Camunic language
The Camunic language is an extinct language that was spoken in the 1st millennium BC in the Valcamonica and the Valtellina in Northern Italy, both in the Central Alps. The language is sparsely attested to an extent that makes any classification attempt uncertain - even the discussion of whether it should be considered a pre–Indo-European or an Indo-European language has remained indecisive.[2] Among several suggestions, it has been hypothesized that Camunic is related to the Raetic language from the Tyrsenian language family,[3][4] or to the Celtic languages.[5]
| Camunic | |
|---|---|
| Native to | the south side of the Central Alps (Valcamonica, Valtellina), Italy |
| Region | Italian Peninsula |
| Ethnicity | Camunni |
| Era | first millennium BC[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xcc |
xcc | |
| Glottolog | camu1235 |
Language
The extant corpus is carved on rock. There are at least 170 known inscriptions, the majority of which are only a few words long. The writing system used is a variant of the north-Etruscan alphabet, known as the Camunian alphabet or alphabet of Sondrio. Longer inscriptions show that Camunic writing used boustrophedon.
Its name derives from the people of the Camunni, who lived during the Iron Age in Valcamonica and were the creators of many of the stone carvings in the area. Abecedariums found in Nadro and Piancogno have been dated to between 500 BC and 50 AD.
The amount of material is insufficient to fully decipher the language. Some scholars think it may be related to Raetic and to Etruscan,[3][6] but it is considered premature to make such affiliation.[7] Other scholars suggest that Camunic could be a Celtic or another unknown Indo-European language.[5][8]
Transliteration
| Glyph | Tibiletti Bruno 1992[9] | Zavaroni 2004[10] | Martinotti 2009[11] |
|---|---|---|---|
| - | A | - | |
| Αα | A | A | |
| Αα | A | - | |
| Ββ | B | B (V?) | |
| Ββ | B | B (V?) | |
| Δδ | - | D | |
| h | D (?) | - | |
| Εε | E | E | |
| Εε | E | E | |
| Εε | E | E | |
| Ϝϝ | V | - | |
| Γγ | G | K (G?) | |
| Γγ | G | - | |
| h | H | J (ii/h/η?) | |
| - | H | - | |
| Ιι | I | I | |
| Ιι | I | I | |
| - | K | K (G?) | |
| Λλ | L | L | |
| Λλ | L | L | |
| Μμ | M | M | |
| Μμ | M | M | |
| Νν | N | N | |
| Νν | N | N | |
| Ϙϙ | O | Φ (Q?) | |
| - | P | - | |
| Ππ | P | P | |
| Ρρ | R | R | |
| Ρρ | R | R | |
| Ξξ | S | χ | |
| Σσς | S | S | |
| Σσς | S | S | |
| Χχ | T | T | |
| Ττ | T | T | |
| - | T | I | |
| Ψψ | Θθ | - | |
| - | Θθ | Θθ | |
| - | TS - Ϸϸ | - | |
| Φφ | TS - Ϸϸ | χ | |
| Υυ | U - W | U | |
| - | U - W | U | |
| Ζζ | Z | χ | |
| Ζζ | Z | χ |
Gallery
Inscription from Capo di Ponte (Val Camonica)
Inscription from Nadro (Val Camonica)
Inscription from Nadro (Val Camonica)
Inscription from the museum of Sondrio (Valtellina)
See also
References
- ^ Camunic at MultiTree on the Linguist List
- ^ Angelo Martinotti: Le iscrizioni preromane, in U. Sansoni, S. Gavaldo (editors), Lucus rupestris. Sei millenni d’arte rupestre a Campanine di Cimbergo, "Archivi" vol. 18, Esine 2009, pp. 324–337.
- ^ a b "Camunic: Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe: Blackwell Reference Online". Blackwellreference.com. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ M. G. Tibiletti Bruno. 1978. Camuno, retico e pararetico, in Lingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), a cura di A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma, pp. 209–255
- ^ a b Markey, Thomas (2008). Shared Symbolics, Genre Diffusion, Token Perception and Late Literacy in North-Western Europe. NOWELE.
