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Campbell albatross

January 01, 1970

The Campbell albatross (Thalassarche impavida) or Campbell mollymawk, is a medium-sized mollymawk in the albatross family. It breeds only on Campbell Island and the associated islet of Jeanette Marie, in a small New Zealand island group in the South Pacific. It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the black-browed albatross. It is a medium-sized black and white albatross with a pale yellow iris.[4]

Campbell albatross
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Procellariiformes
Family: Diomedeidae
Genus: Thalassarche
Species:
T. impavida
Binomial name
Thalassarche impavida
Synonyms
  • Thalassarche melanophris impavida Mahews, 1912[3]

Taxonomy edit

Mollymawks are a type of albatross that belong to family Diomedeidae of the order Procellariiformes, along with shearwaters, fulmars, storm petrels, and diving petrels. They share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns, although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. Finally, they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus. This is used against predators as well as an energy-rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights.[5] They also have a salt gland situated above the nasal passage which helps desalinate their bodies, necessary due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.[6]

In 1998, Robertson and Nunn suggested the species be split off of the black-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophrys.[7] Over the course of the next few years more experts agreed, starting with BirdLife International in 2000,[4] followed by Brooke in 2004.[8] James Clements did not agree,[9] the ACAP has not agreed yet, and SACC recognizes the need for a proposal.[10]

Description edit

It weighs 3.21 kg (7.1 lb) and is 88 cm (35 in) long.[4] The adult is very similar to the black-browed albatross, differing in eye color. It has a white head, neck, rump, and underparts, with a black upperwing, back, and tail. The underwing is white with broad black edging. It has a black triangle around the eye that reaches the bill, which is yellow with an orange tip. They also have a pale yellow iris. The juveniles have a brown-grey bill with a black tip, dark eyes and less black on the underwing. The average life expectancy is given as 28 years, though this is likely due to lack of study as most albatross can live to well beyond 50 years.[4]

Range and habitat edit

 
Juvenile
 
Adult in flight
Breeding population and trends[4]
Location Population Date Trend
Campbell Island & Jeanette Marie,
Campbell Islands		 24,600 pairs 1997 Increasing 1.8% yr
Total 49,000 1997 Increasing 1.8% per yr

The Campbell albatross breeds on the northern and western coastline of Campbell Island and the islet Jeanette Marie, part of the Campbell Islands group, one of New Zealand's five subantarctic island groups.[11] When breeding they forage from South Island and the Chatham Rise to the Ross Sea.[12][13] Juveniles and non-breeders will go only through south Australian water, the Tasman Sea, and southwestern Pacific Ocean.[14][15]

Behavior edit

Feeding edit

The Cambell albatross feeds on fish, squid, crustacea, carrion, and gelatinous organisms.[16]

Reproduction edit

Breeding birds like to nest on ledges and steep slopes covered with low grass, tussock, or mud.[8] They start breeding at 10 years[15] and they have a breeding success rate of 66%.[4] Adults return to the breeding colony in early August and begin laying in late September. The single egg is incubated for around 70 days. The chicks fledge after about 130 days after hatching.[8]

Conservation edit

The IUCN classifies this species as vulnerable due to the limited number of breeding locations.[1] The most recent estimate was in 1997 and counted 24,600 pairs.[17] Between 1992 and 1997 sampled colonies have been increasing at the rate of 1.8%.[17] Adult survival rate is at 94.5%.[4] It has an occurrence range of 31,700,000 km2 (12,200,000 sq mi) and a breeding range of 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi).[4]

The largest threat to this species are fisheries, both longline[14][18][19] and trawlers.[18][20]

The feral sheep that existed on Campbell Island were fully eradicated by 1991, and rats and cats were eradicated by 2001.[21] Finally, studies are ongoing.[19]

