Breda 20/65 mod.35
The Breda 20/65 mod.35 ("Breda 20 mm L/65 model 1935"),[2][3] also simply known as 20 mm Breda[4] or Breda Model 35,[5] among other variations,[3] was an Italian 20 mm (0.787 in) anti-aircraft gun produced by the Società Italiana Ernesto Breda of Brescia company during the 1930s and early 1940s. It saw heavy usage during the Spanish Civil War and World War II, among other conflicts. It was designed in 1932 and adopted by the Italian armed forces in 1935,[3] becoming one of two major 20 mm caliber anti-aircraft guns used by Italy during World War II, along with the Scotti-Isotta Fraschini 20/70 (Scotti 20 mm), both of which fired the Swiss 20x138mmB "Solothurn Long" cartridge.
| Breda 20/65 mod.35 Cannone-Mitragliera da 20/65 modello 35 | |
|---|---|
A 20/65 Breda anti-aircraft gun in Beijing. This example lacks the usual predictor sight and muzzle booster. | |
| Type | Light anti-aircraft gun Light anti-tank gun |
| Place of origin | Italy |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1935–ca 1985 |
| Used by | See Users |
| Wars | Second Sino-Japanese War, Spanish Civil War, World War II, Ecuadorian–Peruvian War |
| Production history | |
| Designed | 1932 |
| Manufacturer | Breda Meccanica Bresciana |
| No. built | unknown, 1088 as of June 1940[1] |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 330 kg (730 lb) |
| Length | 3.34 m (10 ft 11 in) |
| Barrel length | 1.87 m (6 ft 2 in) |
| Crew | 3–6 |
| Shell | 20×138mmB |
| Caliber | 20 mm (0.79 in) |
| Barrels | 1 |
| Action | Gas-operated |
| Elevation | -10 degrees to +80 |
| Traverse | 360 degrees |
| Rate of fire | 240 rounds per minute |
| Muzzle velocity | 840 m/s (2,800 ft/s) |
| Effective firing range | 1,500 m (4,900 ft) (against aerial targets) |
| Maximum firing range | 5.5 km (3.4 mi) |
| Feed system | 12 round strip |
| Sights | Telescopic predictor sight |
The Royal Italian Army designated the gun Cannone-Mitragliera da 20/65 (lit. "Cannon-Machinegun 20/65"),[3] and the mount modello 35 (model 1935), or mod.35 for short.[3][4] Later, a mod.39 (1939) and a mod.40 (1940) system were introduced, featuring the same gun but in new mounts.[4][6] The "20/65" part of the name refers to the caliber and barrel length of the gun (20 mm L/65).
Design edit
Designed for use against aircraft and ground targets, it was effective against light tanks; its armour-piercing round could penetrate 30 millimeters of armour at 500 meters. It had a two-wheeled trailer, but due to its structural weakness that limited the towing speed to 20 km/h, the weapon was usually transported on a truck bed.
- Breda 20/65 mod 35 on its two-wheeled trailer drawn by a mule
edit
This gun was widely employed by the Regia Marina as a deck-mounted anti-aircraft weapon in most Italian warships, in both single and twin mountings; considered a fairly efficient weapon, in the widespread Model 1935 twin mounting, it shared with the similar Cannone-Mitragliera da 37/54 the operating systems and therefore its flaws, namely high vibrations and the requirement for a strong supporting structure. Of the two single mountings (Model 1939 and 1940), the latter (widely used on small units like corvettes, and MAS), partly corrected these faults and had a better sight; however, overall the Breda 20 mm was considered somewhat inferior to the Oerlikon 20 mm cannon (used by the Regia Marina from 1941). All the mountings had an elevation of −10 to +90 degrees.[7][8] The 1935 twin mounting fitted the guns next to each other with the left gun (in direction of aim) placed on a level above the right gun so as to clear the horizontal ammunition feeding port.
In 1940 the Swedish Navy received a number of Breda 20/65 naval guns as part of their purchase of two Spica-class torpedo boats, in Sweden becoming HSwMS Romulus (27) & HSwMS Remus (28) in the "Romulus-class". In Swedish service the guns were designated '20 mm automatkanon m/38' (20 mm autocannon m/38), or '20 mm akan m/38' for short. The guns primarily used the Italian naval twin-mount and shared ammunition commonality with the Swedish army's '20 mm akan m/39' (2 cm Flak 30) anti air guns purchased around the same time.[9]
- Swedish 20 mm akan m/38 (20/65 Breda in naval twin-mount) on the Italian built HSwMS Remus (28)
- Swedish torpedo boat HSwMS Romulus (27) with 20 mm akan m/38
- 20 mm akan m/38 during a firing exercise
Use edit
In addition to use as an anti-aircraft gun, the Model 35 was mounted as the main armament in several vehicles. It was initially fitted in four Panzer Is converted during the Spanish Civil War, by the Nationalists, in an effort to improve their fighting capability against the Soviet T-26s fielded by the Republican forces. Later the gun was fitted to Fiat L6/40 light tanks and the AB 41 armoured cars.