- ^ M. G. Tibiletti Bruno. 1978. Camuno, retico e pararetico, in Lingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), a cura di A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma, pp. 209–255. (Italian)
- ^ Eska, Joseph F.; Wallace, Rex E. (2011). "Script and Language at Ancient Voltino". In Rocca, Giovanna (ed.). Alessandria. Rivista di glottologia. Atti del Convegno Internazionale. Le lingue dell’Italia antica. Iscrizioni, testi, grammatica. Die Sprachen Altitaliens. Inschriften, Texte, Grammatik. In memoriam Helmut Rix (1926-2004). Vol. V. Alessandria: Edizioni dell’Orso. pp. 93–113.
- ^ Diether Schürr: Zur Doppelinschrift von Voltino. Studi Etruschi 72, 2006 [2007], p. 335-346.
- ^ Maria Grazia Tibiletti Bruno, Gli alfabetari, Quaderni camuni n° 60, 1992, p. 307. (Italian)
- ^ Adolfo Zavaroni, Iscrizioni camune 2007-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, 2004. (Italian)
- ^ Angelo Martinotti, Le iscrizioni preromane in Lucus rupestris, 2009, p. 325. (Italian)
Bibliography
- Mancini, Alberto. 1980. "Le iscrizioni della Valcamonica" in Studi Urbinati di storia, filosofia e letteratura. Supplemento linguistico 2, pp. 75–166.
- Mancini, Alberto. 1991. "Iscrizioni retiche e iscrizioni camune. Due ambiti a confronto" in Quaderni del Dipartimento di Linguistica, Università degli studi di Firenze 2, pp. 77–93.
- Marchesini, Simona. 2011. "Alla ricerca del modello perduto. Sulla genesi dell’alfabeto camuno", Palaeohispanica 11, pp. 155-171
- Markey, Thomas L. 2008. "Shared symbolics, genre difusion, token perceptions and late literacy in North-western Europe" in NOWELE 54/55, pp. 5–62. doi:10.1075/nowele.54-55.01mar
- Morandi, Alessandro. 2004. Epigrafia e lingua dei Celti d'Italia, vol. II. Celti d’Italia, ed. by Paola Piana Agostinetti (Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica, 12), Roma 2004
- Prosdocimi, Aldo Luigi. 1965. "Per un'edizione delle iscrizioni della Valcamonica", in Studi Etruschi 33, pp. 574–599.
- Schumacher, Stefan. 2007. "Val Camonica, Inschriften" in Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. Band 35: Speckstein bis Zwiebel. Ed. Heinrich Beck et al., Berlin – New York, pp. 334–337.
- Tibiletti Bruno, Maria Grazia. 1978. "Camuno, retico e pararetico", in Lingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica ('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), ed. by A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma 1978, pp. 209–255.
- Tibiletti Bruno, Maria Grazia. 1990. "Nuove iscrizioni camune" in Quaderni camuni 49-50, pp. 29–171.
- Tibiletti Bruno, Maria Grazia. 1992. "Gli alfabetari" in Quaderni camuni 60, pp. 309–380.
External links
- "Etruscan alphabet". Retrieved 2009-09-20.
- (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
- "Tracce n° 7 Scratched horses in a relief from Cividate Camuno – Valcamonica (Italy)". 21 February 2000. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- "Tracce n° 9 Vite-Deria, Paspardo, Valcamonica. Ricerche 1990–97" (in Italian). 18 September 1997. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- "Tracce n° 9 Rock and Roll with the Camunnians Did they have ladders in the prehistory?". May 1998. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- "Tracce n° 12 Due nuove rocce istoriate in località Vite area di Vite-Deria, Paspardo (Valcamonica, BS)" (in Italian). 12 May 1997. Retrieved 2009-09-18.