The cation channels of sperm also known as Catsper channels or CatSper, are ion channels that are related to the two-pore channels and distantly related to TRP channels. The four members of this family form voltage-gated Ca2+ channels that seem to be specific to sperm. As sperm encounter the more alkaline environment of the female reproductive tract, CatSper channels become activated by the altered ion concentration. These channels are required for proper fertilization.[1] The study of these channels has been slow because they do not traffic to the cell membrane in many heterologous systems.[2]
There are several factors that can activate the CatSper calcium channel, depending on species. In the human, the channel is activated by progesterone released by the oocyte.[3] Progesterone binds to the protein ABHD2 which is present in the sperm plasma membrane, which causes ABHD2 to cleave an inhibitor of CatSper (2-arachidonoylglycerol) into arachidonic acid and glycerol.[4] The human CatSper channel is pH-sensitive, and requires a high-pH environment.[5] CatSper plays a key role in mediating hyperactive motility – prior to fertilization, sperm become entrapped within the fingerlike projections of the microvilli of the oviduct. In order for the sperm to fertilize the oocyte, CatSper must be present in order to initiate hyperactive motility, allowing the sperm to escape the microvilli and reach the oocyte for fertilization.[6]
Certain substances act as agonist or inhibitor of CatSper (e. g. Pregnenolone sulfate is an agonist, pristimerin and lupeol are inhibitors).[7]
Of the four members of the Catsper family, Catsper1 is found in the primary piece of sperm. Catsper1 plays an important role in evoked Ca2+ entry and regulation of hyperactivation in sperm. Catsper2 is localized in the sperm tail and is responsible for regulation of hyperactivation. Catsper3 and Catsper4 are found in both, the testes and sperm and play an important role in the motility of hyperactivated sperm. In humans, CatSper is distributed in quadrilateral nanodomains along the principal piece.[8] Although Catsper seems to play an important role in sperm function, Catspers1-4 null mice have been found to have normal testicular histology, sperm counts and morphology, which is indicative of normal progression of spermatogenesis.[9]
^Qi H, Moran MM, Navarro B, Chong JA, Krapivinsky G, Krapivinsky L, et al. (January 2007). "All four CatSper ion channel proteins are required for male fertility and sperm cell hyperactivated motility". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (4): 1219–23. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610286104. PMC1770895. PMID 17227845.
^Chung JJ, Navarro B, Krapivinsky G, Krapivinsky L, Clapham DE (January 2011). "A novel gene required for male fertility and functional CATSPER channel formation in spermatozoa". Nature Communications. 2 (1): 153. Bibcode:2011NatCo...2..153C. doi:10.1038/ncomms1153. PMC3999383. PMID 21224844.
^Lishko PV, Botchkina IL, Kirichok Y (March 2011). "Progesterone activates the principal Ca2+ channel of human sperm". Nature. 471 (7338): 387–91. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..387L. doi:10.1038/nature09767. PMID 21412339. S2CID 4340309.
^Miller MR, Mannowetz N, Iavarone AT, Safavi R, Gracheva EO, Smith JF, et al. (April 2016). "Unconventional endocannabinoid signaling governs sperm activation via the sex hormone progesterone". Science. 352 (6285): 555–9. Bibcode:2016Sci...352..555M. doi:10.1126/science.aad6887. PMC5373689. PMID 26989199.
^Sun XH, Zhu YY, Wang L, Liu HL, Ling Y, Li ZL, Sun LB (August 2017). "The Catsper channel and its roles in male fertility: a systematic review". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 15 (1): 65. doi:10.1186/s12958-017-0281-2. PMC5558725. PMID 28810916.
^Carlson AE, Westenbroek RE, Quill T, Ren D, Clapham DE, Hille B, et al. (December 2003). "CatSper1 required for evoked Ca2+ entry and control of flagellar function in sperm". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (25): 14864–8. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10014864C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2536658100. PMC299831. PMID 14657352.
^Mannowetz N, Miller MR, Lishko PV (May 2017). "Regulation of the sperm calcium channel CatSper by endogenous steroids and plant triterpenoids". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (22): 5743–5748. doi:10.1073/pnas.1700367114. PMC5465908. PMID 28507119.
^Miller MR, Kenny SJ, Mannowetz N, Mansell SA, Wojcik M, Mendoza S, et al. (September 2018). "Asymmetrically Positioned Flagellar Control Units Regulate Human Sperm Rotation". Cell Reports. 24 (10): 2606–2613. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.016. PMC6177234. PMID 30184496.
^Park EH, Kim DR, Kim HY, Park SK, Chang MS (2014). "Panax ginseng induces the expression of CatSper genes and sperm hyperactivation". Asian Journal of Andrology. 16 (6): 845–51. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.129129. PMC4236327. PMID 24969054.
