm (31 in); a few, such as the nursehound (Scyliorhinus stellaris) can reach 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in length. Most of the species have a patterned appearance, ranging from stripes to patches to spots.

Characteristics of genus Apristurus are mostly dark bodies, and having a long anal fin that ends in front of where the lower caudal fin begins. The snouts of the species of Apristurus are flat. They also present upper and lower labial furrows.

The sonic hedgehog dentition expression is first found as a bilateral symmetrical pattern and is found in certain areas of the embryonic jaw.[6] Sonic hedgehog (a secreted protein that, in humans, is encoded by the SHH gene) is involved in the growth and patterning of different organs.[7] Every 18–38 days the teeth are replaced as is a common characteristic of the developmental process of sharks.

The "swell sharks" of the genus Cephaloscyllium have the curious ability to fill their stomachs with water or air when threatened, increasing their girth by a factor of one to three.

Some catsharks, such as the chain catshark are biofluorescent.[8][9][10]

Distribution edit

Catsharks are found around seabeds in temperate and tropical seas worldwide, ranging from very shallow intertidal waters to depths of 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or more, such as the members of genus Apristurus.[11] The red-spotted catshark lives in the shallower rocky waters ranging from Peru to Chile and migrates to deeper waters during the winter.[12] They are usually restricted to small ranges. Juvenile and adult chain dogfish live on the soft or rocky bottom of the Atlantic from Massachusetts to Nicaragua. Adults tend to live on the soft, sandy bottoms possibly due to their need of egg deposition sites.[13]

Behaviour edit

Some catsharks do not undergo long distance migrations because they are poor swimmers. Due to being nocturnal, some species sleep close together in crevices throughout the day and then go hunting at night.[2] Some species such as the small spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula, are sexually monomorphic and exhibit habitat segregation, where males and females live in separate areas; males tend to live in open seabeds, while females tend to live in caves.[14] Some species of catsharks may deposit egg cases in structured habitats, which may also act as nurseries for the newly hatched sharks.[13]

Reproduction edit

 
Catshark egg (mermaids' purse)

Many species of catsharks, like the chain dogfish, are oviparous and lay eggs in tough egg cases with curly tendrils at each end, known as "mermaid's purses", for protection, onto the seabed.[15] Almost a year is needed for a catshark to hatch from the egg. Instead of laying the eggs and letting them sit for a year, some species of catsharks hold onto the eggs until a few months before the shark hatches. Some catsharks exhibit ovoviviparity, aplacental viviparous, by holding onto the embryos until they are completely developed and then give live birth.[2] Some species of catsharks mate by biting and holding the female’s pectoral fins and wrestle her into a mating position.

Aquaria edit

The Australian marbled catshark, Atelomycterus macleayi, is a favored type for home aquaria, because it rarely grows to more than 60 cm (24 in) in length.[citation needed] The coral catshark, however, is the most common scyliorhinid in home aquaria.[5]

References edit

  1. ^ a b Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2009). "Scyliorhinidae" in FishBase. January 2009 version.
  2. ^ a b c Compagno, L. J.; Dando, M.; Fowler, S. L. (2005). Sharks of the world. Princeton University Press. p. 186.
  3. ^ a b c Torrance, Jeremy. "What's in a name?". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  4. ^ A. Soares, Karla D. (June 2020). "Comparative anatomy of the clasper of catsharks and its phylogenetic implications (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae)". Journal of Morphology. 281 (6): 591–607. doi:10.1002/jmor.21123. ISSN 0362-2525. PMID 32271501.
  5. ^ a b Michael, Scott W. (March 2004). "Sharks at Home". Aquarium Fish Magazine. pp. 20–29.
  6. ^ Smith, M. M.; Frase, G. J; Chaplin, N.; Hobbs, C.; Graham, A. (April 7, 2009). "Reiterative pattern of sonic hedgehog expression in the catshark dentition reveals a phylogenetic template for jawed vertebrates". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1660): 1225–1233. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1526. PMC 2660956. PMID 19141424.
  7. ^ Dassule, Helene; Lewis, Paula; Bei, Marianna; Maas, Richard; McMahon, Andrew P. (October 24, 2000). "Sonic Hedgehog regulates growth and morphogenesis of the tooth". Development. 127 (22). The Company of Biologists Ltd: 4775–4785. doi:10.1242/dev.127.22.4775. ISSN 1477-9129. PMID 11044393.
  8. ^ "Scientists Discover 180 Species of Glowing Fish". Wired. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  9. ^ . video.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  10. ^ Sparks, John S.; Schelly, Robert C.; Smith, W. Leo; Davis, Matthew P.; Tchernov, Dan; Pieribone, Vincent A.; Gruber, David F. (January 8, 2014). "The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence: A Phylogenetically Widespread and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e83259. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...983259S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083259. PMC 3885428. PMID 24421880.
  11. ^ Gomes, U. L.; Signori, C. N.; Gadig, O. B. (2006). "Report on the smallfin catshark Apristurus parvipinnis Springer & Heemstra (Chondrichthyes, Scyliorhinidae) in Western South Atlantic with notes on its taxonomy". Panamjas.
  12. ^ Farina, Jose M.; Ojeda, F. Patricio (May 3, 1993). "Abundance, Activity, and Trophic Patterns of the Redspotted Catshark, Schroederichthys chilensis, on the Pacific Temperate Coast of Chile". Copeia. 1993 (2): 545–549. doi:10.2307/1447159. JSTOR 1447159.
  13. ^ a b Able, K.W.; Flescher, D. (1991). "Distribution and Habitat of Chain Dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer, in the Mid-Atlantic Bight". Copeia. 1991 (1): 231–234. doi:10.2307/1446270. JSTOR 1446270.
  14. ^ Wearmouth, V. J.; Southall, E. J.; Morritt, D.; Thompson, R. C.; Cuthill, I. C.; Partridge, J. C.; Sims, D. W. (2012). "Year-round sexual harassment as a behavioral mediator of vertebrate population dynamics". Ecological Monographs. 82 (3): 351–366. doi:10.1890/11-2052.1.
  15. ^ Castro, J. I.; Bubucis, P. M.; Overstrom, N. A. (1988). "The Reproductive Biology of the Chain Dogfish, Scyliorhinus retifer". Copeia. 1988 (3): 740. doi:10.2307/1445396. JSTOR 1445396.

