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Catalan Republic (1931)

January 26, 2023

This article is about the Catalan state proclaimed in 1931. For other uses, see Catalan Republic.

The Catalan Republic (Catalan: República Catalana, IPA: [rəˈpubːlikə kətəˈlanə]) was a state proclaimed in 1931 by Francesc Macià as the "Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation",[2][3] in the context of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic. It was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, and superseded three days later, on 17 April, by the Generalitat de Catalunya, the Catalan institution of self-government within the Spanish Republic.[4]

Catalan Republic
República Catalana (Catalan)
1931
Location of the Catalan Republic within Europe
StatusRepublic within Iberian Federation
CapitalBarcelona (de facto)
Common languages
Demonym(s)Catalan
GovernmentUnitary republic under provisional government
President 
• 1931
Francesc Macià
Historical eraInterwar period
• Proclaimed
14 April 1931
• Establishment of the Generalitat
17 April 1931
Today part ofSpain
 ∟ Catalonia

History

 
Proclamation of the Catalan Republic in Plaça de Sant Jaume by Francesc Macià, Barcelona, 14 April 1931
 
Francesc Macià i Llussà
 
Copy of the Proclamation of the Catalan Republic published on the afternoon of April 14

After the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, Spanish republican parties agreed through the Pact of San Sebastián (17 August 1930) to prepare for a change of regime in case of victories in upcoming elections. In this project, there was a provision for the political autonomy of Catalonia, within the Spanish Republic. On 12 April 1931, local elections gave a large and unexpected majority in Catalonia (including Barcelona) to the Republican Left of Catalonia[5] (Catalan: Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC), a party that had been founded three weeks earlier by the union of the independentist Estat Català and the Catalan Republican Party. Two days later (14 April), few hours before the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in Madrid, ERC's leader, Francesc Macià, proclaimed the "Catalan Republic" from the balcony of the Palace of the Generalitat (then the seat of the Provincial Deputation of Barcelona), "expecting that the other peoples of Spain would constitute themselves as republics, in order to establish an Iberian Confederation".[6] The proclamation of Macià was preceded by a proclamation of the Spanish Republic by another ERC member, Lluís Companys, from the balcony of the City Hall, and the Catalan and Spanish Republican flags were hoisted from the balcony.[7][8] Francesc Macià proclaimed himself president of Catalonia,[9] and ratified in this position by the elected councillors of Barcelona.[10]

Macià immediately dismissed General Ignasi Despujol [ca], chief of the Spanish Army in Catalonia, appointing in his place General López Ochoa, who was loyal to the new republican government,[11] while Companys was designated civil governor of Barcelona and Jaume Aiguader became mayor of Barcelona. The jurist Josep Oriol Anguera de Sojo [ca] was appointed president of the Territorial Audience of Barcelona[12] (the highest court of justice in Catalonia at the time). Helped by socialist Manuel Serra i Moret, he also appointed the ministers of the Catalan government, dominated by the Republican Left of Catalonia. He included among his ministers a member of the Radical Republican Party, a member of the UGT trade union, a member of Acció Catalana, as well as two representatives from the Socialist Union of Catalonia, but none from the previously hegemonic and conservative Regionalist League. (In the streets many citizens clamored against the leader of the League, chanting "Long live Macià and death to Cambó!").[13] Macià even offered a ministry to the anarchist trade union CNT, but the anarcho-syndicalist organization finally refused to participate, claiming its traditional apoliticism.[14]

The provisional government of the Catalan Republic was made up of:[15]

The next steps of the new Catalan Government involved taking control of the territory. It ordered every municipality in Catalonia to ensure the proclamation of the Republic. It also appointed delegates of the government in the provinces of Girona, Lleida and Tarragona. A volunteer militia, the Civic Republican Guard (Catalan: Guàrdia Cívica Republicana) was raised in order to protect the Palace of the Generalitat and the sourrondings. On 15 April, a decree making Catalan the official language was passed.[16] On the same day, Macià signed a decree allowing freedom of broadcast time to Ràdio Associació de Catalunya [ca].[17] On 16 April, the first issue of the Official Journal of the Catalan Republic (Diari Oficial de la República Catalana) was published.

