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APA style

January 01, 1970

APA style (also known as APA format) is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences, including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, and anthropology, as well as psychology. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), which is titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and for "word choice that best reduces bias in language".[1][2] APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific journals, in many textbooks, and in academia (for papers written in classes). The current edition is its seventh revision.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition

The APA became involved in journal publishing in 1923.[3] In 1929, an APA committee had a seven-page writer's guide published in the Psychological Bulletin.[4][5] In 1944, a 32-page guide appeared as an article in the same journal.[3][6] The first edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952 as a 61-page supplement to the Psychological Bulletin,[7][8] marking the beginning of a recognized "APA style".[3] The initial edition went through two revisions: one in 1957, and one in 1967.[3] Subsequent editions were released in 1974, 1983, 1994, 2001, 2009, and 2019. The increasing length of the guidelines and its transformation into a manual have been accompanied by increasingly explicit prescriptions about many aspects of acceptable work. The earliest editions were controlled by a group of field leaders who were behaviorist in orientation and the manual has continued to foster that ideology, even as it has influenced many other fields.[9][10]

According to the American Psychological Association, APA format can make the point of an argument clear and simple to the reader.[11] Particularly influential were the "Guidelines for Nonsexist Language in APA Journals", first published as a modification to the 1974 edition, which provided practical alternatives to sexist language then in common usage.[12][13] The guidelines for reducing bias in language have been updated over the years and presently provide practical guidance for writing about age, disability, gender, participation in research, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectionality (APA, 2020, Chapter 5).[1]

A typical APA-style research paper fulfills 3 levels of specification. Level 1 states how a research paper must be organized by including a title page, an abstract, an introduction, the methodology, the results, a discussion, and references. In addition, formatting of abstracts and title pages must be as per the APA manual of style. Level 2 specifies the style of writing. It must be clear and formal without slang, pop culture references, biased language, and humor. It must minimize literary devices, use technical terms appropriately, and be direct. Level 3 specifies the mechanics such as double-spacing, using title case for headings, using numerals for numbers 10 and above, hyphenating compound adjectives, using in-text citations for sources, left aligning all tables and figures, and using footnotes sparingly.[14]

Seventh edition of the Publication Manual edit

The seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the current one, published in October 2019. The goal of the book is to help people become better writers and communicators by promoting clarity, precision, and inclusivity.[15]

The manual has new resources for students, including a student title page, student paper formats, and student-related reference formats such as classroom course pack material and classroom website sources. The book also includes new journal article reporting standards for qualitative and mixed methods research in addition to updated standards for quantitative research. The bias-free language guidelines have also been updated to reflect current best practices for talking about people's personal characteristics.[16]

The manual addresses accessibility for people with disabilities for the first time.[17] APA worked with accessibility experts to ensure APA style is accessible. For example, the in-text citation format is shortened so that the citations are easier to read for people who, for example, use screen readers or have cognitive disabilities.

Running heads are used in papers that follow APA Style. The running head is an abbreviated version of the paper title that is included in the header of professional papers along with the page number. In student papers, the page number is placed in the header but the page title is not, unless otherwise stated by the course instructor or educational institution.[18]

The manual has hundreds of reference examples, including formats for audiovisual media, social media, and webpages. There are many sample tables and figures, including basic student-friendly examples such as bar graphs. There are also sample papers for professionals and students.[16]

Since the seventh edition, APA also provides an APA Style website[19] and APA Style blog[20] to help people with APA style and answer common questions.

Sixth edition of the Publication Manual edit

The sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was in effect from 2009 to 2019, after four years of development. The Publication Manual Revision Task Force of the American Psychological Association established parameters for the revision based on published critique; user comments; commissioned reviews; and input from psychologists, nurses, librarians, business leaders, publishing professionals, and APA governance groups.[21][22] To accomplish these revisions, the Task Force appointed working groups of four to nine members in seven areas: bias-free language, ethics, graphics, Journal Article Reporting Standards,[23] references, statistics, and writing style (APA, 2009, pp. xvii–xviii).

