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Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal

October 31, 2023

In the 2010s, personal data belonging to millions of Facebook users was collected without their consent by British consulting firm Cambridge Analytica, predominantly to be used for political advertising.[1]

The data was collected through an app called "This Is Your Digital Life", developed by data scientist Aleksandr Kogan and his company Global Science Research in 2013.[2] The app consisted of a series of questions to build psychological profiles on users, and collected the personal data of the users’ Facebook friends via Facebook's Open Graph platform.[2] The app harvested the data of up to 87 million Facebook profiles.[2] Cambridge Analytica used the data to provide analytical assistance to the 2016 presidential campaigns of Ted Cruz and Donald Trump.[3][4] Cambridge Analytica was also widely accused of interfering with the Brexit referendum, although the official investigation recognised that the company was not involved "beyond some initial enquiries" and that "no significant breaches" took place.[5][6]

Information about the data misuse was disclosed in 2018 by Christopher Wylie, a former Cambridge Analytica employee, in interviews with The Guardian and The New York Times.[7] In response, Facebook apologized for their role in the data harvesting and their CEO Mark Zuckerberg testified in front of Congress.[7] In July 2019, it was announced that Facebook was to be fined $5 billion by the Federal Trade Commission due to its privacy violations.[8] In October 2019, Facebook agreed to pay a £500,000 fine to the UK Information Commissioner's Office for exposing the data of its users to a "serious risk of harm".[9] In May 2018, Cambridge Analytica filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.[10]

Other advertising agencies have been implementing various forms of psychological targeting for years and Facebook had patented a similar technology in 2012.[11] Nevertheless, Cambridge Analytica's methods and their high-profile clients — including the Trump presidential campaign and the UK's Leave.EU campaign[12] — brought the problems of psychological targeting that scholars have been warning against to public awareness.[11] The scandal sparked an increased public interest in privacy and social media's influence on politics. The online movement #DeleteFacebook trended on Twitter.[13]

Overview edit

Aleksandr Kogan, a data scientist at the University of Cambridge, was hired by Cambridge Analytica, an offshoot of SCL Group, to develop an app called "This Is Your Digital Life" (sometimes stylized as "thisisyourdigitallife").[14][15] Cambridge Analytica then arranged an informed consent process for research in which several hundred thousand Facebook users would agree to complete a survey for payment that was only for academic use.[14][16] However, Facebook allowed this app not only to collect personal information from survey respondents but also from respondents’ Facebook friends.[14] In this way, Cambridge Analytica acquired data from millions of Facebook users.[14]

The collection of personal data by Cambridge Analytica was first reported in December 2015 by Harry Davies, a journalist for The Guardian. He reported that Cambridge Analytica was working for United States Senator Ted Cruz using data harvested from millions of people's Facebook accounts without their consent.[17] Further reports followed in November 2016 by McKenzie Funk for the New York Times Sunday Review,[18] December 2016 by Hannes Grasseger and Mikael Krogerus for the Swiss publication Das Magazin (later translated and published by Vice),[19] in February 2017 by Carole Cadwalladr for The Guardian (starting in February 2017),[20] and in March 2017 by Mattathias Schwartz for The Intercept.[21] According to PolitiFact, in his 2016 presidential campaign, Trump paid Cambridge Analytica in September, October, and November for data on Americans and their political preferences.[22]

Information on the data breach came to a head in March 2018 with the emergence of a whistleblower, an ex-Cambridge Analytica employee Christopher Wylie. He had been an anonymous source for an article in 2017 in The Observer by Cadwalladr, headlined "The Great British Brexit Robbery".[16] Cadwalladr worked with Wylie for a year to coax him to come forward as a whistleblower.[23] She later brought in Channel 4 News in the UK and The New York Times due to legal threats against The Guardian and The Observer by Cambridge Analytica.[24] Kogan's name change to Aleksandr Spectre, which resulted in the ominous "Dr. Spectre", added to the intrigue and popular appeal of the story.[25][26]

The Guardian and The New York Times published articles simultaneously on March 17, 2018.[27][28] More than $100 billion was knocked off Facebook's market capitalization in days[29] and politicians in the US and UK demanded answers from Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg. The negative public response to the media coverage eventually led to him agreeing to testify in front of the United States Congress.[30] Meghan McCain drew an equivalence between the use of data by Cambridge Analytica and Barack Obama's 2012 presidential campaign;[31][32][33] PolitiFact, however, alleged that this data was not used in an unethical way, since Obama's campaign used this data to "have their supporters contact their most persuadable friends" rather than using this data for highly targeted digital ads on websites such as Facebook.[34]

Data characteristics edit

Numbers edit

Wired, The New York Times, and The Observer reported that the data-set had included information on 50 million Facebook users.[35][36] While Cambridge Analytica claimed it had only collected 30 million Facebook user profiles,[37] Facebook later confirmed that it actually had data on potentially over 87 million users,[38] with 70.6 million of those people from the United States.[39] Facebook estimated that California was the most affected U.S. state, with 6.7 million impacted users, followed by Texas, with 5.6 million, and Florida, with 4.3 million.[40] Data was collected on at least 30 million users while only 270,000 people downloaded the app.[35]

