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Candiacervus

October 21, 2023

Candiacervus is an extinct genus of deer native to Pleistocene Crete.[1] Due to a lack of other herbivores, the genus underwent an adaptive radiation, filling niches occupied by other taxa on the mainland. Due to the small size of Crete, some species underwent insular dwarfism,[2] the smallest species, C. ropalophorus, stood about 40 centimetres (16 in) at the shoulders when fully grown,[3] while other species were relatively large and comparable in size to mainland deer species. Some species (C. ropalophorus) are noted for their peculiar, elongate club-shaped antlers, though other species have more normal antlers.

Candiacervus
Temporal range: late Middle - Late Pleistocene
Specimen of Candiacervus sp. II
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Cervidae
Genus: †Candiacervus
Kuss, 1975
Species
  • †Candiacervus ropalophorus de Vos, 1984
  • †Candiacervus cretensis (Simonelli, 1907) (type)
  • †Candiacervus dorothensis (Capasso Barbato, 1990)
  • †Candiacervus rethymensis Kuss, 1975
  • †Candiacervus major (Capasso Barbato and Petronio, 1986)
  • †Candiacervus devosi van der Geer, 2018
  • †Candiacervus listeri van der Geer, 2018
  • †Candiacervus reumeri van der Geer, 2018

Taxonomy Edit

The Cretan deer is a typical example of taxonomical problems involving endemic insular mammals, due to the much larger variety than on the mainland, and the strong endemism. This obscures taxonomy, because many endemic features of Candiacervus are not unique but are found in other island deer as well,[4] such as Cervus astylodon (Ryukyu Islands) and Hoplitomeryx (Southern Italy). De Vos (1979, 1984, 1996)[5][6][7] identified eight morphotypes into one genus (Candiacervus), whereas Capasso Barbato (1992)[8] included the larger species, rethymnensis, major and dorothensis, in Cervus (subgenus Leptocervus) and the smaller species ropalophorus and cretensis in Megaloceros (subgenus Candiacervus), implying two different ancestors, and she also did not recognize sp. II with its three morphotypes, instead referring it to ropalophorus. A new paper published in 2018 rejected the conclusion of Capasso Barbato (1992) and formally named the three morphotypes of De Vos' Candiacervus sp. II C. devosi, C. listeri, and C. reumeri.[9]

On the nearby island of Karpathos, Kuss[10] found deer which were, in his view, similar to the Cretan deer. Therefore, he grouped his species pygadiensis and cerigensis under the genus Candiacervus, but this needs further confirmation. As long as no direct link with Crete is attested, the deer genus of Karpathos is questioned, and better referred to as Cervus.

They were traditionally considered to be related to the giant Irish elk, with some experts regarding Candiacervus as a subgenus of Megaloceros.[8] However, van der Geer (2018) finds them closer to fallow deer (Dama).[9]

Description Edit

 
Skull of Candiacervus ropalophorus

The Cretan deer is represented by no less than eight different morphotypes, ranging from dwarf size with withers height of about 40 centimetres (16 in) to very large with withers height of about 165 centimetres (65 in),[6] spanning a body mass range from 27.8 kilograms (61 lb) in the smallest species C. ropalophorus to 245.4 kilograms (541 lb) in the largest species C. major. This is explained as an adaptive radiation following ecological release to occupy available niches. The larger species had proportionally longer legs than mainland deer, while the dwarf species had proportionally shorter legs.[11] The large size of the only known individual of C. major may be due to pituitary gigantism, in which case the species may be a synonym of one of the smaller species, perhaps the red deer sized C. dorothensis,[12] which is suggested to weigh around 170.1 kilograms (375 lb).[11]The short legs of the dwarf species is suggested to be an adaptation to a goat-like niche of climbing around on rocky terrain and consuming low quality foliage.[13] The antler morphology was highly varied, in some of the dwarf species like C. ropalophorus, the antler was simplified and greatly elongated into a club like structure unique among deer, while others retained a more typical antler morphology. The club-like antlers of C. ropalophorus and similar forms were probably only used for display rather than combat.[9] The antler and skull morphology is unknown in the largest species.[11]

