The Mausoleum of Hadrian, usually known as Castel Sant'Angelo (Italian pronunciation: [kaˈstɛl sanˈtandʒelo]; English: Castle of the Holy Angel), is a towering cylindrical building in Parco Adriano, Rome, Italy. It was initially commissioned by the Roman EmperorHadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family. The building was later used by the popes as a fortress and castle, and is now a museum. The structure was once the tallest building in Rome.
The tomb of the Roman emperor Hadrian, also called Hadrian's mole,[1] was erected on the right bank of the Tiber, between AD 134 and 139.[2] Originally the mausoleum was a decorated cylinder, with a garden top and golden quadriga. Hadrian's ashes were placed here a year after his death in Baiae in 138, together with those of his wife Sabina, and his first adopted son, Lucius Aelius, who died in 138. Following this, the remains of succeeding emperors were also placed here, the last recorded deposition being Caracalla in 217. The urns containing these ashes were probably placed in what is now known as the Treasury Room, deep within the building. Hadrian also built the Pons Aelius facing straight onto the mausoleum – it still provides a scenic approach from the center of Rome and the left bank of the Tiber, and is renowned for the Baroque additions of statues of angels holding aloft instruments of the Passion of Christ.
Decline
Much of the tomb contents and decorations have been lost since the building's conversion to a military fortress in 401 and its subsequent inclusion in the Aurelian Walls by Flavius Honorius Augustus. The urns and ashes were scattered by Visigoth looters during Alaric's sacking of Rome in 410, and the original decorative bronze and stone statuary were thrown down upon the attacking Goths when they besieged Rome in 537, as recounted by Procopius. An unusual survivor, however, is the capstone of a funerary urn (probably that of Hadrian), which made its way to Saint Peter's Basilica, covered the tomb of Otto II and later was incorporated into a massive Renaissancebaptistery.[3] The use of spolia from the tomb in the post-Roman period was noted in the 16th century – Giorgio Vasari writes:
...in order to build churches for the use of the Christians, not only were the most honoured temples of the idols [pagan Roman gods] destroyed, but in order to ennoble and decorate Saint Peter's with more ornaments than it then possessed, they took away the stone columns from the tomb of Hadrian, now the castle of Sant'Angelo, as well as many other things which we now see in ruins.[4]
Legend holds that the Archangel Michael appeared atop the mausoleum, sheathing his sword as a sign of the end of the plague of 590, thus lending the castle its present name. A less charitable yet more apt elaboration of the legend, given the militant disposition of this archangel, was heard by the 15th-century traveler who saw an angel statue on the castle roof. He recounts that during a prolonged season of the plague, Pope Gregory I heard that the populace, even Christians, had begun revering a pagan idol at the church of Santa Agata in Suburra. A vision urged the pope to lead a procession to the church. Upon arriving, the idol miraculously fell apart with a clap of thunder. Returning to St Peter's by the Aelian Bridge, the pope had another vision of an angel atop the castle, wiping the blood from his sword on his mantle, and then sheathing it. While the pope interpreted this as a sign that God was appeased, this did not prevent Gregory from destroying more sites of pagan worship in Rome.[5]
Papal fortress, residence and prison
View from the top of the Castel Sant'Angelo towards the ancient city core of Rome.
Leo X built a chapel with a Madonna by Raffaello da Montelupo. In 1536, Montelupo also created a marble statue of Saint Michael holding his sword after the 590 plague (as described above) to surmount the Castel.[7] Later Paul III built a rich apartment, to ensure that in any future siege the pope had an appropriate place to stay.
Montelupo's statue was replaced by a bronze statue of the same subject, executed by the Flemish sculptor Peter Anton von Verschaffelt, in 1753. Verschaffelt's is still in place and Montelupo's can be seen in an open court in the interior of the Castle.
The Papal state also used Sant'Angelo as a prison; Giordano Bruno, for example, was imprisoned there for six years. Other prisoners were the sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini and the magician and charlatan Cagliostro. Executions were performed in the small inner courtyard. As a prison, it was also the setting for the third act of Giacomo Puccini's 1900 opera Tosca; the eponymous heroine leaps to her death from the Castel's ramparts.