The APA explained the issuing of a new edition only eight years after the fifth edition by pointing to the increased use of online source or online access to academic journals (6th edition, p. XV). The sixth edition is accompanied by a style website as well as the APA Style Blog which answers many common questions from users.

Errors in the first printing of the 6th edition edit

Sample papers in the first printing of the sixth edition contained errors. APA staff posted all of the corrections online for free in a single document on October 1, 2009, and shortly thereafter alerted users to the existence of the corrections in an APA blog entry.[24] These errors attracted significant attention from the scholarly community and nearly two weeks later, on October 13, 2009, the article "Correcting a Style Guide" was published in the online newspaper Inside Higher Ed that included interviews with several individuals, one of whom described the errors as "egregious".[25] All copies of the printing with errors were soon after recalled in 2009 (including those from major retailers such as Amazon.com) and a new printing correcting all the errors, with a copyright date of 2010,[26] was issued.

In-text citations edit

APA Style uses an author–date reference citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list. That means that to cite any reference in a paper, the writer should cite the author and year of the work, either by putting both in parentheses separated by a comma (parenthetical citation) or by putting the author in the narrative of the sentence and the year in parentheses (narrative citation).

Example narrative citation: Schmidt and Oh (2016) described a fear among the public that the findings of science are not actually real.

Example parenthetical citation: "In our postfactual era, many members of the public fear that the findings of science are not real" (Schmidt & Oh, 2016).

Reference list edit

In the APA reference list, the writer should provide the author, year, title, and source of the cited work in an alphabetical list of references. If a reference is not cited in the text, it should not be included in the reference list. The reference format varies depending on the document type (e.g., journal article, edited book chapter, blog post, webpage), but broadly speaking always follows the same pattern of author, date, title, source. If the source is undated, the abbreviation n.d. (no date) is used.

Reference type Template Example
Journal article with a DOI Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), page range. DOI Schmidt, F. L., & Oh, I.-S. (2016). The crisis of confidence in research findings in psychology: Is lack of replication the real problem? Or is it something else? Archives of Scientific Psychology, 4(1), 32–37. https://doi.org/10.1037/arc0000029
Whole book Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of book. Publisher. Brown, B. (2010). The gifts of imperfection: Let go of who you think you're supposed to be and embrace who you are. Hazelden.
Edited book chapter with a DOI Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of chapter. In E. Editor & A. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx–xxi). Publisher. DOI Singh, A. A., Hwahng, S. J., Chang, S. C., & White, B. (2017). Affirmative counseling with trans/gender-variant people of color. In A. Singh & L. M. Dickey (Eds.), Affirmative counseling and psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients (pp. 41–68). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14957-003
Webpage on a website Author, A., & Author, B. (year). Title of page. Site Name. URL