Ecology Edit

The fauna of which Candiacervus is an element is called Biozone II, or the Mus Zone (after the Mus genus of mice).[14] This fauna inhabited Crete between the late Middle and Late Pleistocene, which means between 0.3 and 0.01 million years ago. It succeeds the Kritimys biozone, which spanned the Early-early Middle Pleistocene.[15]

The typical terrestrial mammalian fauna elements of this biozone aside from Candiacervus are a lineage of mice (Mus bateae, M. minotaurus), a dwarf elephant (Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi), the Cretan otter (Lutrogale (Isolalutra) cretensis), and the Cretan shrew (Crocidura zimmermanni).[16]

Despite living in an environment free of large terrestrial predators, the species of Candiacervus exhibited relatively high rates of juvenile mortality, with likely causes of death being accidents and malnutrition.[17] Adult individuals are suggested to have had relatively long lifespans compared to extant ruminants.[17][18]

Extinction Edit

The extinction of Candiacervus may be due to the arrival of humans at the end of the Pleistocene.[19] They could have exterminated the deer either actively by hunting, or passively by destroying its habitat. Another option is a gradual depletion of the ecosystem, as indicated by the finding of a complete herd consisting of individuals suffering a bone disease of an osteosclerotic nature (see X-ray photograph).[20] The impact of paleolithic humans is at present still unproven, partly because of the scarcity on published fauna lists from archaeological sites (except for Knossos), partly because of the insecurely dated materials.

In 2018 it was proposed that petrogylphs in Asphendou Cave in western Crete depicted Candiacervus, suggesting that humans and Candiacervus chronologically overlapped on the island.[21]

