Capitalization or capitalisation in English grammar is the use of a capital letter at the start of a word. English usage varies from capitalization in other languages.
The capital letter "A" in the Latin alphabet followed by its lower case equivalent.
Capitalization in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (Ellesmere Manuscript, about 1400)
Old English did not have a distinction between uppercase and lowercase, and at best had embossed or decorated letters indicating sections. Middle English capitalization in manuscripts remained haphazard, and was often done for visual aesthetics more than grammar; in poetry, the first letter of each line of verse is often capitalized. With the development of the printing press in Europe and England capitalization of initial letters and proper nouns became more regularized,[1] perhaps partly to distinguish new sentences in a time where punctuation remained sparse and irregularly used. The plays of Shakespeare show capitalization both of new lines and sentences, proper nouns, and some significant common nouns and verbs.[2]
Capitalization in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar (Bodleian First Folio)
By the era of Early Modern English, with the influence of continental printing practices after the English Restoration in 1660, printing began to favor more and more capitalization of nouns following German typography. The first lines of the U.S. Constitution of 1787 show major capitalization of most nouns:
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.[3]
But by the end of the 18th century with the growth of prescriptive dictionaries and style manuals for English usage, the practice faded in Britain so that by the beginning of the 19th century common nouns were only occasionally capitalized, such as in advertisements. Yet the style lasted as late as the Civil War era in the United States, as some of Emily Dickinson's poems still capitalize many common nouns.[4]
at the beginning of a sentence. This in printing is known as sentence case, where the first letter of the sentence is capitalized, and all others are lower case with the exception of proper nouns. In printing, normal sentence case may be substituted by UPPER CASE or "all caps" (all letters are capitalized), and Title Case (where the first letter of each word is capitalized). Capitals are sometimes used and sometimes not used after a colon,[5] although they are used in some citation systems such as APA style when beginning an independent clause.
with some nouns, pronouns and adjectives, usually if a noun indicates a proper noun.[6][7]
pronoun "I". One theory for this unusual usage is that in early printing lowercase i was confused with words using i as a past participle marker or first letter.
personal and place names: "John", "Mr. Smith", "Amsterdam", "Europe", "Mount Everest", "the Ganges".
compass directions when referring to geographical regions: "Western Canada", "I was raised in the South", but not for points on a compass: "London is west of Berlin".[8]
nouns and adjectives referring to races, tribes, nationalities, and languages: "Arabic", "Inuit", "French".[9]
national and regional adjectives: "an American" (noun), "an American man" (adjective).
school subjects and courses: "He passed History this term", "She is taking Chemistry 101".[10]
religions: "an Anglican curate", "a Catholic church" (adjective), but not "a catholic diet" in which catholic simply means "all-encompassing" or "universal."
the Supreme Being, deities and personifications: "God", "Providence", "Fame".[11][12][13]
reverential pronouns: "His, Him" when referring to God or Christ.[14][15]
days and months: "Monday", "January", but not seasons such as "autumn".
brand names: "Toyota", "Nike", "Coca-Cola", unless the brand itself is purposely not capitalized or unusually capitalized: "iPhone", "eBay".
royal titles: "King George III" but "kings and queens of England",[16][17] but only sometimes 'sir' or 'madam'.[18]
planets and other celestial bodies: "Jupiter", "the Crab Nebula"; and "the Earth", "the Sun", or "the Moon" should be capitalized according to the International Astronomical Union based on its manual of style, but style guides may suggest differently.[19]
words which change their meaning between capitalized and uncapitalized usage, such as "liberal" and "Liberal", are called capitonyms: Compare "A man of liberal tastes" and "The leader of the Liberal Party" (as with "catholic" above).
in legal documents, where the full name of an individual or body is later referred to in short form, in order to avoid ambiguity: "John Smith (the Plaintiff)", "Exxon-Mobil Corporation (the Company)".
Title capitalization in different stylesEdit
Depending on which style guide is used for capitalization, certain rules regarding specific words, such as prepositions, nouns, and pronouns, apply. In titles, the following words need to be capitalized according to each of the following style guides:[20]
APAEdit
APA Style is a “down” style, meaning that words are lowercase unless there is specific guidance to capitalize them such as words beginning a sentence; proper nouns and trade names; job titles and positions; diseases, disorders, therapies, theories, and related terms; titles of works and headings within works; titles of tests and measures; nouns followed by numerals or letters; names of conditions or groups in an experiment; and names of study factors, variables, and effects. [21]
MLAEdit
Capitalize words that are four letters or longer.
Capitalize nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns.
Capitalize the second part of hyphenated words.
Chicago Manual of StyleEdit
Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions.
Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions.[22]
Associated Press (AP)Edit
Capitalize words with three or more letters.
Capitalize nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions.
Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating conjunctions, and prepositions.
Capitalization of multi-word place names, institutions, and titles of worksEdit
English usage is not consistent, but generally prepositions and articles are not capitalized: "the Forest of Dean", "Gone with the Wind", "University of Southampton". With some publications "The" forms part of the title: "reading The Times".[23] For a more detailed explanation see Capitalization § Titles.
Generally acronyms and initialisms are capitalized, e.g., "NASA" or "SOS." Sometimes a minor word such as a preposition is not capitalized within the acronym, such as "WoW" for "World of Warcraft". In some British English style guides, only the initial letter of an acronym is capitalized if the acronym is read as a word, e.g., "Nasa" or "Unesco."[24]
^Millward, C. M. (1989). A Biography of the English Language. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. p. 225.
^"LUNA: Folger First Folio Image Collection". luna.folger.edu. Retrieved 2018-04-26.
^"Constitution of the United States - We the People".
^"The rise and fall of capital letters". Grammarphobia. 2014-10-15. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
^Mallett, Margaret (2012). The Primary English Encyclopedia: The Heart of the Curriculum (4th ed.). Routledge. p. 51. ISBN978-0-415-58952-9 – via Google Books. But are the rules for capitalisation in English clear cut? In his detailed account, Tom McArthur (1992) comments that while some people prefer to capitalise the first letter of the first word of a phrase following a colon others keep to lower case.
^Hand, L. R. "Simple Capitalisation Guide". learnenglish.de. Retrieved 2018-09-28.
^L. Sue Baugh Essentials of English Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of English (9780844258218) Second Edition 1994 p59 "Religious Names and Terms: The names of all religions, denominations, and local groups are capitalized."
^The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing (2nd ed.). Toronto: Dundurn Press in co-operation with Public Works and Government Services Canada (Translation Bureau). 1997. §4.11. ISBN1-55002-276-8.
^The Canadian Style: A Guide to Writing and Editing (2nd ed.). Toronto: Dundurn Press in co-operation with Public Works and Government Services Canada (Translation Bureau). 1997. §4.12. ISBN1-55002-276-8.
^English Grammar For Dummies® Lesley J. Ward, Geraldine Woods - 2010 Capitalizing the deity - Words referring to God require a special capitalization rule.
^Hart, John Seely (1875). A Manual of Composition and Rhetoric : a Text-book for Schools and Colleges. Eldredge & Brother. When any name usually applied to the Supreme Being is used for a created being, it does not begin with a capital; as, "The Lord is a great God above all gods."
^Hart, John Seely (1875). A Manual of Composition and Rhetoric : a Text-book for Schools and Colleges. Eldredge & Brother. Providence is sometimes used to mean God, that is, the One who provides for us; Heaven likewise is used to mean the One who reigns in heaven. In such cases the word should begin with a capital. But if only God's providential care, or his place of abode is meant, a capital is not needed.
^Shewan, Ed (2003). Applications of Grammar: Principles of Effective Communication. Liberty Press. p. 112. ISBN1930367287.
^Elwell, Celia (1996). Practical Legal Writing for Legal Assistants. Cengage Learning. p. 71. ISBN0314061150.
^Franklincovey, Stephen R. Covey Style Guide: For Business and Technical Communication - Page 317 2012 "Capitalize the first letter of titles when they immediately precede personal names, but do not capitalize the first letter when ... 3: Titles used in a general sense are not capitalized: a U.S. representative a king a prime minister an ambassador"
^Homer L. Hall, Logan H. Aimone -High School Journalism 2008" 11. Capitalize King and Queen when used before a name. Otherwise, do not capitalize."
^Servais, Erin (2013-02-18). "When to capitalize "sir" and "madam"". Grammar Party. Retrieved 2018-09-28.
^"Title Capitalization Rules". Capitalize My Title. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
^"Capitalization". APA Style. Retrieved 2020-07-01.
^"Title Capitalization". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Retrieved 2019-04-27.
^The New Law Journal: 142 1992 "Mr. Justice Rose has never got out of the habit of reading The Times since he was at Oxford and obtained it at a special ... "I finish the day by reading The Times, usually in bed."
^Plush, Hazel. Revealed: The 21 new Unesco World Heritage sites for 2016, The Telegraph. 19 July 2016; retrieved 27 August 2016.