- An AS.42 of the Italian Auto-Saharan Company mounted with a Breda 20/65 M35
- A Breda 20/65 M35 mounted as the main armament on an Italian AB 41 armored car
- Fiat L6/40 light tank armed with a Breda 20/65 in its turret
After the Winter War had begun, Finland bought 88 Breda guns from Italy, the last arriving during the Interim Peace in June 1940. Five of the Finnish Bredas were lost in action during the Continuation War. In addition, the four Italian-built Jymy class motor torpedo boats operated by the Finnish Navy each had one 20 mm Breda cannon on the rear deck. The Finnish Defence Forces used the 20 ItK/35 Breda, as the gun was officially known in that service, as a training weapon for anti-aircraft crews for several decades after the end of World War II. In 1985 there were still 76 guns remaining in the inventory, but all of these were discarded later during that decade.
In North Africa, the Commonwealth forces captured many Breda Model 35s during Operation Compass, enabling the Australian 2/3 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment,[10] parts of the 4th Anti-Aircraft Brigade (which had a total of 42 Bredas in its Light Anti-Aircraft batteries during the Siege of Tobruk) and one battery of 106th (Lancashire Hussars) Regiment, RHA to be equipped with them.
Captured Bredas were used by the Long Range Desert Group and Royal Australian Navy and Royal Navy vessels including HMAS Vendetta, HMAS Perth[11] and HMS Ladybird, and at least one Marmon-Herrington Mk II armoured car.[12]
During the Second Sino-Japanese War (World War 2 in China), Chinese Nationalist Army soldiers used the Breda Model 35 during the Battle of Xinkou, shooting down 3 Japanese planes. The Breda Model 35 was not only used in the anti-aircraft role but was also used to destroy Japanese tanks and armored vehicles.
The Ecuadorian Army bought some Breda guns before the Ecuadorian–Peruvian War but lost 9 of them during the war.[13]
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia bought 120 Breda guns in 1939 and they were delivered before invasion of Yugoslavia.[14]
Users edit
- Australia
- Costa Rica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Finland – designation: 20 ItK/35, Breda[15]
- Kingdom of Italy[4]
- Kingdom of Yugoslavia
- Nazi Germany - designation: 2 cm Breda (i)[4]
- Republic of China[16] (among various other warring Chinese military factions – see Chinese Civil War)[4]
- Slovak Republic (1939–1945)[4]
- Sweden - designation: 20 mm akan m/38[9]
- United Kingdom[4]
See also edit
References edit
Notes edit
- ^ "CANNONE-MITRAGLIERE DA 20/65 MODELLO 35 - Quartermaster Section".
- ^ Carlbom, Lars (2014). Svenska jagare : fyrtio legendariska fartyg med detaljerade ritningar (in Swedish). Fischer & Co. p. 314. ISBN 9789186597788.
- ^ a b c d e "Canon mitrailleur Breda de 20/65 mod.35". italie1935-45.com. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Cannone-Mitragliera da 20/65 modello 35 (Breda)". africaaxisandallied.blogspot.com. 13 March 2015. from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
- ^ "This captured Italian Breda Model 35 20mm cannon was manned by Australians of No 8 Battery, 3rd ..." awm.gov.au. Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 7 June 2022.
- ^ Campbell, p. 346
- ^ Bagnasco, p. 85-7
- ^ a b AMREG, Ammunitionsregister, Flottan, 1947 års utgåva (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Swedish Naval Materiel Administration (KMF). 1947.
- ^ Rae, CJE, Harris, AL & Bryant, RK 1987, On target: the story of the 2/3 Australian Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment from formation on 18th July 1940 until disbandment on 14 July 1943 and the subsequent service of 7th Battery, 8th Battery, and 9th Battery, until the end of World War II, 2/3rd Australian Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment Association, Melbourne
- ^ [1] Australian War Memorial photograph collection, ID Numbers P00219.015 and P01915.015.
- ^ "The British Army in North Africa 1941: E 2872 (photograph)". Imperial War Museum Collection Search. Retrieved 2 July 2012.
- ^ Jowett, Philip (28 June 2018). Latin American Wars 1900–1941: "Banana Wars," Border Wars & Revolutions. Men-at-Arms 519. Osprey Publishing. pp. 40, 42. ISBN 9781472826282.
- ^ Nebojša Đokić and Branko Nadoveza: NABAVKA NAORUŽANjA IZ INOSTRANSTVAZA POTREBE VOJSKE I MORNARICE KRALjEVINE SHS/JUGOSLAVIJE,NABAVKE IZ POLjSKE, SAD, ČEHOSLOVAČKE I ITALIJE p.159
- ^ FINNISH ARMY 1918 – 1945: ANTIAIRCRAFT GUNS PART 1
- ^ . Archived from the original on 13 September 2007.
Bibliography edit
- Bagnasco, Erminio (1978). Le armi delle navi italiane nella Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Parma: Ermanno Albertelli Editore. ISBN 8887372403.
- Campbell, John (1985). Naval weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0870214594.
- Pitkänen, Mika & Simpanen, Timo. 20 mm Suomessa – Aseet ja ampumatarvikkeet ennen vuotta 1945
20 mm in Finland – Weapons and Ammunition prior to 1945. Apali, 2007. ISBN 978-952-5026-59-7 - Latimer, Jon. Operation Compass 1940: Wavell's whirlwind offensive. Praeger, 2004. ISBN 0-275-98286-6
- Latimer, Jon. Tobruk 1941: Rommel's opening move. Praeger, 2004. ISBN 0-275-98287-4
- Chris Bishop. The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II.
External links edit
- Media related to Cannone-Mitragliera da 20/65 modello 35 at Wikimedia Commons