Museum
Decommissioned in 1901, the castle is now a museum: the Museo Nazionale di Castel Sant'Angelo. It received 1,234,443 visitors in 2016.[8]
Gallery
View from south towards the Castel Sant'Angelo and Ponte Sant'Angelo
^Rome (Eyewitness Travel Guides) DK Publishing, London (2003) p. 242
^ [State museums, monuments and archaeological areas] (PDF). ilsole24ore.it (in Italian). 5 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
^Angels: An Indexed and Partially AnnotatedBibliography of Over 4300 Scholarly Books and Articles Since the 7th Century B.C. Jefferson, McFarland. 1999. p. 90. ISBN9781476609584. OCLC 918854827. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
External links
Official website
Site describing arrangement of the original mausoleum.
Mausoleum of Hadrian, part of the Encyclopædia Romana by James Grout
Platner and Ashby entry on the tomb on Lacus Curtius site
Hadrian's tomb Model of how the tomb might have appeared in antiquity
Media related to Castel Sant'Angelo (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
castel, sant, angelo, this, article, about, castle, rome, other, uses, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, remov. This article is about the castle in Rome For other uses see Castel Sant Angelo disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Castel Sant Angelo news newspapers books scholar JSTOR April 2013 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Mausoleum of Hadrian usually known as Castel Sant Angelo Italian pronunciation kaˈstɛl sanˈtandʒelo English Castle of the Holy Angel is a towering cylindrical building in Parco Adriano Rome Italy It was initially commissioned by the Roman Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum for himself and his family The building was later used by the popes as a fortress and castle and is now a museum The structure was once the tallest building in Rome Mausoleum of HadrianMausoleum of HadrianShown within Augustan RomeClick on the map for a fullscreen viewCoordinates41 54 11 N 12 27 59 E 41 9031 N 12 4663 E 41 9031 12 4663 Coordinates 41 54 11 N 12 27 59 E 41 9031 N 12 4663 E 41 9031 12 4663TypeMausoleumHistoryBuilderHadrianFounded123 139 AD Contents 1 Hadrian s tomb 2 Decline 3 Papal fortress residence and prison 4 Museum 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External linksHadrian s tomb Edit Castel Sant Angelo from the bridge The top statue is of Michael the Archangel the angel from whom the building derives its name Ponte Sant Angelos Angel figures The tomb of the Roman emperor Hadrian also called Hadrian s mole 1 was erected on the right bank of the Tiber between AD 134 and 139 2 Originally the mausoleum was a decorated cylinder with a garden top and golden quadriga Hadrian s ashes were placed here a year after his death in Baiae in 138 together with those of his wife Sabina and his first adopted son Lucius Aelius who died in 138 Following this the remains of succeeding emperors were also placed here the last recorded deposition being Caracalla in 217 The urns containing these ashes were probably placed in what is now known as the Treasury Room deep within the building Hadrian also built the Pons Aelius facing straight onto the mausoleum it still provides a scenic approach from the center of Rome and the left bank of the Tiber and is renowned for the Baroque additions of statues of angels holding aloft instruments of the Passion of Christ Decline EditMuch of the tomb contents and decorations have been lost since the building s conversion to a military fortress in 401 and its subsequent inclusion in the Aurelian Walls by Flavius Honorius Augustus The urns and ashes were scattered by Visigoth looters during Alaric s sacking of Rome in 410 and the original decorative bronze and stone statuary were thrown down upon the attacking Goths when they besieged Rome in 537 as recounted by Procopius An unusual survivor however is the capstone of a funerary urn probably that of Hadrian which made its way to Saint Peter s Basilica covered the tomb of Otto II and later was incorporated into a massive Renaissance baptistery 3 The use of spolia from the tomb in the post Roman period was noted in the 16th century Giorgio Vasari writes in order to build churches for the use of the Christians not only were the most honoured temples of the idols pagan Roman gods destroyed but in order to ennoble and decorate Saint Peter s with more ornaments than it then possessed they took away the stone columns from the tomb of Hadrian now the castle of Sant Angelo as well as many other things which we now see in ruins 4 Legend holds that the Archangel Michael appeared atop the mausoleum sheathing his sword as a sign of the end of the plague of 590 thus lending the castle its present name A less charitable yet more apt elaboration of the legend given the militant disposition of this archangel was heard by the 15th century traveler who saw an angel statue on the castle roof He recounts that during a prolonged season of the plague Pope Gregory I heard that the populace