External linksEdit
Capitalization in English at the UnitedNations.org
October 27, 2023
capitalization, english, capitalization, capitalisation, english, grammar, capital, letter, start, word, english, usage, varies, from, capitalization, other, languages, capital, letter, latin, alphabet, followed, lower, case, equivalent, contents, history, eng. Capitalization or capitalisation in English grammar is the use of a capital letter at the start of a word English usage varies from capitalization in other languages The capital letter A in the Latin alphabet followed by its lower case equivalent Contents 1 History of English capitalization 2 When to capitalize 2 1 Title capitalization in different styles 2 1 1 APA 2 1 2 MLA 2 1 3 Chicago Manual of Style 2 1 4 Associated Press AP 2 2 Capitalization of multi word place names institutions and titles of works 2 3 Capitalization of acronyms and initialisms 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksHistory of English capitalization Edit nbsp Capitalization in Chaucer s Canterbury Tales Ellesmere Manuscript about 1400 Old English did not have a distinction between uppercase and lowercase and at best had embossed or decorated letters indicating sections Middle English capitalization in manuscripts remained haphazard and was often done for visual aesthetics more than grammar in poetry the first letter of each line of verse is often capitalized With the development of the printing press in Europe and England capitalization of initial letters and proper nouns became more regularized 1 perhaps partly to distinguish new sentences in a time where punctuation remained sparse and irregularly used The plays of Shakespeare show capitalization both of new lines and sentences proper nouns and some significant common nouns and verbs 2 nbsp Capitalization in Shakespeare s Julius Caesar Bodleian First Folio By the era of Early Modern English with the influence of continental printing practices after the English Restoration in 1660 printing began to favor more and more capitalization of nouns following German typography The first lines of the U S Constitution of 1787 show major capitalization of most nouns We the People of the United States in Order to form a more perfect Union establish Justice insure domestic Tranquility provide for the common defence promote the general Welfare and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America 3 But by the end of the 18th century with the growth of prescriptive dictionaries and style manuals for English usage the practice faded in Britain so that by the beginning of the 19th century common nouns were only occasionally capitalized such as in advertisements Yet the style lasted as late as the Civil War era in the United States as some of Emily Dickinson s poems still capitalize many common nouns 4 When to capitalize EditCapital letters are used at the beginning of a sentence This in printing is known as sentence case where the first letter of the sentence is capitalized and all others are lower case with the exception of proper nouns In printing normal sentence case may be substituted by UPPER CASE or all caps all letters are capitalized and Title Case where the first letter of each word is capitalized Capitals are sometimes used and sometimes not used after a colon 5 although they are used in some citation systems such as APA style when beginning an independent clause with some nouns pronouns and adjectives usually if a noun indicates a proper noun 6 7 pronoun I One theory for this unusual usage is that in early printing lowercase i was confused with words using i as a past participle marker or first letter personal and place names John Mr Smith Amsterdam Europe Mount Everest the Ganges compass directions when referring to geographical regions Western Canada I was raised in the South but not for points on a compass London is west of Berlin 8 nouns and adjectives referring to races tribes nationalities and languages Arabic Inuit French 9 national and regional adjectives an American noun an American man adjective school subjects and courses He passed History this term She is taking Chemistry 101 10 religions an Anglican curate a Catholic church adjective but not a catholic diet in which catholic simply means all encompassing or universal the Supreme Being deities and personifications God Providence Fame 11 12 13 reverential pronouns His Him when referring to God or Christ 14 15 days and months Monday January but not seasons such as autumn brand names Toyota Nike Coca Cola unless the brand itself is purposely not capitalized or unusually capitalized iPhone eBay royal titles King George III but kings and queens of England 16 17 but only sometimes sir or madam 18 planets and other celestial bodies Jupiter the Crab Nebula and the Earth the Sun or the Moon should be capitalized according to the International Astronomical Union based on its manual of style but style guides may suggest differently 19 words which change their meaning between capitalized and uncapitalized usage such as liberal and Liberal are called capitonyms Compare A man of liberal tastes and The leader of the Liberal Party as with catholic above in legal documents where the full name of an individual or body is later referred to in short form in order to avoid ambiguity John Smith the Plaintiff Exxon Mobil Corporation the Company Title capitalization in different styles Edit Depending on which style guide is used for capitalization certain rules regarding specific words such as prepositions nouns and pronouns apply In titles the following words need to be capitalized according to each of the following style guides 20 APA Edit APA Style is a down style meaning that words are