Group Author. (year). Title of page. URL

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). APA divisions. https://www.apa.org/about/division/
  • If a DOI is assigned to the work, give the DOI. If the item is available online but does not have a DOI, and it has a URL that will work, give the URL. Do not give a URL that will not work.
  • Always include the publisher in the source element for books and reference works; exceptions to this guideline include when the author and publisher are the same, and in this case, you omit the publisher from your reference.
  • In the seventh edition, the title of a webpage is always italic.
  • As of the seventh edition, the issue number of a journal is always listed in a reference citation if one is available. Prior to the seventh edition, if the journal cited employed continuous pagination throughout a volume, only the volume number was listed in the reference list.
  • According to the seventh edition, it is no longer obligatory to provide the publisher's location when citing a book.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2020. ISBN 978-1-4338-3217-8.
  2. ^ "APA Style". Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d VandenBos, Gary R. (1992). "The APA Knowledge Dissemination Program: An overview of 100 years". In Evans, Rand B.; Staudt Sexton, Virginia; Cadwallader, Thomas C. (eds.). The American Psychological Association: A Historical Perspective. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 347–390. ISBN 978-1-55798-136-3.
  4. ^ Bentley, M.; Peerenboom, C. A.; Hodge, F. W.; Passano, Edward B.; Warren, H. C.; Washburn, M. F. (February 1929). "Instructions in regard to preparation of manuscript". Psychological Bulletin. 26 (2): 57–63. doi:10.1037/h0071487. ISSN 0033-2909.
  5. ^ "APA Style Blog: The Origins of APA Style". blog.apastyle.org. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
  6. ^ Anderson, J. E.; Valentine, W. L. (June 1944). "The preparation of articles for publication in the journals of the American Psychological Association". Psychological Bulletin. 41 (6): 345–376. doi:10.1037/h0063335. ISSN 0033-2909.
  7. ^ "Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association". Psychological Bulletin. 49 (4): 388–448. 1952.
  8. ^ APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards (December 2008). "Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology: Why Do We Need Them? What Might They Be?" (PDF). American Psychologist. 63 (9): 839–851. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.839. PMC 2957094. PMID 19086746.
  9. ^ Bazerman, C. (1987). Codifying the social scientific style: The APA Publication Manual as a behaviorist rhetoric. In J. Nelson, A. Megill, & D. McCloskey (Eds.). The rhetoric of the human sciences (pp. 125-144). Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  10. ^ Madigan, R., Johnson, S., Linton, P., Fowler, R. (1995). The Language of Psychology: APA Style as Epistemology. The American psychologist, 50 (6), 428-436.
  11. ^ "Style and Grammar Guidelines". APA Style. American Psychological Association. September 2019. from the original on September 18, 2023. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  12. ^ APA Task Force on Issues of Sexual Bias in Graduate Education (June 1975). "Guidelines for nonsexist use of language". American Psychologist. 32 (6). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association: 487–494. doi:10.1037/h0076869. ISSN 0003-066X. OCLC 696450842.
  13. ^ APA Publication Manual Task Force (June 1977). "Guidelines for nonsexist language in APA journals [Change Sheet 2]". American Psychologist. 30 (6). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association: 682–684. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.32.6.487. ISSN 0003-066X. OCLC 696450842.
  14. ^ "What is APA Style? Everything You Need to Know". Enago. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
  15. ^ "About APA Style". APAStyle.org. American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  16. ^ a b "Product page for Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (2020)". American Psychological Association. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  17. ^ Introduction to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (PDF). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 2020. pp. xviii. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  18. ^ "What is a Running Head in APA Stye?". Editor World. Retrieved April 21, 2023.
  19. ^ "APA Style". APAStyle.APA.org.
  20. ^ "APA Style Blog". APAStyle.APA.org.
  21. ^ Meeting of the Council of Editors (Agenda book). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. April 13–14, 2007.
  22. ^ Meeting of the Publications and Communications Board (Agenda book). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. May 18–20, 2007.
  23. ^ APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards (2008). "Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology: Why Do We Need Them? What Might They Be" (PDF). American Psychologist. 63 (9): 839–851. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.9.839. PMC 2957094. PMID 19086746.
  24. ^ Skutley, Mary Lynn (October 8, 2009). "Note to APA Style Community: Sixth Edition Corrections". APA blog.
  25. ^ Epstein, Jennifer (October 13, 2009). Jaschik, Scott; Lederman, Doug (eds.). "Correcting a Style Guide". Inside Higher Ed. Washington, DC. Retrieved October 27, 2011.
  26. ^ "Publication manual of the American Psychological Association". LC Catalog. American Psychological Association. 2010. from the original on June 6, 2023.