External links edit

  • FishBase entry for Scyliorhinidae
  • Animal Diversity Web entry for Scyliorhinidae

January 01, 1970
catshark, additional, species, called, dogfish, dogfish, disambiguation, ground, sharks, family, scyliorhinidae, they, largest, family, sharks, with, around, species, placed, genera, although, they, generally, known, catsharks, some, species, also, called, dog. For additional species called dogfish see Dogfish disambiguation Catsharks are ground sharks of the family Scyliorhinidae They are the largest family of sharks with around 160 species placed in 17 genera 2 Although they are generally known as catsharks some species can also be called dogfish due to previous naming 3 However a dogfish may generally be distinguished from a catshark as catsharks lay eggs while dogfish have live young 3 Like most bottom feeders catsharks feed on benthic invertebrates and smaller fish They are not harmful to humans 3 The family is paraphyletic containing several distinct lineages that do not form a monophyletic group 4 CatsharksTemporal range Upper Jurassic Present 1 PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Whitesaddled catshark Scyliorhinus hesperius Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii Subdivision Selachimorpha Order Carcharhiniformes Family ScyliorhinidaeT N Gill 1862Contents 1 Genera 2 Cladogram 3 Anatomy and appearance 4 Distribution 5 Behaviour 6 Reproduction 7 Aquaria 8 References 9 External linksGenera edit nbsp Small spotted catshark nbsp Small spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula The family includes 17 genera and over 150 species 1 making it the largest family of sharks 5 Akheilos White Fahmi amp Weigmann 2019 Apristurus Garman 1913 Asymbolus Whitley 1939 Atelomycterus Garman 1913 Aulohalaelurus Fowler 1934 Bythaelurus Compagno 1988 Cephaloscyllium T N Gill 1862 Cephalurus Bigelow and Schroeder 1941 Figaro Whitley 1928 Galeus Rafinesque 1810 Halaelurus T N Gill 1862 Haploblepharus Garman 1913 Holohalaelurus Fowler 1934 Parmaturus Garman 1906 Pentanchus H M Smith and Radcliffe in Smith 1912 Poroderma A Smith 1838 Schroederichthys A Smith 1838 Scyliorhinus Blainville 1816Cladogram editScyliorhinidae Scyliorhininae Galeinae Pentanchini Galeini Galeina Halelaelurina Atelomycterininae SchroedericthyinaeAnatomy and appearance editCatsharks may be distinguished by their elongated cat like eyes and two small dorsal fins set far back Most species are fairly small growing no longer than 80 cm 31 in a few such as the nursehound Scyliorhinus stellaris can reach 1 6 m 5 2 ft in length Most of the species have a patterned appearance ranging from stripes to patches to spots Characteristics of genus Apristurus are mostly dark bodies and having a long anal fin that ends in front of where the lower caudal fin begins The snouts of the species of Apristurus are flat They also present upper and lower labial furrows The sonic hedgehog dentition expression is first found as a bilateral symmetrical pattern and is found in certain areas of the embryonic jaw 6 Sonic hedgehog a secreted protein that in humans is encoded by the SHH gene is involved in the growth and patterning of different organs 7 Every 18 38 days the teeth are replaced as is a common characteristic of the developmental process of sharks The swell sharks of the genus Cephaloscyllium have the curious ability to fill their stomachs with water or air when threatened increasing their girth by a factor of one to three Some catsharks such as the chain catshark are biofluorescent 8 9 10 Distribution editCatsharks are found around seabeds in temperate and tropical seas worldwide ranging from very shallow intertidal waters to depths of 2 000 m 6 600 ft or more such as the members of genus Apristurus 11 The red spotted catshark lives in the shallower rocky waters ranging from Peru to Chile and migrates to deeper waters during the winter 12 They are usually restricted to small ranges Juvenile and adult chain dogfish live on the soft or rocky bottom of the Atlantic from Massachusetts to Nicaragua Adults tend to live on the soft sandy bottoms possibly due to their need of egg deposition sites 13 Behaviour editSome catsharks do not undergo long distance migrations because they are poor swimmers Due to being nocturnal some species sleep close together in crevices throughout the day and then go hunting at night 2 Some species such as the small spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula are sexually monomorphic and exhibit habitat segregation where males and females live in separate areas males tend to live in open seabeds while females tend to live in caves 14 Some species of catsharks may deposit egg cases in structured habitats which may also act as nurseries for the newly hatched sharks 13 Reproduction edit nbsp Catshark egg mermaids purse Many species of catsharks like the chain dogfish are oviparous and lay eggs in tough egg cases with curly tendrils at each end known as mermaid s purses for protection onto the seabed 15 Almost a year is needed for a catshark to hatch from the egg Instead of laying the eggs and letting them sit for a year some species of catsharks hold onto the eggs until a few months before the shark hatches Some catsharks exhibit ovoviviparity aplacental viviparous by holding onto the embryos until they are completely developed and then give live birth 2 Some species of catsharks mate by biting and holding the female s pectoral fins and wrestle her into a mating position Aquaria editThe Australian marbled catshark Atelomycterus macleayi is a favored type for home aquaria because it rarely grows to more than 60 cm 24 in in length citation needed The coral catshark however is the most common scyliorhinid in home aquaria 5 References edit a b Froese Rainer and Daniel Pauly eds 2009 Scyliorhinidae in FishBase January 2009 version a b c Compagno L J Dando M Fowler S L 2005 Sharks of the world Princeton University Press p 186 a b c Torrance Jeremy What s in a name bbc co uk BBC Retrieved 22 August 2021 A Soares Karla D June 2020 Comparative anatomy of the clasper of catsharks and its phylogenetic implications Chondrichthyes Carcharhiniformes Scyliorhinidae Journal of Morphology 281 6 591 607 doi 10 1002 jmor 21123 ISSN 0362 2525 PMID 32271501 a b Michael Scott W March 2004 Sharks at Home Aquarium Fish Magazine pp 20 29 Smith M M Frase G J Chaplin N Hobbs C Graham A April 7 2009 Reiterative pattern of sonic hedgehog expression in the catshark dentition reveals a phylogenetic template for jawed vertebrates Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 276 1660 1225 1233 doi 10 1098 rspb 2008 1526 PMC 2660956 PMID 19141424 Dassule Helene Lewis Paula Bei Marianna Maas Richard McMahon Andrew P October 24 2000 Sonic Hedgehog regulates growth and morphogenesis of the tooth Development 127 22 The Company of Biologists Ltd 4775 4785 doi 10 1242 dev 127 22 4775 ISSN 1477 9129 PMID 11044393 Scientists Discover 180 Species of Glowing Fish Wired Retrieved 2015 07 08 Sharks Light Up in Neon Colors video nationalgeographic com Archived from the original on March 13 2014 Retrieved 2015 07 08 Sparks John S Schelly Robert C Smith W Leo Davis Matthew P Tchernov Dan Pieribone Vincent A Gruber David F January 8 2014 The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence A Phylogenetically Widespread and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon PLOS ONE 9 1 e83259 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 983259S doi 10 1371 journal pone 0083259 PMC 3885428 PMID 24421880 Gomes U L Signori C N Gadig O B 2006 Report on the smallfin catshark Apristurus parvipinnis Springer amp Heemstra Chondrichthyes Scyliorhinidae in Western South Atlantic with notes on its taxonomy Panamjas Farina Jose M Ojeda F Patricio May 3 1993 Abundance Activity and Trophic Patterns of the Redspotted Catshark Schroederichthys chilensis on the Pacific Temperate Coast of Chile Copeia 1993 2 545 549 doi 10 2307 1447159 JSTOR 1447159 a b Able K W Flescher D 1991 Distribution and Habitat of Chain Dogfish Scyliorhinus retifer in the Mid Atlantic Bight Copeia 1991 1 231 234 doi 10 2307 1446270 JSTOR 1446270 Wearmouth V J Southall E J Morritt D Thompson R C Cuthill I C Partridge J C Sims D W 2012 Year round sexual harassment as a behavioral mediator of vertebrate population dynamics Ecological Monographs 82 3 351 366 doi 10 1890 11 2052 1 Castro J I Bubucis P M Overstrom N A 1988 The Reproductive Biology of the Chain Dogfish Scyliorhinus retifer Copeia 1988 3 740 doi 10 2307 1445396 JSTOR 1445396 External links editFishBase entry for Scyliorhinidae Animal Diversity Web entry for Scyliorhinidae Mikko s Phylogeny Archive Scyliorhinidae Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Catshark amp oldid 1217890844, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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