References Edit

  1. ^ Van der Geer, A.A.E., Dermitzakis, M., De Vos, J. 2006. Crete before the Cretans: the reign of dwarfs. Pharos 13, 121-132. Athens: Netherlands Institute.PDF
  2. ^ Van der Geer, A.A.E., De Vos, J., Dermitzakis, M., Lyras, G., 2009. Hoe dieren op eilanden evolueren. Majorca, Ibiza, Kreta, Sardiniie, Sicilie, Japan, Madagaskar, Malta. Utrecht: Veen Magazines; ISBN 978-90-8571-169-8.Ga naar Bruna 2013-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ Kolb, Christian; Scheyer, Torsten M; Lister, Adrian M; Azorit, Concepcion; de Vos, John; Schlingemann, Margaretha AJ; Rössner, Gertrud E; Monaghan, Nigel T; Sánchez-Villagra, Marcelo R (December 2015). "Growth in fossil and extant deer and implications for body size and life history evolution". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 19. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0295-3. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4332446. PMID 25887855.
  4. ^ Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2005. Island ruminants and the evolution of parallel functional structures. In: Cregut, E. (Ed.): Les ongulés holarctiques du Pliocène et du Pléistocène. Actes Colloque international Avignon, 19-22 septembre. Quaternair, 2005 hors-série 2: 231-240. Paris. PDF
  5. ^ De Vos, J. 1979. The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Series B 82 (1), 59-90
  6. ^ a b De Vos J. 1984. The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete. Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, afd. Natuur¬kunde, eerste reeks 31. North Holland Publishing Compa¬ny. Amsterdam, Oxford, New York. 100 pp.
  7. ^ De Vos, J. 1996. Taxonomy, Ancestry and Speciation of the Endemic Pleistocene Deer of Crete Compared with the Taxonomy, Ancestry and Speciation of Darwin's Finches. In: Reese, 1996, 111-24.
  8. ^ a b Capasso Barbato L. 1992b. Observations on the biostratigraphy of Cretan Pleistocene vertebrates. Il Quaternario 5 (1), 67-76.
  9. ^ a b c van der Geer, Alexandra (2018). "Uniformity in variety: Antler morphology and evolution in a predator-free environment". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21 (1): 1–31. doi:10.26879/834.
  10. ^ Kuss S.E., 1975. Die pleistozänen Hirsche der ostmediterranen Inseln Kreta, Kasos, Karpatos und Rhodos (Griechenland). Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg im Breisgau, 65 (1 2), 25-79.
  11. ^ a b c Besiou, Eva; Choupa, Maria; Lyras, George; van der Geer, Alexandra (2022). "Body mass divergence in sympatric deer species of Pleistocene Crete (Greece)". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/1221.
  12. ^ Palombo, Maria Rita; Zedda, Marco (January 2022). "The intriguing giant deer from the Bate cave (Crete): could paleohistological evidence question its taxonomy and nomenclature?". Integrative Zoology. 17 (1): 54–77. doi:10.1111/1749-4877.12533. ISSN 1749-4877. PMC 9292671. PMID 33728744.
  13. ^ Van der Geer, A.A.E., De Vos, J., Lyras, G., Dermitzakis, M. (2006). New data on the Pleistocene Cretan deer Candiacervus sp. II (Mammalia, Cervinae). In: Kahlke, R.-D., Maul, L. C. & Mazza, P. (Eds.): Late Neogene and Quaternary biodiversity and evolution: Regional developments and interregional correlations. Proceedings of the 18th International Senckenberg Conference (VI International Palaeontological Colloquium in Weimar) vol. II. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 256, 131-137. Frankfurt am Main.
  14. ^ Mayhew, D.F. 1977. The endemic Pleistocene murids of Crete I-II. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen B, 80 (3), 182-214.
  15. ^ Dermitzakis, M.D. & J. De Vos 1987. Faunal Succession and the Evolution of Mammals in Crete during the Pleistocene. Neues Jahrbuch Geologischer und Paläontologischer Abhandlungen 173 (3), 377-408.
  16. ^ Lyras, George A.; Athanassiou, Athanassios; van der Geer, Alexandra A. E. (2022), Vlachos, Evangelos (ed.), "The Fossil Record of Insular Endemic Mammals from Greece", Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol. 2, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 661–701, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-68442-6_25, ISBN 978-3-030-68441-9, S2CID 239841623, retrieved 2023-04-30
  17. ^ a b van der Geer, Alexandra A. E.; Lyras, George A.; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Lomolino, Mark; Drinia, Hara (2014-06-24). "Mortality in a Predator-free Insular Environment: the Dwarf Deer of Crete". American Museum Novitates (3807): 1–26. doi:10.1206/3807.1. hdl:10795/3278. ISSN 0003-0082. S2CID 55025900.
  18. ^ Miszkiewicz, Justyna J; Van Der Geer, Alexandra A E (2022-04-22). "Inferring longevity from advanced rib remodelling in insular dwarf deer". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 136 (1): 41–58. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blac018. ISSN 0024-4066.
  19. ^ Sondaar, P.Y., Van der Geer, A.A.E. 2005. Evolution and Extinction of Plio-Pleistocene Island Ungulates. In: Cregut, E. (Ed.): Les ongulés holarctiques du Pliocène et du Pléistocène. Actes Colloque international Avignon, 19-22 septembre. Quaternair, 2005 hors-série 2: 241-256. Paris.
  20. ^ Dermitzakis M., Van der Geer AAE, Lyras G. 2006. Palaeopathological observations on a population of fossil deer from the Late Pleistocene of Crete. In: Kalofourtis, A., Papadopoulos, N., Spiliopoulou, C., Marabellas, K., Chatzioannou, A.. Volume in Honor of Prof. A.S. Koutselinis, pp. 43–51. [in Greek with English summary] PDF
  21. ^ Strasser, Thomas F.; Murray, Sarah C.; van der Geer, Alexandra; Kolb, Christina; Ruprecht, Louis A. (April 2018). "Palaeolithic cave art from Crete, Greece". Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 18: 100–108. doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.12.041.