Footnotes edit

  1. ^ a b BirdLife International. (2018). "Thalassarche impavida". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22728349A132657209. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728349A132657209.en. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  2. ^ Brands, S. (2008)
  3. ^ Mathews, Gregory M. (1912). "Thalassarche melanophris impavida. Australian Black-Browed Mollymawk". The Birds of Australia. Vol. 2. London: Witherby. pp. 267–272.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h BirdLife International (2008)
  5. ^ Double, M. C. (2003)
  6. ^ Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
  7. ^ Robertson, C. J. R. & Nunn (1998)
  8. ^ a b c Brooke, M. (2004)
  9. ^ Clements, J. (2007)
  10. ^ Remsen Jr., J. V. (2008)
  11. ^ "Campbell Island". New Zealand Government Department of Conservation. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
  12. ^ Waugh, S. M., et al. (1999a)
  13. ^ BirdLife International (2004)
  14. ^ a b Croxall, J. P. and Gales, R. (1998)
  15. ^ a b Waugh, S. M., et al. (1999)
  16. ^ Cherel, Y., et al. (1999)
  17. ^ a b Moore, P. J. (2004)
  18. ^ a b Heather, B. D. & Robertson, H. A. (1997)
  19. ^ a b Taylor, G. A. (2000)
  20. ^ Baird, S. J. & Smith, M. H. (2007)
  21. ^ Moore, P. J. (2003)

References edit

  • Baird, S. J.; Smith, M. H. (2007). "Incidental capture of seabirds species in commercial fisheries in New Zealand waters, 2003–2004 and 2004–2005". New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report (9).
  • BirdLife International (2004). Threatened birds of the world 2004 (CD-ROM). Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.
  • BirdLife International (2008). "Campbell Albatross – BirdLife Species Factsheet". Data Zone. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
  • Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Diomedea (Thalassarche) melanophris –". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
  • Brooke, M. (2004). "Procellariidae". Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-850125-0.
  • Cherel, Y.; Waugh, S.; Hanchet, S. (1999). "Albatross predation of juvenile southern blue whiting (Micromesicus australis) on the Campbell Plateau". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 33 (3): 437. doi:10.1080/00288330.1999.9516889.
  • Clements, James (2007). The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World (6th ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4501-9.
  • Croxall, J. P.; Gales, R. (1998). "Assessment of the conservation status of albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
  • Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
  • Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29–31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Heather, B. D.; Robertson, H. A. (1997). The field guide to the birds of New Zealand. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Moore, P. J. (2003) in litt
  • Moore, P. J. (2004). "Abundance and population trends of mollymawks on Campbell Island". Science for Conservation (242). Wellington, NZ: Department of Conservation.
  • Remsen Jr., J. V.; et al. (7 Aug 2008). . South American Classification Committee. American Ornithologists' Union. Archived from the original on 2009-03-02. Retrieved 22 Feb 2009.
  • Robertson, C. J. R.; Nunn, G. B. (1998). "Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses". In Robertson, G.; Gales, R. (eds.). Albatross biology and conservation. Chipping Norton, Australia: Surrey Beatty & Sons. pp. 13–19.
  • Taylor, G. A. (2000). Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand. Threatened Species Occasional Publication. Vol. 16. Wellington: Department of Conservation.
  • Waugh, S. M.; Weimerskirch, H.; Cherel, Y.; Shankar, U.; Prince, P. A.; Sagar, P. M. (1999). "Exploitation of the marine environment by two sympatric albatrosses in the Pacific Southern Ocean". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 177: 243–254. doi:10.3354/meps177243.
  • Waugh, S. M.; Weimerskirch, H.; Moore, P. J.; Sagar, P. M. (1999a). "Population dynamics of Black-browed and Grey-headed Albatrosses Diomedea melanophrys and D. chrysostoma at Campbell Island, New Zealand, 1942–96". Ibis. 141 (2): 216–225. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1999.tb07544.x.

