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Wikipedia

Carpentry

January 26, 2023

"Carpenters" and "Carpenter" redirect here. For the American pop duo, see The Carpenters. For other uses, see Carpenter (disambiguation).

Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are also used[1] and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry. In the United States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999. In 2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million carpentry positions. Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave.[2] Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the 19th century; now this old-fashioned carpentry is called timber framing. Carpenters learn this trade by being employed through an apprenticeship training—normally 4 years—and qualify by successfully completing that country's competence test in places such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and South Africa.[3] It is also common that the skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program, which may be the case in many places.

Carpentry
Occupation
Activity sectors
Construction
Carpentry includes such specialties as barrelmaker, cabinetmaker, framer, luthier, and ship's carpenter
Carpenter handling a plank used in scaffolding
Exhibit of traditional European carpenter's tools in Italy
Carpenters in an Indian village working with hand tools

Etymology

The word “carpenter” is the English rendering of the Old French word carpentier (later, charpentier) which is derived from the Latin carpentarius [artifex], “(maker) of a carriage.”[4] The Middle English and Scots word (in the sense of “builder”) was wright (from the Old English wryhta, cognate with work), which could be used in compound forms such as wheelwright or boatwright.[5]

In the United Kingdom

In the UK, carpentry is used to describe the skill involved in first fixing of timber items such as construction of roofs, floors and timber framed buildings, i.e. those areas of construction that are normally hidden in a finished building. An easy way to envisage this is that first fix work is all that is done before plastering takes place. The second fix is done after plastering takes place. Second fix work, the installation of items such as skirting boards, architraves, doors, and windows are generally regarded as carpentry, however, the off-site manufacture and pre-finishing of the items is regarded as joinery.[6][7] Carpentry is also used to construct the formwork into which concrete is poured during the building of structures such as roads and highway overpasses. In the UK, the skill of making timber formwork for poured or in situ concrete is referred to as shuttering.

In the United States

Carpentry in the United States is historically defined similarly to the United Kingdom as the “heavier and stronger”[8] work distinguished from a joiner “...who does lighter and more ornamental work than that of a carpenter...” although the “...work of a carpenter and joiner are often combined.”[9] Joiner is less common than the terms finish carpenter or cabinetmaker. The terms housewright and barnwright were used historically and are now occasionally used by carpenters who work using traditional methods and materials. Someone who builds custom concrete formwork is a form carpenter.

History

 
Log church building in Russia reached considerable heights such as this 17th century example

Along with stone, wood is among mankind's oldest building materials. The ability to shape it into tools, shelter, and weapons improved with technological advances from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. Some of the oldest archaeological evidence of carpentry are water well casings. These include an oak and hazel structure dating from 5256 BC, found in Ostrov, Czech Republic,[10] and one built using split oak timbers with mortise and tenon and notched corners excavated in eastern Germany, dating from about 7,000 years ago in the early Neolithic period.[11]

Relatively little history of carpentry was preserved before written language. Knowledge and skills were simply passed down over the generations. Even the advent of cave painting and writing recorded little. The oldest surviving complete architectural text is Vitruvius' ten books collectively titled De architectura, which discuss some carpentry.[citation needed] It was only with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century that this began to change, albeit slowly, with builders finally beginning to regularly publish guides and pattern books in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Some of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are temples in China such as the Nanchan Temple built-in 782, Greensted Church in England, parts of which are from the 11th century, and the stave churches in Norway from the 12th and 13th centuries.

Europe

By the 16th century, sawmills were coming into use in Europe. The founding of America was partly based on a desire to extract resources from the new continent including wood for use in ships and buildings in Europe. In the 18th century part of the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the steam engine and cut nails.[12] These technologies combined with the invention of the circular saw led to the development of balloon framing which was the beginning of the decline of traditional timber framing.