On 17 April, three days after the proclamation, the provisional government of the new Spanish Republic, concerned about this proclamation and the duality of powers it created, sent three ministers (Fernando de los Ríos, Lluís Nicolau d'Olwer and Marcel·lí Domingo [ca]) to Barcelona in order to negotiate with Macià and the Catalan provisional government. After some hours of intense debates, Macià reached an agreement with the three ministers,[18] in which the Catalan Republic was renamed the Generalitat of Catalonia (Catalan: Generalitat de Catalunya), becoming an autonomous government within the Spanish Republic,[19][20] that would be granted a Statute of Autonomy after the elections for Spain's Parliament (Cortes Generales).[21] Francesc Macià would become the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia (as acting until November 1932, when he was elected by the newly elected Parliament of Catalonia), a position he held until his death on 25 December 1933.[22]

See also

References

  1. ^ Torra, Quim (15 April 2012). "Una República Catalana que governa". El Punt Avui (in Catalan). Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  2. ^ . Time. 20 June 1932. Archived from the original on October 27, 2010.
  3. ^ Esculies, Joan (October 2012). "El cavaller de l'ideal". Sàpiens. 121: 22–28.
  4. ^ "República Catalana". enciclopèdia.cat. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  5. ^ Soler Becerro, Raimon. Les eleccions municipals de 1934 a Catalunya. Apèndix 1: Les eleccions municipals de 1931.
  6. ^ Juliá, Santos (2009). La Constitución de 1931. Lustel, Madrid pp. 31-32 ISBN 978-84-9890-083-5
  7. ^ "Edición del miércoles, 15 abril 1931, página 6". La Vanguardia: 6. 15 April 1931. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  8. ^ "Edición del jueves, 16 abril 1931, página 1". La Vanguardia: 1. 16 April 1931. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  9. ^ Stone, Peter (2007). Frommer's Barcelona. John Wiley & Sons. p. 311. ISBN 978-0470096925. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  10. ^ Pitarch, Ismael E. (September 2009). El president Macià i el Parlament de Catalunya (PDF) (First ed.). Barcelona: Parlament de Catalunya. Departament d'edicions. p. 16. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  11. ^ Fontana 2014, p. 335.
  12. ^ Fontana 2014, p. 336
  13. ^ Balcells, Albert (2006). «El reto de Cataluña». La Aventura de la Historia (15). ISSN 1579-427X.
  14. ^ De la Granja, José Luis; Beramendi, Justo; Anguera, Pere (2001). La España de los nacionalismos y las autonomías. Madrid: Síntesis. p. 125. ISBN 84-7738-918-7.
  15. ^ "El Gobierno Provisional de Cataluña". La Vanguardia: 7. 16 April 1931. Retrieved 28 September 2019.
  16. ^ Bonamusa, Francesc (2006). Generalitat de Catalunya. Obra de govern 1931-1939 vol. 1. Barcelona: Generalitat de Catalunya, Secretaria de Presidència. p. 25. ISBN 9788439373957.
  17. ^ "Tal dia com avui de 1931, Macià signava com a president de la República Catalana un decret en favor de la llibertat d'emissió de Ràdio Associació". radioassociacio.cat. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  18. ^ Mata, Jordi (17 April 2006). "La República dels 3 dies". El Triangle. 775: 36–37.
  19. ^ Torra, Quim (17 April 2012). "L'últim acte de la República Catalana". El Punt Avui (in Catalan). Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  20. ^ Carr, Raymond. Modern Spain: 1975-1980. Oxford University Press, 1980, p.xvi.
  21. ^ Fontana 2014, p. 336
  22. ^ Fontana 2014, p. 339

Sources and bibliography

  • Sobrequés i Callicó, Jaume. Catalunya i la Segona República. Edicions d'Ara (Barcelona, 1983) ISBN 84-248-0793-6
  • Pelegrí i Partegàs, Joan. Les primeres 72 hores de la República Catalana. Fundació President Macià (Barcelona, 1993) ISBN 84-604-7580-8
  • Roglan, Joaquim. 14 d'abril: la Catalunya republicana (1931-1939). Cossetània Edicions (2006) ISBN 8497912039
  • Fontana, Josep (2014). La formació d'una identitat. Una història de Catalunya. Ed. Eumo. ISBN 9788497665261.