even Christians had begun revering a pagan idol at the church of Santa Agata in Suburra A vision urged the pope to lead a procession to the church Upon arriving the idol miraculously fell apart with a clap of thunder Returning to St Peter s by the Aelian Bridge the pope had another vision of an angel atop the castle wiping the blood from his sword on his mantle and then sheathing it While the pope interpreted this as a sign that God was appeased this did not prevent Gregory from destroying more sites of pagan worship in Rome 5 Papal fortress residence and prison Edit View from the top of the Castel Sant Angelo towards the ancient city core of Rome The popes converted the structure into a castle beginning in the 14th century Pope Nicholas III connected the castle to St Peter s Basilica by a covered fortified corridor called the Passetto di Borgo The fortress was the refuge of Pope Clement VII from the siege of Charles V s Landsknechte during the Sack of Rome 1527 in which Benvenuto Cellini describes strolling the ramparts and shooting enemy soldiers Cellini was incarcerated in the castle due to embezzlement murder and sodomy 6 Leo X built a chapel with a Madonna by Raffaello da Montelupo In 1536 Montelupo also created a marble statue of Saint Michael holding his sword after the 590 plague as described above to surmount the Castel 7 Later Paul III built a rich apartment to ensure that in any future siege the pope had an appropriate place to stay Montelupo s statue was replaced by a bronze statue of the same subject executed by the Flemish sculptor Peter Anton von Verschaffelt in 1753 Verschaffelt s is still in place and Montelupo s can be seen in an open court in the interior of the Castle The Papal state also used Sant Angelo as a prison Giordano Bruno for example was imprisoned there for six years Other prisoners were the sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini and the magician and charlatan Cagliostro Executions were performed in the small inner courtyard As a prison it was also the setting for the third act of Giacomo Puccini s 1900 opera Tosca the eponymous heroine leaps to her death from the Castel s ramparts Museum EditDecommissioned in 1901 the castle is now a museum the Museo Nazionale di Castel Sant Angelo It received 1 234 443 visitors in 2016 8 Gallery Edit View from south towards the Castel Sant Angelo and Ponte Sant Angelo The original angel by Raffaello da Montelupo Bronze statue of Michael the Archangel standing on top of the Castel Sant Angelo modelled in 1753 by Peter Anton von Verschaffelt 1710 1793 Another angle of the angel Giovanni Battista Bugatti papal executioner between 1796 and 1861 offering snuff to a condemned prisoner in front of Castel Sant Angelo View of the river Tiber looking south with the Castel Sant Angelo and Saint Peter s Basilica beyond Rudolf Wiegmann 1834See also EditList of ancient monuments in Rome Cardinal nephew Concordat of Worms List of castles in Italy Sistine Chapel ceiling Stand of the Swiss Guard Via della ConciliazioneBibliography EditBruno Contardi Marica Mercalli Italy Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali Museo nazionale di Castel Sant Angelo 1987 The angel and Rome Castel Sant Angelo September 29th November 29th 1987 Rome Palombi ISBN 9788876215773 OCLC 555702196 9 References Edit Gibbon Edward 1826 The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire Vol 6 4th American ed New York p 369 Aicher Peter J 2004 Rome Alive A Source Guide to the Ancient City Volume I Bolchazy Carducci Retrieved 2 January 2015 Porphyry Baptismal Font Archived from the original on 2014 01 12 Retrieved 2014 01 12 Preface Lives of the Artists Archived from the original on 2010 12 10 Retrieved 2007 01 23 Account of Pedro Tafur in The Travels of Pero Tafur 1435 1439 Chapter III Lambert Gilles 2000 Caravaggio Taschen p 7 ISBN 9783822863053 Rome Eyewitness Travel Guides DK Publishing London 2003 p 242 Musei monumenti e aree archeologiche statali State museums monuments and archaeological areas PDF ilsole24ore it in Italian 5 January 2017 Archived from the original PDF on 6 January 2019 Retrieved 5 March 2017 Angels An Indexed and Partially AnnotatedBibliography of Over 4300 Scholarly Books and Articles Since the 7th Century B C Jefferson McFarland 1999 p 90 ISBN 9781476609584 OCLC 918854827 Archived from the original on August 24 2019 Retrieved August 24 2019 External links EditOfficial website Site describing arrangement of the original mausoleum Mausoleum of Hadrian part of the Encyclopaedia Romana by James Grout Platner and Ashby entry on the tomb on Lacus Curtius site Roman Bookshelf Views of Castel Sant Angelo from the 19 Century Hadrian s tomb Model of how the tomb might have appeared in antiquity Media related to Castel Sant Angelo Rome at Wikimedia Commons Preceded byCasa dei Cavalieri di Rodi Landmarks of RomeCastel Sant Angelo Succeeded byPalazzo Aragona Gonzaga Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Castel Sant 27Angelo amp 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