 
Axonometric diagram of balloon framing

The 19th century saw the development of electrical engineering and distribution which allowed the development of hand-held power tools, wire nails, and machines to mass-produce screws. In the 20th century, portland cement came into common use and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to do away with heavy timber sills. Also, drywall (plasterboard) came into common use replacing lime plaster on wooden lath. Plywood, engineered lumber, and chemically treated lumber also came into use.[13]

 
Breve compendio de la carpinteria de lo blanco y tratado de alarifes (1727)

For types of carpentry used in America see American historic carpentry.

Training

 
The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum under construction in Metz, France in 2009. The building possesses one of the most complex examples of carpentry built to date and is composed of 16 kilometers of glued laminated timber for a surface area of 8,000 m2.

Carpentry requires training which involves both acquiring knowledge and physical practice. In formal training a carpenter begins as an apprentice, then becomes a journeyman, and with enough experience and competency can eventually attain the status of a master carpenter. Today pre-apprenticeship training may be gained through non-union vocational programs such as high school shop classes and community colleges.

Informally a laborer may simply work alongside carpenters for years learning skills by observation and peripheral assistance. While such an individual may obtain journeyman status by paying the union entry fee and obtaining a journeyman's card (which provides the right to work on a union carpentry crew) the carpenter foreman will, by necessity, dismiss any worker who presents the card but does not demonstrate the expected skill level.

Carpenters may work for an employer or be self-employed. No matter what kind of training a carpenter has had, some U.S. states require contractors to be licensed which requires passing a written test and having minimum levels of insurance.

Schools and programs

Formal training in the carpentry trade is available in seminars, certificate programs, high-school programs, online classes, in the new construction, restoration, and preservation carpentry fields.[14] Sometimes these programs are called pre-apprenticeship training.

In the modern British construction industry, carpenters are trained through apprenticeship schemes where general certificates of secondary education (GCSE) in Mathematics, English, and Technology help but are not essential. However, this is deemed the preferred route, as young people can earn and gain field experience whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification.

There are two main divisions of training: construction-carpentry and cabinetmaking. During pre-apprenticeship, trainees in each of these divisions spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and indoor workshops learning mathematics, trade terminology, and skill in the use of hand and power tools. Construction-carpentry trainees also participate in calisthenics to prepare for the physical aspect of the work.

Upon completion of pre-apprenticeship, trainees who have successfully passed the graded curriculum (taught by highly experienced journeyman carpenters) are assigned to a local union and to union carpentry crews at work on construction sites or in cabinet shops as First Year Apprentices. Over the next four years, as they progress in status to Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth Year Apprentice, apprentices periodically return to the training facility every three months for a week of more detailed training in specific aspects of the trade.

In the United States, fewer than 5% of carpenters identify as female. A number of schools in the U.S. appeal to non-traditional tradespeople by offering carpentry classes for and taught by women, including Hammerstone: Carpentry for Women in Ithaca, NY, Yestermorrow in Waitsfield, VT and Oregon Tradeswomen in Portland, OR.

Apprenticeships and journeymen

Tradesmen in countries such as Germany and Australia are required to fulfill formal apprenticeships (usually three to four years) to work as professional carpenters. Upon graduation from the apprenticeship, they are known as journeyman carpenters.

Up through the 19th and even the early 20th century, the journeyman traveled to another region of the country to learn the building styles and techniques of that area before (usually) returning home. In modern times, journeymen are not required to travel, and the term now refers to a level of proficiency and skill. Union carpenters in the United States, that is, members of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, are required to pass a skills test to be granted official journeyman status, but uncertified professional carpenters may also be known as journeymen based on their skill level, years of experience, or simply because they support themselves in the trade and not due to any certification or formal woodworking education.

Professional status as a journeyman carpenter in the United States may be obtained in a number of ways. Formal training is acquired in a four-year apprenticeship program administered by the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, in which journeyman status is obtained after successful completion of twelve weeks of pre-apprenticeship training, followed by four years of on-the-job field training working alongside journeyman carpenters. The Timber Framers Guild also has a formal apprenticeship program for traditional timber framing. Training is also available in groups like the Kim Bồng woodworking village in Vietnam where apprentices live and work to learn woodworking and carpentry skills.