External links

  • República catalana i Generalitat republicana. Una reconsideració historiogràfica i política raco.cat
  • Así vivió 'La Vanguardia' la proclamación de la República Catalana La Vanguardia.com

January 26, 2023
catalan, republic, 1931, this, article, about, catalan, state, proclaimed, 1931, other, uses, catalan, republic, catalan, republic, catalan, república, catalana, rəˈpubːlikə, kətəˈlanə, state, proclaimed, 1931, francesc, macià, catalan, republic, within, iberi. This article is about the Catalan state proclaimed in 1931 For other uses see Catalan Republic The Catalan Republic Catalan Republica Catalana IPA reˈpubːlike keteˈlane was a state proclaimed in 1931 by Francesc Macia as the Catalan Republic within the Iberian Federation 2 3 in the context of the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic It was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 and superseded three days later on 17 April by the Generalitat de Catalunya the Catalan institution of self government within the Spanish Republic 4 Catalan RepublicRepublica Catalana Catalan 1931FlagLocation of the Catalan Republic within EuropeStatusRepublic within Iberian FederationCapitalBarcelona de facto Common languagesCatalan official Spanish recognised 1 Demonym s CatalanGovernmentUnitary republic under provisional governmentPresident 1931Francesc MaciaHistorical eraInterwar period Proclaimed14 April 1931 Establishment of the Generalitat17 April 1931Preceded by Succeeded byRestoration Spain Generalitat of CataloniaSecond Spanish RepublicToday part ofSpain Catalonia Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Sources and bibliography 5 External linksHistory Edit Proclamation of the Catalan Republic in Placa de Sant Jaume by Francesc Macia Barcelona 14 April 1931 Francesc Macia i Llussa Copy of the Proclamation of the Catalan Republic published on the afternoon of April 14 After the Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera Spanish republican parties agreed through the Pact of San Sebastian 17 August 1930 to prepare for a change of regime in case of victories in upcoming elections In this project there was a provision for the political autonomy of Catalonia within the Spanish Republic On 12 April 1931 local elections gave a large and unexpected majority in Catalonia including Barcelona to the Republican Left of Catalonia 5 Catalan Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya ERC a party that had been founded three weeks earlier by the union of the independentist Estat Catala and the Catalan Republican Party Two days later 14 April few hours before the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in Madrid ERC s leader Francesc Macia proclaimed the Catalan Republic from the balcony of the Palace of the Generalitat then the seat of the Provincial Deputation of Barcelona expecting that the other peoples of Spain would constitute themselves as republics in order to establish an Iberian Confederation 6 The proclamation of Macia was preceded by a proclamation of the Spanish Republic by another ERC member Lluis Companys from the balcony of the City Hall and the Catalan and Spanish Republican flags were hoisted from the balcony 7 8 Francesc Macia proclaimed himself president of Catalonia 9 and ratified in this position by the elected councillors of Barcelona 10 Macia immediately dismissed General Ignasi Despujol ca chief of the Spanish Army in Catalonia appointing in his place General Lopez Ochoa who was loyal to the new republican government 11 while Companys was designated civil governor of Barcelona and Jaume Aiguader became mayor of Barcelona The jurist Josep Oriol Anguera de Sojo ca was appointed president of the Territorial Audience of Barcelona 12 the highest court of justice in Catalonia at the time Helped by socialist Manuel Serra i Moret he also appointed the ministers of the Catalan government dominated by the Republican Left of Catalonia He included among his ministers a member of the Radical Republican Party a member of the UGT trade union a member of Accio Catalana as well as two representatives from the Socialist Union of Catalonia but none from the previously hegemonic and conservative Regionalist League In the streets many citizens clamored against the leader of the League chanting Long live Macia and death to Cambo 13 Macia even offered a ministry to the anarchist trade union CNT but the anarcho syndicalist organization finally refused to participate claiming its traditional apoliticism 14 The provisional government of the Catalan Republic was made up of 15 President Francesc Macia Republican Left of Catalonia Minister of Politics Ventura Gassol Republican Left of Catalonia Minister of Instruction Rafael Campalans ca Socialist Union of Catalonia Minister of Defence Joan Casanovas ca Republican Left of Catalonia Minister of the Treasury Casimir Giralt ca Radical Republican Party Minister