External links Edit

  • Article on the mounting of a Candiacervus skeleton[permanent dead link]
  • Scientific information on Candiacervus

October 21, 2023
candiacervus, extinct, genus, deer, native, pleistocene, crete, lack, other, herbivores, genus, underwent, adaptive, radiation, filling, niches, occupied, other, taxa, mainland, small, size, crete, some, species, underwent, insular, dwarfism, smallest, species. Candiacervus is an extinct genus of deer native to Pleistocene Crete 1 Due to a lack of other herbivores the genus underwent an adaptive radiation filling niches occupied by other taxa on the mainland Due to the small size of Crete some species underwent insular dwarfism 2 the smallest species C ropalophorus stood about 40 centimetres 16 in at the shoulders when fully grown 3 while other species were relatively large and comparable in size to mainland deer species Some species C ropalophorus are noted for their peculiar elongate club shaped antlers though other species have more normal antlers CandiacervusTemporal range late Middle Late PleistoceneSpecimen of Candiacervus sp IIScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ArtiodactylaFamily CervidaeGenus CandiacervusKuss 1975Species Candiacervus ropalophorus de Vos 1984 Candiacervus cretensis Simonelli 1907 type Candiacervus dorothensis Capasso Barbato 1990 Candiacervus rethymensis Kuss 1975 Candiacervus major Capasso Barbato and Petronio 1986 Candiacervus devosi van der Geer 2018 Candiacervus listeri van der Geer 2018 Candiacervus reumeri van der Geer 2018 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Ecology 4 Extinction 5 References 6 External linksTaxonomy EditThe Cretan deer is a typical example of taxonomical problems involving endemic insular mammals due to the much larger variety than on the mainland and the strong endemism This obscures taxonomy because many endemic features of Candiacervus are not unique but are found in other island deer as well 4 such as Cervus astylodon Ryukyu Islands and Hoplitomeryx Southern Italy De Vos 1979 1984 1996 5 6 7 identified eight morphotypes into one genus Candiacervus whereas Capasso Barbato 1992 8 included the larger species rethymnensis major and dorothensis in Cervus subgenus Leptocervus and the smaller species ropalophorus and cretensis in Megaloceros subgenus Candiacervus implying two different ancestors and she also did not recognize sp II with its three morphotypes instead referring it to ropalophorus A new paper published in 2018 rejected the conclusion of Capasso Barbato 1992 and formally named the three morphotypes of De Vos Candiacervus sp II C devosi C listeri and C reumeri 9 On the nearby island of Karpathos Kuss 10 found deer which were in his view similar to the Cretan deer Therefore he grouped his species pygadiensis and cerigensis under the genus Candiacervus but this needs further confirmation As long as no direct link with Crete is attested the deer genus of Karpathos is questioned and better referred to as Cervus They were traditionally considered to be related to the giant Irish elk with some experts regarding Candiacervus as a subgenus of Megaloceros 8 However van der Geer 2018 finds them closer to fallow deer Dama 9 Description Edit nbsp Skull of Candiacervus ropalophorusThe Cretan deer is represented by no less than eight different morphotypes ranging from dwarf size with withers height of about 40 centimetres 16 in to very large with withers height of about 165 centimetres 65 in 6 spanning a body mass range from 27 8 kilograms 61 lb in the smallest species C ropalophorus to 245 4 kilograms 541 lb in the largest species C major This is explained as an adaptive radiation following ecological release to occupy available niches The larger species had proportionally longer legs than mainland deer while the dwarf species had proportionally shorter legs 11 The large size of the only known individual of C major may be