In Canada, each province sets its own standards for apprenticeship. The average length of time is four years and includes a minimum number of hours of both on-the-job training and technical instruction at a college or other institution. Depending on the number of hours of instruction an apprentice receives, they can earn a Certificate of Proficiency, making them a journeyman, or a Certificate of Qualification, which allows them to practice a more limited amount of carpentry. Canadian carpenters also have the option of acquiring an additional Interprovincial Red Seal that allows them to practice anywhere in Canada. The Red Seal requires the completion of an apprenticeship and an additional examination.

Master carpenter

After working as a journeyman for a while, a carpenter may go on to study or test as a master carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany, Iceland and Japan, this is an arduous and expensive process, requiring extensive knowledge (including economic and legal knowledge) and skill to achieve master certification; these countries generally require master status for anyone employing and teaching apprentices in the craft. In others, like the United States, 'master carpenter' can be a loosely used term to describe any skilled carpenter.

Fully trained carpenters and joiners will often move into related trades such as shop fitting, scaffolding, bench joinery, maintenance and system installation.

Materials

Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood which has been prepared by splitting (riving), hewing, or sawing with a pit saw or sawmill called lumber (American English) or timber (British English). Today natural and engineered lumber and many other building materials carpenters may use are typically prepared by others and delivered to the job site. In 2013 the carpenters union in America used the term carpenter for a catch-all position. Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing "...flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid surface, roofing, framing, siding, flooring, insulation, ...acoustical ceilings, computer-access flooring, metal framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both custom or factory-produced materials, ...trim and molding,... ceiling treatments, ... exposed columns and beams, displays, mantels, staircases...metal studs, metal lath, and drywall..."[15]

Health and safety

United States

Carpentry is often hazardous work. Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include: machine hazards, flying materials, tool projection, fire and explosion, electrocution, noise, vibration, dust, and chemicals. In the United States the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tries to prevent illness, injury, and fire through regulations. However, self-employed workers are not covered by the OSHA act.[16] OSHA claims that "Since 1970, workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent. At the same time, U.S. employment has almost doubled."[17] The leading cause of overall fatalities, called the "fatal four," are falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution, and caught-in/between. In general construction "employers must provide working conditions that are free of known dangers. Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, dry condition. Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers. Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand."[18] Examples of how to prevent falls includes placing railings and toe-boards at any floor opening which cannot be well covered and elevated platforms and safety harness and lines, safety nets, stair railings, and handrails.

Safety is not just about the workers on the job site. Carpenters' work needs to meet the requirements in the Life Safety Code such as in stair building and building codes to promote long-term quality and safety for the building occupants.

Types

  • Cabinetmaker is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing in the making of cabinets made from wood, wardrobes, dressers, storage chests, and other furniture designed for storage.
  • Carpenter and joiner has broad skill sets ranging from joinery, finish carpentry, framing, and formwork.
  • Conservation carpenter works in architectural conservation, known in the U.S. as a "preservation" or "restoration"; a carpenter who works in historic preservation, maintaining structures as they were built or restoring them to that condition.
  • Cooper, a barrel maker.
  • Finish carpenter (North America), also trim carpenter, specializes in installing molding and trim, such as door and window casings, mantels, crown mouldings, baseboards, and other types of ornamental work. Finish carpenters pick up where framing ends off, including hanging doors and installing cabinets.
  • Formwork carpenter creates the shuttering and falsework used in concrete construction, and reshores as necessary.
  • Framer is a carpenter who builds the skeletal structure or wooden framework of buildings, most often in the platform framing method. A framer who specializes in building with timbers and traditional joints rather than studs is known as a timber framer.
  • Log builder builds structures of stacked horizontal logs with limited joints.
  • Joiner (a traditional name now rare in North America), is one who does cabinetry, furniture making, fine woodworking, model building, instrument making, parquetry, joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal margins of error are important.
  • Luthier is someone who makes or repairs stringed instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word for lute, "luth".
  • Restoration carpenter (see conservation carpenter)
  • Set carpenter builds and dismantles temporary scenery and sets in film-making, television, and the theater.
  • Ship's carpenter specializes in maintenance, repair techniques, and carpentry specific to vessels afloat. Such a carpenter patrols the vessel's carpenter's walk to examine the hull for leaks.
  • Shipwright builds wooden ships on land.
  • Trim carpenter (see finish carpenter).