Bibliography edit

External links edit

 
Wikiversity has learning resources about APA style

January 01, 1970
style, also, known, format, writing, style, format, academic, documents, such, scholarly, journal, articles, books, commonly, used, citing, sources, within, field, behavioral, social, sciences, including, sociology, education, nursing, criminal, justice, anthr. APA style also known as APA format is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences including sociology education nursing criminal justice and anthropology as well as psychology It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association APA which is titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences for clarity of communication and for word choice that best reduces bias in language 1 2 APA style is widely used either entirely or with modifications by hundreds of other scientific journals in many textbooks and in academia for papers written in classes The current edition is its seventh revision Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Seventh Edition The APA became involved in journal publishing in 1923 3 In 1929 an APA committee had a seven page writer s guide published in the Psychological Bulletin 4 5 In 1944 a 32 page guide appeared as an article in the same journal 3 6 The first edition of the APA Publication Manual was published in 1952 as a 61 page supplement to the Psychological Bulletin 7 8 marking the beginning of a recognized APA style 3 The initial edition went through two revisions one in 1957 and one in 1967 3 Subsequent editions were released in 1974 1983 1994 2001 2009 and 2019 The increasing length of the guidelines and its transformation into a manual have been accompanied by increasingly explicit prescriptions about many aspects of acceptable work The earliest editions were controlled by a group of field leaders who were behaviorist in orientation and the manual has continued to foster that ideology even as it has influenced many other fields 9 10 According to the American Psychological Association APA format can make the point of an argument clear and simple to the reader 11 Particularly influential were the Guidelines for Nonsexist Language in APA Journals first published as a modification to the 1974 edition which provided practical alternatives to sexist language then in common usage 12 13 The guidelines for reducing bias in language have been updated over the years and presently provide practical guidance for writing about age disability gender participation in research race and ethnicity sexual orientation socioeconomic status and intersectionality APA 2020 Chapter 5 1 A typical APA style research paper fulfills 3 levels of specification Level 1 states how a research paper must be organized by including a title page an abstract an introduction the methodology the results a discussion and references In addition formatting of abstracts and title pages must be as per the APA manual of style Level 2 specifies the style of writing It must be clear and formal without slang pop culture references biased language and humor It must minimize literary devices use technical terms appropriately and be direct Level 3 specifies the mechanics such as double spacing using title case for headings using numerals for numbers 10 and above hyphenating compound adjectives using in text citations for sources left aligning all tables and figures and using footnotes sparingly 14 Contents 1 Seventh edition of the Publication Manual 2 Sixth edition of the Publication Manual 2 1 Errors in the first printing of the 6th edition 2 2 In text citations 2 3 Reference list 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External linksSeventh edition of the Publication Manual editThe seventh edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the current one published in October 2019 The goal of the book is to help people become better writers and communicators by promoting clarity precision and inclusivity 15 The manual has new resources for students including a student title page student paper formats and student related reference formats such as classroom course pack material and classroom website sources The book also includes new journal article reporting standards for qualitative and mixed methods research in addition to updated standards for quantitative research The bias free language guidelines have also been updated to reflect current best practices for talking about people s personal characteristics 16 The manual addresses accessibility for people with disabilities for the first time 17 APA worked with accessibility experts to ensure APA style is accessible For example the in text citation format is shortened so that the citations are easier to read for people who for example use screen readers or have cognitive disabilities Running heads are used in papers that follow APA Style The running head is an abbreviated version of the paper title that is included in the header of professional papers along with the page number In student papers the page number is placed in the header but the page title is not unless otherwise stated by the course instructor or educational institution 18 The manual has hundreds of reference examples including formats for audiovisual media social media and webpages There