External links edit

  • Species factsheet - BirdLife International

January 01, 1970
campbell, albatross, thalassarche, impavida, campbell, mollymawk, medium, sized, mollymawk, albatross, family, breeds, only, campbell, island, associated, islet, jeanette, marie, small, zealand, island, group, south, pacific, sometimes, considered, subspecies,. The Campbell albatross Thalassarche impavida or Campbell mollymawk is a medium sized mollymawk in the albatross family It breeds only on Campbell Island and the associated islet of Jeanette Marie in a small New Zealand island group in the South Pacific It is sometimes considered a subspecies of the black browed albatross It is a medium sized black and white albatross with a pale yellow iris 4 Campbell albatross Conservation status Vulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Procellariiformes Family Diomedeidae Genus Thalassarche Species T impavida Binomial name Thalassarche impavidaMathews 1912 2 Synonyms Thalassarche melanophris impavida Mahews 1912 3 Contents 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Range and habitat 4 Behavior 4 1 Feeding 4 2 Reproduction 5 Conservation 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 External linksTaxonomy editMollymawks are a type of albatross that belong to family Diomedeidae of the order Procellariiformes along with shearwaters fulmars storm petrels and diving petrels They share certain identifying features First they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called naricorns although the nostrils on the albatross are on the sides of the bill The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates Finally they produce a stomach oil made up of wax esters and triglycerides that is stored in the proventriculus This is used against predators as well as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights 5 They also have a salt gland situated above the nasal passage which helps desalinate their bodies necessary due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe It excretes a high saline solution from their nose 6 In 1998 Robertson and Nunn suggested the species be split off of the black browed albatross Thalassarche melanophrys 7 Over the course of the next few years more experts agreed starting with BirdLife International in 2000 4 followed by Brooke in 2004 8 James Clements did not agree 9 the ACAP has not agreed yet and SACC recognizes the need for a proposal 10 Description editIt weighs 3 21 kg 7 1 lb and is 88 cm 35 in long 4 The adult is very similar to the black browed albatross differing in eye color It has a white head neck rump and underparts with a black upperwing back and tail The underwing is white with broad black edging It has a black triangle around the eye that reaches the bill which is yellow with an orange tip They also have a pale yellow iris The juveniles have a brown grey bill with a black tip dark eyes and less black on the underwing The average life expectancy is given as 28 years though this is likely due to lack of study as most albatross can live to well beyond 50 years 4 Range and habitat edit nbsp Juvenile nbsp Adult in flight Breeding population and trends 4 Location Population Date Trend Campbell Island amp Jeanette Marie Campbell Islands 24 600 pairs 1997 Increasing 1 8 yr Total 49 000 1997 Increasing 1 8 per yr The Campbell albatross breeds on the northern and western coastline of Campbell Island and the islet Jeanette Marie part of the Campbell Islands group one of New Zealand s five subantarctic island groups 11 When breeding they forage from South Island and the Chatham Rise to the Ross Sea 12 13 Juveniles and non breeders will go only through south Australian water the Tasman Sea and southwestern Pacific Ocean 14 15 Behavior editFeeding edit The Cambell albatross feeds on fish squid crustacea carrion and gelatinous organisms 16 Reproduction edit Breeding birds like to nest on ledges and steep slopes covered with low grass tussock or mud 8 They start breeding at 10 years 15 and they have a breeding success rate of 66 4 Adults return to the breeding colony in early August and begin laying in late September The single egg is incubated for around 70 days The chicks fledge after about 130 days after hatching 8 Conservation editThe IUCN classifies this species as vulnerable due to the limited number of breeding locations 1 The most recent estimate was in 1997 and counted 24 600 pairs 17 Between 1992 and 1997 sampled colonies have been increasing at the rate of 1 8 17 Adult survival rate is at 94 5 4 It has an occurrence range of 31 700 000 km2 12 200 000 sq mi and a breeding range of 13 km2 5 0 sq mi 4 The