Other

  • Japanese carpentry, daiku is the simple term for carpenter, a Miya-daiku (temple carpenter) performs the work of both architect and builder of shrines and temples, and a sukiya-daiku works on teahouse construction and houses. Sashimono-shi build furniture and tateguya do interior finishing work.[19]
  • Green carpentry specializes in the use of environmentally friendly,[20] energy-efficient[21] and sustainable[22] sources of building materials for use in construction projects. They also practice building methods that require using less material and material that has the same structural soundness.[23]
  • Recycled (reclaimed, repurposed) carpentry is carpentry that uses scrap wood and parts of discarded or broken furniture to build new wood products.

See also

References

  1. ^ Roza, Greg. A career as a carpenter. New York: Rosen Pub., 2011. 6. Print.
  2. ^ Vogt, Floyd, and Gaspar J. Lewis. Carpentry. 4th ed. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006.xvi Print.
  3. ^ "Carpenter | Careers in Construction". www.careersinconstruction.ca.
  4. ^ The American heritage dictionary of the English language June 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine - Etymology of the word "carpenter"
  5. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
  6. ^ "What's the Difference Between a Carpenter and a Joiner?" (30 April 2015). InternationalTimber.com. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  7. ^ "Joiner vs Carpenter - What's the Difference?".
  8. ^ “Carpenter.” Def. 1. Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
  9. ^ Whitney, William D., ed. “Carpenter.” Def, 1. The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language vol. 1. New York. The Century Co. 1895. 830. Print.
  10. ^ "World's oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction". Journal of Archaeological Science. 115. 2020.
  11. ^ Prostak, Sergio (24 December 2012). "German Archaeologists Discover World's Oldest Wooden Wells". sci-news.com.
  12. ^ Loveday, Amos John. The cut nail industry, 1776-1890: technology, cost accounting, and the upper Ohio Valley. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1979. Print.
  13. ^ Jester, Thomas C.. Twentieth-century building materials: history and conservation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995. Print.
  14. ^ [1] April 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "United Brotherhood Of Carpenters". carpenters.org. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  16. ^ "Workers' Rights". osha.gov. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  17. ^ "Commonly Used Statistics". osha.gov. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  18. ^ "Safety and Health Topics - Fall Protection". osha.gov. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  19. ^ Lee Butler, "Patronage and the Building Arts in Tokugawa Japan", Early Modern Japan. Fall-Winter 2004 [2]
  20. ^ . McMullen Carpenters And Joiners. 2009-04-10. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  21. ^ "A Green Home Begins with ENERGY STAR Blue" (PDF). Energystar. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  22. ^ . Ciwmb.ca.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-12-10. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  23. ^ (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2009-07-07. There is no consensus on how to define green-collar jobs. A very broad interpretation of green jobs would include all existing and new jobs that contribute to environmental quality through improved efficiencies, better resource management, and other technologies that successfully address the environmental challenges facing society. Probably the most concise, general definition is "well-paid, career-track jobs that contribute directly to preserving or enhancing environmental quality" (Apollo Alliance 2008, 3). This definition suggests that green-collar jobs directly contribute to improving environmental quality, but would not include low-wage jobs that provide little mobility. Most discussion of green-collar jobs does not refer to positions that require a college degree, but they typically do involve training beyond high school. Many of the positions are similar to skilled, blue-collar jobs, such as electricians, welders, carpenters, etc.

External links

 
Look up carpentry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
Wikiquote has quotations related to Carpentry.