lowercase unless there is specific guidance to capitalize them such as words beginning a sentence proper nouns and trade names job titles and positions diseases disorders therapies theories and related terms titles of works and headings within works titles of tests and measures nouns followed by numerals or letters names of conditions or groups in an experiment and names of study factors variables and effects 21 MLA Edit Capitalize words that are four letters or longer Capitalize nouns verbs adjectives adverbs and pronouns Capitalize the second part of hyphenated words Chicago Manual of Style Edit Capitalize nouns pronouns adjectives verbs adverbs and subordinate conjunctions Lowercase articles a an the coordinating conjunctions and prepositions 22 Associated Press AP Edit Capitalize words with three or more letters Capitalize nouns pronouns adjectives verbs adverbs and subordinate conjunctions Lowercase articles a an the coordinating conjunctions and prepositions Capitalization of multi word place names institutions and titles of works Edit English usage is not consistent but generally prepositions and articles are not capitalized the Forest of Dean Gone with the Wind University of Southampton With some publications The forms part of the title reading The Times 23 For a more detailed explanation see Capitalization Titles Capitalization of acronyms and initialisms Edit See also Acronym Case Generally acronyms and initialisms are capitalized e g NASA or SOS Sometimes a minor word such as a preposition is not capitalized within the acronym such as WoW for World of Warcraft In some British English style guides only the initial letter of an acronym is capitalized if the acronym is read as a word e g Nasa or Unesco 24 See also EditCapitalization All caps used to shout and on some signage Alternating caps used to express a sarcastic or mocking tone Capitalization of Internet Letter case Headings and publication titlesReferences Edit Millward C M 1989 A Biography of the English Language Harcourt Brace Jovanovich p 225 LUNA Folger First Folio Image Collection luna folger edu Retrieved 2018 04 26 Constitution of the United States We the People The rise and fall of capital letters Grammarphobia 2014 10 15 Retrieved 2018 04 27 Mallett Margaret 2012 The Primary English Encyclopedia The Heart of the Curriculum 4th ed Routledge p 51 ISBN 978 0 415 58952 9 via Google Books But are the rules for capitalisation in English clear cut In his detailed account Tom McArthur 1992 comments that while some people prefer to capitalise the first letter of the first word of a phrase following a colon others keep to lower case Hand L R Simple Capitalisation Guide learnenglish de Retrieved 2018 09 28 L Sue Baugh Essentials of English Grammar A Practical Guide to the Mastery of English 9780844258218 Second Edition 1994 p59 Religious Names and Terms The names of all religions denominations and local groups are capitalized Government Printing Office Style Manual sect 3 21 3 22 The Canadian Style A Guide to Writing and Editing 2nd ed Toronto Dundurn Press in co operation with Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau 1997 4 11 ISBN 1 55002 276 8 The Canadian Style A Guide to Writing and Editing 2nd ed Toronto Dundurn Press in co operation with Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau 1997 4 12 ISBN 1 55002 276 8 English Grammar For Dummies Lesley J Ward Geraldine Woods 2010 Capitalizing the deity Words referring to God require a special capitalization rule Hart John Seely 1875 A Manual of Composition and Rhetoric a Text book for Schools and Colleges Eldredge amp Brother When any name usually applied to the Supreme Being is used for a created being it does not begin with a capital as The Lord is a great God above all gods Hart John Seely 1875 A Manual of Composition and Rhetoric a Text book for Schools and Colleges Eldredge amp Brother Providence is sometimes used to mean God that is the One who provides for us Heaven likewise is used to mean the One who reigns in heaven In such cases the word should begin with a capital But if only God s providential care or his place of abode is meant a capital is not needed Shewan Ed 2003 Applications of Grammar Principles of Effective Communication Liberty Press p 112 ISBN 1930367287 Elwell Celia 1996 Practical Legal Writing for Legal Assistants Cengage Learning p 71 ISBN 0314061150 Franklincovey Stephen R Covey Style Guide For Business and Technical Communication Page 317 2012 Capitalize the first letter of titles when they immediately precede personal names but do not capitalize the first letter when 3 Titles used in a general sense are not capitalized a U S representative a king a prime minister an ambassador Homer L Hall Logan H Aimone High School Journalism 2008 11 Capitalize King and Queen when used before a name Otherwise do not capitalize Servais Erin 2013 02 18 When to capitalize sir and madam Grammar Party Retrieved 2018 09 28 International Astronomical Union IAU Title Capitalization Rules Capitalize My Title Retrieved 2019 04 27 Capitalization APA Style Retrieved 2020 07 01 Title Capitalization The Chicago Manual of Style Online Retrieved 2019 04 27 The New Law Journal 142 1992 Mr Justice Rose has never got out of the habit of reading The Times since he was at Oxford and obtained it at a special I finish the day by reading The Times usually in bed Plush Hazel Revealed The 21 new Unesco World Heritage sites for 2016 The Telegraph 19 July 2016 retrieved 27 August 2016 External links EditCapitalization in English at the UnitedNations org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Capitalization in English amp oldid 1172883996, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