are many sample tables and figures including basic student friendly examples such as bar graphs There are also sample papers for professionals and students 16 Since the seventh edition APA also provides an APA Style website 19 and APA Style blog 20 to help people with APA style and answer common questions Sixth edition of the Publication Manual editThe sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association was in effect from 2009 to 2019 after four years of development The Publication Manual Revision Task Force of the American Psychological Association established parameters for the revision based on published critique user comments commissioned reviews and input from psychologists nurses librarians business leaders publishing professionals and APA governance groups 21 22 To accomplish these revisions the Task Force appointed working groups of four to nine members in seven areas bias free language ethics graphics Journal Article Reporting Standards 23 references statistics and writing style APA 2009 pp xvii xviii The APA explained the issuing of a new edition only eight years after the fifth edition by pointing to the increased use of online source or online access to academic journals 6th edition p XV The sixth edition is accompanied by a style website as well as the APA Style Blog which answers many common questions from users Errors in the first printing of the 6th edition edit Sample papers in the first printing of the sixth edition contained errors APA staff posted all of the corrections online for free in a single document on October 1 2009 and shortly thereafter alerted users to the existence of the corrections in an APA blog entry 24 These errors attracted significant attention from the scholarly community and nearly two weeks later on October 13 2009 the article Correcting a Style Guide was published in the online newspaper Inside Higher Ed that included interviews with several individuals one of whom described the errors as egregious 25 All copies of the printing with errors were soon after recalled in 2009 including those from major retailers such as Amazon com and a new printing correcting all the errors with a copyright date of 2010 26 was issued In text citations edit APA Style uses an author date reference citation system in the text with an accompanying reference list That means that to cite any reference in a paper the writer should cite the author and year of the work either by putting both in parentheses separated by a comma parenthetical citation or by putting the author in the narrative of the sentence and the year in parentheses narrative citation Example narrative citation Schmidt and Oh 2016 described a fear among the public that the findings of science are not actually real Example parenthetical citation In our postfactual era many members of the public fear that the findings of science are not real Schmidt amp Oh 2016 Reference list edit In the APA reference list the writer should provide the author year title and source of the cited work in an alphabetical list of references If a reference is not cited in the text it should not be included in the reference list The reference format varies depending on the document type e g journal article edited book chapter blog post webpage but broadly speaking always follows the same pattern of author date title source If the source is undated the abbreviation n d no date is used Reference type Template Example Journal article with a DOI Author A amp Author B year Title of article Journal Title Volume Issue page range DOI Schmidt F L amp Oh I S 2016 The crisis of confidence in research findings in psychology Is lack of replication the real problem Or is it something else Archives of Scientific Psychology 4 1 32 37 https doi org 10 1037 arc0000029 Whole book Author A amp Author B year Title of book Publisher Brown B 2010 The gifts of imperfection Let go of who you think you re supposed to be and embrace who you are Hazelden Edited book chapter with a DOI Author A amp Author B year Title of chapter In E Editor amp A Editor Eds Title of book pp xx xxi Publisher DOI Singh A A Hwahng S J Chang S C amp White B 2017 Affirmative counseling with trans gender variant people of color In A Singh amp L M Dickey Eds Affirmative counseling and psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming clients pp 41 68 American Psychological Association https doi org 10 1037 14957 003 Webpage on a website Author A amp Author B year Title of page Site Name URL Group Author year Title of page URL American Psychological Association n d APA divisions https www apa org about division If a DOI is assigned to the work give the DOI If the item is available online but does not have a DOI and it has a URL that will work give the URL Do not give a URL that will not work Always include the publisher in the source element for books and reference works exceptions to this guideline include when the author and publisher are the same and in this case you omit the publisher from your reference In the seventh edition the title of a webpage is always italic As of the seventh edition the issue number of a journal is always listed in a reference citation if one is available Prior to the seventh edition if the journal cited employed continuous pagination throughout a volume