January 26, 2023
carpentry, carpenters, carpenter, redirect, here, american, carpenters, other, uses, carpenter, disambiguation, skilled, trade, craft, which, primary, work, performed, cutting, shaping, installation, building, materials, during, construction, buildings, ships,. Carpenters and Carpenter redirect here For the American pop duo see The Carpenters For other uses see Carpenter disambiguation Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings ships timber bridges concrete formwork etc Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did rougher work such as framing but today many other materials are also used 1 and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry In the United States 98 5 of carpenters are male and it was the fourth most male dominated occupation in the country in 1999 In 2006 in the United States there were about 1 5 million carpentry positions Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave 2 Carpenters normally framed post and beam buildings until the end of the 19th century now this old fashioned carpentry is called timber framing Carpenters learn this trade by being employed through an apprenticeship training normally 4 years and qualify by successfully completing that country s competence test in places such as the United Kingdom the United States Canada Switzerland Australia and South Africa 3 It is also common that the skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program which may be the case in many places CarpentryOccupationActivity sectorsConstructionCarpentry includes such specialties as barrelmaker cabinetmaker framer luthier and ship s carpenter Carpenter handling a plank used in scaffolding Exhibit of traditional European carpenter s tools in Italy Carpenters in an Indian village working with hand tools Contents 1 Etymology 1 1 In the United Kingdom 1 2 In the United States 2 History 2 1 Europe 3 Training 3 1 Schools and programs 3 2 Apprenticeships and journeymen 3 3 Master carpenter 4 Materials 5 Health and safety 5 1 United States 6 Types 6 1 Other 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksEtymology EditThe word carpenter is the English rendering of the Old French word carpentier later charpentier which is derived from the Latin carpentarius artifex maker of a carriage 4 The Middle English and Scots word in the sense of builder was wright from the Old English wryhta cognate with work which could be used in compound forms such as wheelwright or boatwright 5 In the United Kingdom Edit In the UK carpentry is used to describe the skill involved in first fixing of timber items such as construction of roofs floors and timber framed buildings i e those areas of construction that are normally hidden in a finished building An easy way to envisage this is that first fix work is all that is done before plastering takes place The second fix is done after plastering takes place Second fix work the installation of items such as skirting boards architraves doors and windows are generally regarded as carpentry however the off site manufacture and pre finishing of the items is regarded as joinery 6 7 Carpentry is also used to construct the formwork into which concrete is poured during the building of structures such as roads and highway overpasses In the UK the skill of making timber formwork for poured or in situ concrete is referred to as shuttering In the United States Edit Carpentry in the United States is historically defined similarly to the United Kingdom as the heavier and stronger 8 work distinguished from a joiner who does lighter and more ornamental work than that of a carpenter although the work of a carpenter and joiner are often combined 9 Joiner is less common than the terms finish carpenter or cabinetmaker The terms housewright and barnwright were used historically and are now occasionally used by carpenters who work using traditional methods and materials Someone who builds custom concrete formwork is a form carpenter History Edit Log church building in Russia reached considerable heights such as this 17th century example Along with stone wood is among mankind s oldest building materials The ability to shape it into tools shelter and weapons improved with technological advances from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age to the Iron Age Some of the oldest archaeological evidence of carpentry are water well casings These include an oak and hazel structure dating from 5256 BC found in Ostrov Czech Republic 10 and one built using split oak timbers with mortise and tenon and notched corners excavated in eastern Germany dating from about 7 000 years ago in the early Neolithic period 11 Relatively little history of carpentry was preserved before written language Knowledge and skills were simply passed down over the generations Even the advent of cave painting and writing recorded little The oldest surviving complete architectural text is Vitruvius ten books collectively titled De architectura which discuss some carpentry citation needed It was only with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century that this began to change albeit slowly with builders finally beginning to regularly publish guides and pattern books in the 18th and 19th centuries Some of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are temples in China such as the Nanchan Temple built in 782 Greensted Church in England parts of which are from the 11th century and the stave churches in Norway from the 12th and 