of Economy and Work Manuel Serra i Moret ca Socialist Union of Catalonia Minister of Communications Manuel Carrasco i Formiguera Catalan Action Minister of Public Works Salvador Vidal Rosell ca Union General de Trabajadores The next steps of the new Catalan Government involved taking control of the territory It ordered every municipality in Catalonia to ensure the proclamation of the Republic It also appointed delegates of the government in the provinces of Girona Lleida and Tarragona A volunteer militia the Civic Republican Guard Catalan Guardia Civica Republicana was raised in order to protect the Palace of the Generalitat and the sourrondings On 15 April a decree making Catalan the official language was passed 16 On the same day Macia signed a decree allowing freedom of broadcast time to Radio Associacio de Catalunya ca 17 On 16 April the first issue of the Official Journal of the Catalan Republic Diari Oficial de la Republica Catalana was published On 17 April three days after the proclamation the provisional government of the new Spanish Republic concerned about this proclamation and the duality of powers it created sent three ministers Fernando de los Rios Lluis Nicolau d Olwer and Marcel li Domingo ca to Barcelona in order to negotiate with Macia and the Catalan provisional government After some hours of intense debates Macia reached an agreement with the three ministers 18 in which the Catalan Republic was renamed the Generalitat of Catalonia Catalan Generalitat de Catalunya becoming an autonomous government within the Spanish Republic 19 20 that would be granted a Statute of Autonomy after the elections for Spain s Parliament Cortes Generales 21 Francesc Macia would become the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia as acting until November 1932 when he was elected by the newly elected Parliament of Catalonia a position he held until his death on 25 December 1933 22 See also Edit1931 in Catalonia 1931 in SpainReferences Edit Torra Quim 15 April 2012 Una Republica Catalana que governa El Punt Avui in Catalan Retrieved 3 November 2017 Spain Macia s Catalonia Time 20 June 1932 Archived from the original on October 27 2010 Esculies Joan October 2012 El cavaller de l ideal Sapiens 121 22 28 Republica Catalana enciclopedia cat Retrieved 6 October 2019 Soler Becerro Raimon Les eleccions municipals de 1934 a Catalunya Apendix 1 Les eleccions municipals de 1931 Julia Santos 2009 La Constitucion de 1931 Lustel Madrid pp 31 32 ISBN 978 84 9890 083 5 Edicion del miercoles 15 abril 1931 pagina 6 La Vanguardia 6 15 April 1931 Retrieved 2 October 2019 Edicion del jueves 16 abril 1931 pagina 1 La Vanguardia 1 16 April 1931 Retrieved 6 October 2019 Stone Peter 2007 Frommer s Barcelona John Wiley amp Sons p 311 ISBN 978 0470096925 Retrieved 4 October 2019 Pitarch Ismael E September 2009 El president Macia i el Parlament de Catalunya PDF First ed Barcelona Parlament de Catalunya Departament d edicions p 16 Retrieved 6 October 2019 Fontana 2014 p 335 Fontana 2014 p 336 Balcells Albert 2006 El reto de Cataluna La Aventura de la Historia 15 ISSN 1579 427X De la Granja Jose Luis Beramendi Justo Anguera Pere 2001 La Espana de los nacionalismos y las autonomias Madrid Sintesis p 125 ISBN 84 7738 918 7 El Gobierno Provisional de Cataluna La Vanguardia 7 16 April 1931 Retrieved 28 September 2019 Bonamusa Francesc 2006 Generalitat de Catalunya Obra de govern 1931 1939 vol 1 Barcelona Generalitat de Catalunya Secretaria de Presidencia p 25 ISBN 9788439373957 Tal dia com avui de 1931 Macia signava com a president de la Republica Catalana un decret en favor de la llibertat d emissio de Radio Associacio radioassociacio cat Retrieved 6 October 2019 Mata Jordi 17 April 2006 La Republica dels 3 dies El Triangle 775 36 37 Torra Quim 17 April 2012 L ultim acte de la Republica Catalana El Punt Avui in Catalan Retrieved 26 September 2019 Carr Raymond Modern Spain 1975 1980 Oxford University Press 1980 p xvi Fontana 2014 p 336 Fontana 2014 p 339Sources and bibliography EditSobreques i Callico Jaume Catalunya i la Segona Republica Edicions d Ara Barcelona 1983 ISBN 84 248 0793 6 Pelegri i Partegas Joan Les primeres 72 hores de la Republica Catalana Fundacio President Macia Barcelona 1993 ISBN 84 604 7580 8 Roglan Joaquim 14 d abril la Catalunya republicana 1931 1939 Cossetania Edicions 2006 ISBN 8497912039 Fontana Josep 2014 La formacio d una identitat Una historia de Catalunya Ed Eumo ISBN 9788497665261 External links EditThird Catalan Republic in The New York Times Republica catalana i Generalitat republicana Una reconsideracio historiografica i politica raco cat Asi vivio La Vanguardia la proclamacion de la Republica Catalana La Vanguardia com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Catalan Republic 1931 amp oldid 1129870453, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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