External linksedit
CATSPER1+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on CATSPER-Related Male Infertility
"CatSper and Two-Pore Channels". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
December 15, 2023
cation, channels, sperm, cation, channels, sperm, also, known, catsper, channels, catsper, channels, that, related, pore, channels, distantly, related, channels, four, members, this, family, form, voltage, gated, channels, that, seem, specific, sperm, sperm, e. The cation channels of sperm also known as Catsper channels or CatSper are ion channels that are related to the two pore channels and distantly related to TRP channels The four members of this family form voltage gated Ca2 channels that seem to be specific to sperm As sperm encounter the more alkaline environment of the female reproductive tract CatSper channels become activated by the altered ion concentration These channels are required for proper fertilization 1 The study of these channels has been slow because they do not traffic to the cell membrane in many heterologous systems 2 Cation channels of spermIdentifiersSymbolCATSPERPfamPF15020InterProIPR028246Membranome222Available protein structures Pfam structures ECOD PDBRCSB PDB PDBe PDBjPDBsumstructure summarycation channel sperm associated 1IdentifiersSymbolCATSPER1IUPHAR388NCBI gene117144HGNC17116OMIM606389RefSeqNM 053054UniProtQ8NEC5Other dataLocusChr 11 q12 1Search forStructuresSwiss modelDomainsInterProcation channel sperm associated 2IdentifiersSymbolCATSPER2IUPHAR389NCBI gene117155HGNC18810OMIM607249RefSeqNM 172097UniProtQ96P55Other dataLocusChr 15 q13 q15Search forStructuresSwiss modelDomainsInterProcation channel sperm associated 3IdentifiersSymbolCATSPER3IUPHAR390NCBI gene347732HGNC20819OMIM609120RefSeqNM 178019UniProtQ86XQ3Other dataLocusChr 5 q31 2Search forStructuresSwiss modelDomainsInterProcation channel sperm associated 4IdentifiersSymbolCATSPER4IUPHAR391NCBI gene378807HGNC23220OMIM609121RefSeqNM 198137UniProtQ7RTX7Other dataLocusChr 1 p35 3Search forStructuresSwiss modelDomainsInterProThere are several factors that can activate the CatSper calcium channel depending on species In the human the channel is activated by progesterone released by the oocyte 3 Progesterone binds to the protein ABHD2 which is present in the sperm plasma membrane which causes ABHD2 to cleave an inhibitor of CatSper 2 arachidonoylglycerol into arachidonic acid and glycerol 4 The human CatSper channel is pH sensitive and requires a high pH environment 5 CatSper plays a key role in mediating hyperactive motility prior to fertilization sperm become entrapped within the fingerlike projections of the microvilli of the oviduct In order for the sperm to fertilize the oocyte CatSper must be present in order to initiate hyperactive motility allowing the sperm to escape the microvilli and reach the oocyte for fertilization 6 Certain substances act as agonist or inhibitor of CatSper e g Pregnenolone sulfate is an agonist pristimerin and lupeol are inhibitors 7 Of the four members of the Catsper family Catsper1 is found in the primary piece of sperm Catsper1 plays an important role in evoked Ca2 entry and regulation of hyperactivation in sperm Catsper2 is localized in the sperm tail and is responsible for regulation of hyperactivation Catsper3 and Catsper4 are found in both the testes and sperm and play an important role in the motility of hyperactivated sperm In humans CatSper is distributed in quadrilateral nanodomains along the principal piece 8 Although Catsper seems to play an important role in sperm function Catspers1 4 null mice have been found to have normal testicular histology sperm counts and morphology which is indicative of normal progression of spermatogenesis 9 See also editAcrosome reactionReferences edit Qi H Moran MM Navarro B Chong JA Krapivinsky G Krapivinsky L et al January 2007 All four CatSper ion channel proteins are required for male fertility and sperm cell hyperactivated motility Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104 4 1219 23 doi 10 1073 pnas 0610286104 PMC 1770895 PMID 17227845 Chung JJ Navarro B Krapivinsky G Krapivinsky L Clapham DE January 2011 A novel gene required for male fertility and functional CATSPER channel formation in spermatozoa Nature Communications 2 1 153 Bibcode 2011NatCo 2 153C doi 10 1038 ncomms1153 PMC 3999383 PMID 21224844 Lishko PV Botchkina IL Kirichok Y March 2011 Progesterone activates the principal Ca2 channel of human sperm Nature 471 7338 387 91 Bibcode 2011Natur 471 387L doi 10 1038 nature09767 PMID 21412339 S2CID 4340309 Miller MR Mannowetz N Iavarone AT Safavi R Gracheva EO Smith JF et al April 2016 Unconventional endocannabinoid signaling governs sperm activation via the sex hormone progesterone Science 352 6285 555 9 Bibcode 2016Sci 352 555M doi 10 1126 science aad6887 PMC 5373689 PMID 26989199 Sun XH Zhu YY Wang L Liu HL Ling Y Li ZL Sun LB August 2017 The Catsper channel and its roles in male fertility a systematic review Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 15 1 65 doi 10 1186 s12958 017 0281 2 PMC 5558725 PMID 28810916 Carlson AE Westenbroek RE Quill T Ren D Clapham DE Hille B et al December 2003 CatSper1 required for evoked Ca2 entry and control of flagellar function in sperm Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 25 14864 8 Bibcode 2003PNAS 10014864C doi 10 1073 pnas 2536658100 PMC 299831 PMID 14657352 Mannowetz N Miller MR Lishko PV May 2017 Regulation of the sperm calcium channel CatSper by endogenous steroids and plant triterpenoids Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 114 22 5743 5748 doi 10 1073 pnas 1700367114 PMC 5465908 PMID 28507119 Miller MR Kenny SJ Mannowetz N Mansell SA Wojcik M Mendoza S et al September 2018 Asymmetrically Positioned Flagellar Control Units Regulate Human Sperm Rotation Cell Reports 24 10 2606 2613 doi 10 1016 j celrep 2018 08 016 PMC 6177234 PMID 30184496 Park EH Kim DR Kim HY Park SK Chang MS 2014 Panax ginseng induces the expression of CatSper genes and sperm hyperactivation Asian Journal of Andrology 16 6 845 51 doi 10 4103 1008 682X 129129 PMC 4236327 PMID 24969054 External links editCATSPER1 protein human at the U S National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings MeSH GeneReviews NCBI NIH UW entry on CATSPER Related Male Infertility CatSper and Two Pore Channels IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Cation channels of sperm amp oldid 1188179548, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