13th centuries Europe EditBy the 16th century sawmills were coming into use in Europe The founding of America was partly based on a desire to extract resources from the new continent including wood for use in ships and buildings in Europe In the 18th century part of the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the steam engine and cut nails 12 These technologies combined with the invention of the circular saw led to the development of balloon framing which was the beginning of the decline of traditional timber framing Axonometric diagram of balloon framing The 19th century saw the development of electrical engineering and distribution which allowed the development of hand held power tools wire nails and machines to mass produce screws In the 20th century portland cement came into common use and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to do away with heavy timber sills Also drywall plasterboard came into common use replacing lime plaster on wooden lath Plywood engineered lumber and chemically treated lumber also came into use 13 Breve compendio de la carpinteria de lo blanco y tratado de alarifes 1727 For types of carpentry used in America see American historic carpentry Training Edit The Centre Pompidou Metz museum under construction in Metz France in 2009 The building possesses one of the most complex examples of carpentry built to date and is composed of 16 kilometers of glued laminated timber for a surface area of 8 000 m2 Carpentry requires training which involves both acquiring knowledge and physical practice In formal training a carpenter begins as an apprentice then becomes a journeyman and with enough experience and competency can eventually attain the status of a master carpenter Today pre apprenticeship training may be gained through non union vocational programs such as high school shop classes and community colleges Informally a laborer may simply work alongside carpenters for years learning skills by observation and peripheral assistance While such an individual may obtain journeyman status by paying the union entry fee and obtaining a journeyman s card which provides the right to work on a union carpentry crew the carpenter foreman will by necessity dismiss any worker who presents the card but does not demonstrate the expected skill level Carpenters may work for an employer or be self employed No matter what kind of training a carpenter has had some U S states require contractors to be licensed which requires passing a written test and having minimum levels of insurance Schools and programs Edit Formal training in the carpentry trade is available in seminars certificate programs high school programs online classes in the new construction restoration and preservation carpentry fields 14 Sometimes these programs are called pre apprenticeship training In the modern British construction industry carpenters are trained through apprenticeship schemes where general certificates of secondary education GCSE in Mathematics English and Technology help but are not essential However this is deemed the preferred route as young people can earn and gain field experience whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification There are two main divisions of training construction carpentry and cabinetmaking During pre apprenticeship trainees in each of these divisions spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and indoor workshops learning mathematics trade terminology and skill in the use of hand and power tools Construction carpentry trainees also participate in calisthenics to prepare for the physical aspect of the work Upon completion of pre apprenticeship trainees who have successfully passed the graded curriculum taught by highly experienced journeyman carpenters are assigned to a local union and to union carpentry crews at work on construction sites or in cabinet shops as First Year Apprentices Over the next four years as they progress in status to Second Year Third Year and Fourth Year Apprentice apprentices periodically return to the training facility every three months for a week of more detailed training in specific aspects of the trade In the United States fewer than 5 of carpenters identify as female A number of schools in the U S appeal to non traditional tradespeople by offering carpentry classes for and taught by women including Hammerstone Carpentry for Women in Ithaca NY Yestermorrow in Waitsfield VT and Oregon Tradeswomen in Portland OR Apprenticeships and journeymen Edit Tradesmen in countries such as Germany and Australia are required to fulfill formal apprenticeships usually three to four years to work as professional carpenters Upon graduation from the apprenticeship they are known as journeyman carpenters Up through the 19th and even the early 20th century the journeyman traveled to another region of the country to learn the building styles and techniques of that area before usually returning home In modern times journeymen are not required to travel and the term now refers to a level of proficiency and skill Union carpenters in the United States that is members of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America are required to pass a skills test to be granted official journeyman status but uncertified professional carpenters may also be known as journeymen based on their skill level years of experience or simply because they support themselves in the trade and not due to any certification or formal woodworking education