largest threat to this species are fisheries both longline 14 18 19 and trawlers 18 20 The feral sheep that existed on Campbell Island were fully eradicated by 1991 and rats and cats were eradicated by 2001 21 Finally studies are ongoing 19 Footnotes edit a b BirdLife International 2018 Thalassarche impavida IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T22728349A132657209 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2018 2 RLTS T22728349A132657209 en Retrieved 29 August 2021 Brands S 2008 Mathews Gregory M 1912 Thalassarche melanophris impavida Australian Black Browed Mollymawk The Birds of Australia Vol 2 London Witherby pp 267 272 a b c d e f g h BirdLife International 2008 Double M C 2003 Ehrlich Paul R 1988 Robertson C J R amp Nunn 1998 a b c Brooke M 2004 Clements J 2007 Remsen Jr J V 2008 Campbell Island New Zealand Government Department of Conservation Retrieved 27 August 2021 Waugh S M et al 1999a BirdLife International 2004 a b Croxall J P and Gales R 1998 a b Waugh S M et al 1999 Cherel Y et al 1999 a b Moore P J 2004 a b Heather B D amp Robertson H A 1997 a b Taylor G A 2000 Baird S J amp Smith M H 2007 Moore P J 2003 References editBaird S J Smith M H 2007 Incidental capture of seabirds species in commercial fisheries in New Zealand waters 2003 2004 and 2004 2005 New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report 9 BirdLife International 2004 Threatened birds of the world 2004 CD ROM Cambridge U K BirdLife International BirdLife International 2008 Campbell Albatross BirdLife Species Factsheet Data Zone Retrieved 22 Feb 2009 Brands Sheila Aug 14 2008 Systema Naturae 2000 Classification Diomedea Thalassarche melanophris Project The Taxonomicon Retrieved 22 Feb 2009 Brooke M 2004 Procellariidae Albatrosses And Petrels Across The World Oxford UK Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 850125 0 Cherel Y Waugh S Hanchet S 1999 Albatross predation of juvenile southern blue whiting Micromesicus australis on the Campbell Plateau New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 33 3 437 doi 10 1080 00288330 1999 9516889 Clements James 2007 The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World 6th ed Ithaca NY Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0 8014 4501 9 Croxall J P Gales R 1998 Assessment of the conservation status of albatrosses In Robertson G Gales R eds Albatross biology and conservation Chipping Norton Australia Surrey Beatty amp Sons Double M C 2003 Procellariiformes Tubenosed Seabirds In Hutchins Michael Jackson Jerome A Bock Walter J Olendorf Donna eds Grzimek s Animal Life Encyclopedia Vol 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins Joseph E Trumpey Chief Scientific Illustrator 2nd ed Farmington Hills MI Gale Group pp 107 111 ISBN 0 7876 5784 0 Ehrlich Paul R Dobkin David S Wheye Darryl 1988 The Birders Handbook First ed New York NY Simon amp Schuster pp 29 31 ISBN 0 671 65989 8 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Heather B D Robertson H A 1997 The field guide to the birds of New Zealand Oxford UK Oxford University Press Moore P J 2003 in litt Moore P J 2004 Abundance and population trends of mollymawks on Campbell Island Science for Conservation 242 Wellington NZ Department of Conservation Remsen Jr J V et al 7 Aug 2008 A classification of the bird species of South America South American Classification Committee American Ornithologists Union South American Classification Committee American Ornithologists Union Archived from the original on 2009 03 02 Retrieved 22 Feb 2009 Robertson C J R Nunn G B 1998 Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses In Robertson G Gales R eds Albatross biology and conservation Chipping Norton Australia Surrey Beatty amp Sons pp 13 19 Taylor G A 2000 Action plan for seabird conservation in New Zealand Threatened Species Occasional Publication Vol 16 Wellington Department of Conservation Waugh S M Weimerskirch H Cherel Y Shankar U Prince P A Sagar P M 1999 Exploitation of the marine environment by two sympatric albatrosses in the Pacific Southern Ocean Marine Ecology Progress Series 177 243 254 doi 10 3354 meps177243 Waugh S M Weimerskirch H Moore P J Sagar P M 1999a Population dynamics of Black browed and Grey headed Albatrosses Diomedea melanophrys and D chrysostoma at Campbell Island New Zealand 1942 96 Ibis 141 2 216 225 doi 10 1111 j 1474 919x 1999 tb07544 x External links editSpecies factsheet BirdLife International Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Campbell albatross amp oldid 1181717528, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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