due to pituitary gigantism in which case the species may be a synonym of one of the smaller species perhaps the red deer sized C dorothensis 12 which is suggested to weigh around 170 1 kilograms 375 lb 11 The short legs of the dwarf species is suggested to be an adaptation to a goat like niche of climbing around on rocky terrain and consuming low quality foliage 13 The antler morphology was highly varied in some of the dwarf species like C ropalophorus the antler was simplified and greatly elongated into a club like structure unique among deer while others retained a more typical antler morphology The club like antlers of C ropalophorus and similar forms were probably only used for display rather than combat 9 The antler and skull morphology is unknown in the largest species 11 Ecology EditThe fauna of which Candiacervus is an element is called Biozone II or the Mus Zone after the Mus genus of mice 14 This fauna inhabited Crete between the late Middle and Late Pleistocene which means between 0 3 and 0 01 million years ago It succeeds the Kritimys biozone which spanned the Early early Middle Pleistocene 15 The typical terrestrial mammalian fauna elements of this biozone aside from Candiacervus are a lineage of mice Mus bateae M minotaurus a dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon creutzburgi the Cretan otter Lutrogale Isolalutra cretensis and the Cretan shrew Crocidura zimmermanni 16 Despite living in an environment free of large terrestrial predators the species of Candiacervus exhibited relatively high rates of juvenile mortality with likely causes of death being accidents and malnutrition 17 Adult individuals are suggested to have had relatively long lifespans compared to extant ruminants 17 18 Extinction EditThe extinction of Candiacervus may be due to the arrival of humans at the end of the Pleistocene 19 They could have exterminated the deer either actively by hunting or passively by destroying its habitat Another option is a gradual depletion of the ecosystem as indicated by the finding of a complete herd consisting of individuals suffering a bone disease of an osteosclerotic nature see X ray photograph 20 The impact of paleolithic humans is at present still unproven partly because of the scarcity on published fauna lists from archaeological sites except for Knossos partly because of the insecurely dated materials In 2018 it was proposed that petrogylphs in Asphendou Cave in western Crete depicted Candiacervus suggesting that humans and Candiacervus chronologically overlapped on the island 21 References Edit Van der Geer A A E Dermitzakis M De Vos J 2006 Crete before the Cretans the reign of dwarfs Pharos 13 121 132 Athens Netherlands Institute PDF Van der Geer A A E De Vos J Dermitzakis M Lyras G 2009 Hoe dieren op eilanden evolueren Majorca Ibiza Kreta Sardiniie Sicilie Japan Madagaskar Malta Utrecht Veen Magazines ISBN 978 90 8571 169 8 Ga naar Bruna Archived 2013 09 28 at the Wayback Machine Kolb Christian Scheyer Torsten M Lister Adrian M Azorit Concepcion de Vos John Schlingemann Margaretha AJ Rossner Gertrud E Monaghan Nigel T Sanchez Villagra Marcelo R December 2015 Growth in fossil and extant deer and implications for body size and life history evolution BMC Evolutionary Biology 15 1 19 doi 10 1186 s12862 015 0295 3 ISSN 1471 2148 PMC 4332446 PMID 25887855 Van der Geer A A E 2005 Island ruminants and the evolution of parallel functional structures In Cregut E Ed Les ongules holarctiques du Pliocene et du Pleistocene Actes Colloque international Avignon 19 22 septembre Quaternair 2005 hors serie 2 231 240 Paris PDF De Vos J 1979 The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Series B 82 1 59 90 a b De Vos J 1984 The endemic Pleistocene deer of Crete Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen afd Natuur kunde eerste reeks 31 North Holland Publishing Compa ny Amsterdam Oxford New York 100 pp De Vos J 1996 