Professional status as a journeyman carpenter in the United States may be obtained in a number of ways Formal training is acquired in a four year apprenticeship program administered by the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America in which journeyman status is obtained after successful completion of twelve weeks of pre apprenticeship training followed by four years of on the job field training working alongside journeyman carpenters The Timber Framers Guild also has a formal apprenticeship program for traditional timber framing Training is also available in groups like the Kim Bồng woodworking village in Vietnam where apprentices live and work to learn woodworking and carpentry skills In Canada each province sets its own standards for apprenticeship The average length of time is four years and includes a minimum number of hours of both on the job training and technical instruction at a college or other institution Depending on the number of hours of instruction an apprentice receives they can earn a Certificate of Proficiency making them a journeyman or a Certificate of Qualification which allows them to practice a more limited amount of carpentry Canadian carpenters also have the option of acquiring an additional Interprovincial Red Seal that allows them to practice anywhere in Canada The Red Seal requires the completion of an apprenticeship and an additional examination Master carpenter Edit After working as a journeyman for a while a carpenter may go on to study or test as a master carpenter In some countries such as Germany Iceland and Japan this is an arduous and expensive process requiring extensive knowledge including economic and legal knowledge and skill to achieve master certification these countries generally require master status for anyone employing and teaching apprentices in the craft In others like the United States master carpenter can be a loosely used term to describe any skilled carpenter Fully trained carpenters and joiners will often move into related trades such as shop fitting scaffolding bench joinery maintenance and system installation Materials EditCarpenters traditionally worked with natural wood which has been prepared by splitting riving hewing or sawing with a pit saw or sawmill called lumber American English or timber British English Today natural and engineered lumber and many other building materials carpenters may use are typically prepared by others and delivered to the job site In 2013 the carpenters union in America used the term carpenter for a catch all position Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing flooring windows doors interior trim cabinetry solid surface roofing framing siding flooring insulation acoustical ceilings computer access flooring metal framing wall partitions office furniture systems and both custom or factory produced materials trim and molding ceiling treatments exposed columns and beams displays mantels staircases metal studs metal lath and drywall 15 Health and safety EditUnited States Edit Carpentry is often hazardous work Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include machine hazards flying materials tool projection fire and explosion electrocution noise vibration dust and chemicals In the United States the Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA tries to prevent illness injury and fire through regulations However self employed workers are not covered by the OSHA act 16 OSHA claims that Since 1970 workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent At the same time U S employment has almost doubled 17 The leading cause of overall fatalities called the fatal four are falls followed by struck by object electrocution and caught in between In general construction employers must provide working conditions that are free of known dangers Keep floors in work areas in a clean and so far as possible dry condition Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand 18 Examples of how to prevent falls includes placing railings and toe boards at any floor opening which cannot be well covered and elevated platforms and safety harness and lines safety nets stair railings and handrails Safety is not just about the workers on the job site Carpenters work needs to meet the requirements in the Life Safety Code such as in stair building and building codes to promote long term quality and safety for the building occupants Types EditCabinetmaker is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing in the making of cabinets made from wood wardrobes dressers storage chests and other furniture designed for storage Carpenter and joiner has broad skill sets ranging from joinery finish carpentry framing and formwork Conservation carpenter works in architectural conservation known in the U S as a preservation or restoration a carpenter who works in historic preservation maintaining structures as they were built or restoring them to that condition Cooper a barrel maker Finish carpenter North America also trim carpenter specializes in installing molding and trim such as door and window casings mantels crown mouldings baseboards and other types of ornamental work Finish carpenters pick up where framing ends off including hanging doors and installing cabinets Formwork carpenter creates the shuttering and falsework used in concrete construction and reshores as necessary Framer is a carpenter who builds the skeletal structure or wooden framework of buildings most often in the platform framing