only the volume number was listed in the reference list According to the seventh edition it is no longer obligatory to provide the publisher s location when citing a book See also editCitation Comparison of reference management software MLA style Chicago styleReferences edit a b The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 7th ed Washington DC American Psychological Association 2020 ISBN 978 1 4338 3217 8 APA Style Washington DC American Psychological Association Retrieved February 26 2020 a b c d VandenBos Gary R 1992 The APA Knowledge Dissemination Program An overview of 100 years In Evans Rand B Staudt Sexton Virginia Cadwallader Thomas C eds The American Psychological Association A Historical Perspective Washington DC American Psychological Association pp 347 390 ISBN 978 1 55798 136 3 Bentley M Peerenboom C A Hodge F W Passano Edward B Warren H C Washburn M F February 1929 Instructions in regard to preparation of manuscript Psychological Bulletin 26 2 57 63 doi 10 1037 h0071487 ISSN 0033 2909 APA Style Blog The Origins of APA Style blog apastyle org Retrieved December 14 2016 Anderson J E Valentine W L June 1944 The preparation of articles for publication in the journals of the American Psychological Association Psychological Bulletin 41 6 345 376 doi 10 1037 h0063335 ISSN 0033 2909 Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Psychological Bulletin 49 4 388 448 1952 APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards December 2008 Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology Why Do We Need Them What Might They Be PDF American Psychologist 63 9 839 851 doi 10 1037 0003 066x 63 9 839 PMC 2957094 PMID 19086746 Bazerman C 1987 Codifying the social scientific style The APA Publication Manual as a behaviorist rhetoric In J Nelson A Megill amp D McCloskey Eds The rhetoric of the human sciences pp 125 144 Madison University of Wisconsin Press Madigan R Johnson S Linton P Fowler R 1995 The Language of Psychology APA Style as Epistemology The American psychologist 50 6 428 436 Style and Grammar Guidelines APA Style American Psychological Association September 2019 Archived from the original on September 18 2023 Retrieved October 3 2023 APA Task Force on Issues of Sexual Bias in Graduate Education June 1975 Guidelines for nonsexist use of language American Psychologist 32 6 Washington DC American Psychological Association 487 494 doi 10 1037 h0076869 ISSN 0003 066X OCLC 696450842 APA Publication Manual Task Force June 1977 Guidelines for nonsexist language in APA journals Change Sheet 2 American Psychologist 30 6 Washington DC American Psychological Association 682 684 doi 10 1037 0003 066X 32 6 487 ISSN 0003 066X OCLC 696450842 What is APA Style Everything You Need to Know Enago Retrieved September 17 2021 About APA Style APAStyle org American Psychological Association Retrieved February 27 2020 a b Product page for Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Seventh Edition 2020 American Psychological Association Retrieved February 27 2020 Introduction to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association Seventh Edition PDF Washington DC American Psychological Association 2020 pp xviii Retrieved February 27 2020 What is a Running Head in APA Stye Editor World Retrieved April 21 2023 APA Style APAStyle APA org APA Style Blog APAStyle APA org Meeting of the Council of Editors Agenda book Washington DC American Psychological Association April 13 14 2007 Meeting of the Publications and Communications Board Agenda book Washington DC American Psychological Association May 18 20 2007 APA Publications and Communications Board Working Group on Journal Article Reporting Standards 2008 Reporting Standards for Research in Psychology Why Do We Need Them What Might They Be PDF American Psychologist 63 9 839 851 doi 10 1037 0003 066x 63 9 839 PMC 2957094 PMID 19086746 Skutley Mary Lynn October 8 2009 Note to APA Style Community Sixth Edition Corrections APA blog Epstein Jennifer October 13 2009 Jaschik Scott Lederman Doug eds Correcting a Style Guide Inside Higher Ed Washington DC Retrieved October 27 2011 Publication manual of the American Psychological Association LC Catalog American Psychological Association 2010 Archived from the original on June 6 2023 Bibliography editPublication Manual of the American Psychological Association 7th ed Washington DC American Psychological Association 2020 ISBN 978 1 4338 3217 8 spiral bound Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 6th ed Washington DC American Psychological Association 2010 ISBN 978 1 4338 0562 2 spiral bound Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 5th ed Washington DC American Psychological Association 2001 ISBN 978 1 55798 791 4 External links edit nbsp Wikiversity has learning resources about APA style American Psychological Association s APA Style website APA Formatted Paper Template at Indian River State College s Library site APA Formatted Paper Template at LibreOffice GPL License Interactive APA at Massey University s OWLL site APA resources at Purdue University s Online Writing Lab Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title APA style amp oldid 1217809221, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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