Taxonomy Ancestry and Speciation of the Endemic Pleistocene Deer of Crete Compared with the Taxonomy Ancestry and Speciation of Darwin s Finches In Reese 1996 111 24 a b Capasso Barbato L 1992b Observations on the biostratigraphy of Cretan Pleistocene vertebrates Il Quaternario 5 1 67 76 a b c van der Geer Alexandra 2018 Uniformity in variety Antler morphology and evolution in a predator free environment Palaeontologia Electronica 21 1 1 31 doi 10 26879 834 Kuss S E 1975 Die pleistozanen Hirsche der ostmediterranen Inseln Kreta Kasos Karpatos und Rhodos Griechenland Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg im Breisgau 65 1 2 25 79 a b c Besiou Eva Choupa Maria Lyras George van der Geer Alexandra 2022 Body mass divergence in sympatric deer species of Pleistocene Crete Greece Palaeontologia Electronica doi 10 26879 1221 Palombo Maria Rita Zedda Marco January 2022 The intriguing giant deer from the Bate cave Crete could paleohistological evidence question its taxonomy and nomenclature Integrative Zoology 17 1 54 77 doi 10 1111 1749 4877 12533 ISSN 1749 4877 PMC 9292671 PMID 33728744 Van der Geer A A E De Vos J Lyras G Dermitzakis M 2006 New data on the Pleistocene Cretan deer Candiacervus sp II Mammalia Cervinae In Kahlke R D Maul L C amp Mazza P Eds Late Neogene and Quaternary biodiversity and evolution Regional developments and interregional correlations Proceedings of the 18th International Senckenberg Conference VI International Palaeontological Colloquium in Weimar vol II Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 256 131 137 Frankfurt am Main Mayhew D F 1977 The endemic Pleistocene murids of Crete I II Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen B 80 3 182 214 Dermitzakis M D amp J De Vos 1987 Faunal Succession and the Evolution of Mammals in Crete during the Pleistocene Neues Jahrbuch Geologischer und Palaontologischer Abhandlungen 173 3 377 408 Lyras George A Athanassiou Athanassios van der Geer Alexandra A E 2022 Vlachos Evangelos ed The Fossil Record of Insular Endemic Mammals from Greece Fossil Vertebrates of Greece Vol 2 Cham Springer International Publishing pp 661 701 doi 10 1007 978 3 030 68442 6 25 ISBN 978 3 030 68441 9 S2CID 239841623 retrieved 2023 04 30 a b van der Geer Alexandra A E Lyras George A MacPhee Ross D E Lomolino Mark Drinia Hara 2014 06 24 Mortality in a Predator free Insular Environment the Dwarf Deer of Crete American Museum Novitates 3807 1 26 doi 10 1206 3807 1 hdl 10795 3278 ISSN 0003 0082 S2CID 55025900 Miszkiewicz Justyna J Van Der Geer Alexandra A E 2022 04 22 Inferring longevity from advanced rib remodelling in insular dwarf deer Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 1 41 58 doi 10 1093 biolinnean blac018 ISSN 0024 4066 Sondaar P Y Van der Geer A A E 2005 Evolution and Extinction of Plio Pleistocene Island Ungulates In Cregut E Ed Les ongules holarctiques du Pliocene et du Pleistocene Actes Colloque international Avignon 19 22 septembre Quaternair 2005 hors serie 2 241 256 Paris Dermitzakis M Van der Geer AAE Lyras G 2006 Palaeopathological observations on a population of fossil deer from the Late Pleistocene of Crete In Kalofourtis A Papadopoulos N Spiliopoulou C Marabellas K Chatzioannou A Volume in Honor of Prof A S Koutselinis pp 43 51 in Greek with English summary PDF Strasser Thomas F Murray Sarah C van der Geer Alexandra Kolb Christina Ruprecht Louis A April 2018 Palaeolithic cave art from Crete Greece Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 18 100 108 doi 10 1016 j jasrep 2017 12 041 External links EditArticle on the mounting of a Candiacervus skeleton permanent dead link Scientific information on Candiacervus Past excavations on Crete nbsp Paleontology portal Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Candiacervus amp oldid 1172817808, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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