method A framer who specializes in building with timbers and traditional joints rather than studs is known as a timber framer Log builder builds structures of stacked horizontal logs with limited joints Joiner a traditional name now rare in North America is one who does cabinetry furniture making fine woodworking model building instrument making parquetry joinery or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal margins of error are important Luthier is someone who makes or repairs stringed instruments The word luthier comes from the French word for lute luth Restoration carpenter see conservation carpenter Set carpenter builds and dismantles temporary scenery and sets in film making television and the theater Ship s carpenter specializes in maintenance repair techniques and carpentry specific to vessels afloat Such a carpenter patrols the vessel s carpenter s walk to examine the hull for leaks Shipwright builds wooden ships on land Trim carpenter see finish carpenter Other Edit Japanese carpentry daiku is the simple term for carpenter a Miya daiku temple carpenter performs the work of both architect and builder of shrines and temples and a sukiya daiku works on teahouse construction and houses Sashimono shi build furniture and tateguya do interior finishing work 19 Green carpentry specializes in the use of environmentally friendly 20 energy efficient 21 and sustainable 22 sources of building materials for use in construction projects They also practice building methods that require using less material and material that has the same structural soundness 23 Recycled reclaimed repurposed carpentry is carpentry that uses scrap wood and parts of discarded or broken furniture to build new wood products See also EditTraditional trades Woodworking Worshipful Company of CarpentersReferences Edit Roza Greg A career as a carpenter New York Rosen Pub 2011 6 Print Vogt Floyd and Gaspar J Lewis Carpentry 4th ed Clifton Park NY Thomson Delmar Learning 2006 xvi Print Carpenter Careers in Construction www careersinconstruction ca The American heritage dictionary of the English language Archived June 7 2007 at the Wayback Machine Etymology of the word carpenter The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language Fourth Edition 2000 What s the Difference Between a Carpenter and a Joiner 30 April 2015 InternationalTimber com Retrieved 2 January 2020 Joiner vs Carpenter What s the Difference Carpenter Def 1 Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD ROM v 4 0 c Oxford University Press 2009 Whitney William D ed Carpenter Def 1 The Century Dictionary An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language vol 1 New York The Century Co 1895 830 Print World s oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction Journal of Archaeological Science 115 2020 Prostak Sergio 24 December 2012 German Archaeologists Discover World s Oldest Wooden Wells sci news com Loveday Amos John The cut nail industry 1776 1890 technology cost accounting and the upper Ohio Valley Ann Arbor Mich University Microfilms International 1979 Print Jester Thomas C Twentieth century building materials history and conservation New York McGraw Hill 1995 Print 1 Archived April 28 2009 at the Wayback Machine United Brotherhood Of Carpenters carpenters org Retrieved 10 April 2015 Workers Rights osha gov Retrieved 10 April 2015 Commonly Used Statistics osha gov Retrieved 10 April 2015 Safety and Health Topics Fall Protection osha gov Retrieved 10 April 2015 Lee Butler Patronage and the Building Arts in Tokugawa Japan Early Modern Japan Fall Winter 2004 2 Environmentally Friendly Building Materials McMullen Carpenters And Joiners 2009 04 10 Archived from the original on 2013 06 28 Retrieved 2012 07 08 A Green Home Begins with ENERGY STAR Blue PDF Energystar Retrieved 8 September 2012 Green Building Basics Ciwmb ca gov Archived from the original on 2009 12 10 Retrieved 2012 05 21 Defining Green Collar Jobs PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2011 09 27 Retrieved 2009 07 07 There is no consensus on how to define green collar jobs A very broad interpretation of green jobs would include all existing and new jobs that contribute to environmental quality through improved efficiencies better resource management and other technologies that successfully address the environmental challenges facing society Probably the most concise general definition is well paid career track jobs that contribute directly to preserving or enhancing environmental quality Apollo Alliance 2008 3 This definition suggests that green collar jobs directly contribute to improving environmental quality but would not include low wage jobs that provide little mobility Most discussion of green collar jobs does not refer to positions that require a college degree but they typically do involve training beyond high school Many of the positions are similar to skilled blue collar jobs such as electricians welders carpenters etc External links Edit Look up carpentry in Wiktionary the free dictionary Wikiquote has quotations related to Carpentry Media related to Carpentry at Wikimedia Commons Carpentry at Wikibooks Carpentry Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 5 11th ed 1911 The Institute of Carpenters England Carpenters entry in the Occupational Outlook Handbook of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Carpentry amp oldid 1132849353, wikipedia, wiki, book, 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