Information edit

Facebook sent a message to those users believed to be affected, saying the information likely included one's "public profile, page likes, birthday and current city".[41] Some of the app's users gave the app permission to access their News Feed, timeline, and messages.[42] The data was detailed enough for Cambridge Analytica to create psychographic profiles of the subjects of the data.[36] The data also included the locations of each person.[36] For a given political campaign, each profile's information suggested what type of advertisement would be most effective to persuade a particular person in a particular location for some political event.[36][43]

Data use edit

Ted Cruz campaign edit

 
Ted Cruz campaign logo

In 2016, American senator Ted Cruz hired Cambridge Analytica to aid his presidential campaign.[44] The Federal Election Commission reported that Cruz paid the company $5.8 million in services.[44] Although Cambridge Analytica was not well known at the time, this is when it started to create individual psychographic profiles.[44] This data was then used to create tailored advertisements for each person to sway them into voting for Cruz.[44]

Donald Trump campaign edit

 
Donald Trump campaign logo before the selection of Mike Pence as running mate

Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign used the harvested data to build psychographic profiles, determining users' personality traits based on their Facebook activity.[45] The campaign team used this information as a micro-targeting technique, displaying customized messages about Trump to different US voters on various digital platforms.[46] Ads were segmented into different categories, mainly based on whether individuals were Trump supporters or potential swing votes.[46] As described by Cambridge Analytica's CEO, the key was to identify those who might be enticed to vote for their client or be discouraged to vote for their opponent.[47] Supporters of Trump received triumphant visuals of him, as well as information regarding polling stations.[46] Swing voters were instead often shown images of Trump's more notable supporters and negative graphics or ideas about his opponent, Hillary Clinton.[46] For example, the collected data was specifically used by "Make America Number 1 Super PAC" to attack Clinton through constructed advertisements that accused Clinton of corruption as a way of propping up Trump as a better candidate for the presidency.[22]

However, a former Cambridge Analytica employee, Brittany Kaiser, was asked "Is it absolutely proven that the Trump campaign relied on the data that had been illicitly obtained from Facebook?" She responded: "It has not been proven, because the difficult thing about proving a situation like that is that you need to do a forensic analysis of the database".[48]

Potential usage edit

Russia edit

In 2018, the Parliament of the United Kingdom questioned SCL Group director Alexander Nix in a hearing about Cambridge Analytica's connections with Russian oil company, Lukoil.[49] Nix stated he had no connections to the two companies despite concerns that the oil company was interested in how the company's data was used to target American voters.[49] Cambridge Analytica had become a point of focus in politics since its involvement in Trump's campaign at this point.[49] Democratic officials made it a point of emphasis for improved investigation over concerns of Russian ties with Cambridge Analytica. It was later confirmed by Christopher Wylie that Lukoil was interested in the company's data regarding political targeting.[49]

Brexit edit

Cambridge Analytica was allegedly hired as a consultant company for Leave.EU and the UK Independence Party during 2016, as an effort to convince people to support Brexit.[50] These rumors were the result of the leaked internal emails that were shared with the British parliament.[51] Brittany Kaiser declared that the datasets that Leave.EU used to create databases were provided by Cambridge Analytica.[52] These datasets composed of the data obtained from Facebook were said to be work done as an initial job deliverable for them. Although Arron Banks, co-founder of Leave.EU, denied any involvement with the company, he later declared "When we said we'd hired Cambridge Analytica, maybe a better choice of words could have been deployed."[53] The official investigation by the UK Information Commissioner found that Cambridge Analytica was not involved "beyond some initial enquiries" and the regulator did not identify any "significant breaches" of data protection legislation or privacy or marketing regulations "which met the threshold for formal regulatory action".[5][6]

Responses edit

Facebook and other companies edit

 
Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg

Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg first apologized for the situation with Cambridge Analytica on CNN,[54] calling it an "issue", a "mistake" and a "breach of trust". He explained that he was responding to the Facebook community's concerns and that the company's initial focus on data portability had shifted to locking down data; he also reminded the platform's users of their right of access to personal data.[55] Other Facebook officials argued against calling it a "data breach," arguing those who took the personality quiz originally consented to give away their information.[56] Zuckerberg pledged to make changes and reforms in Facebook policy to prevent similar breaches.[57] On March 25, 2018, Zuckerberg published a personal letter in various newspapers apologizing on behalf of Facebook.[58] In April, Facebook decided to implement the EU's General Data Protection Regulation in all areas of operation and not just the EU.[59]

In April 2018, Facebook established Social Science One as a response to the event.[60] On April 25, 2018, Facebook released their first earnings report since the scandal was reported. Revenue fell since the last quarter, but this is usual as it followed the holiday season quote. The quarter revenue was the highest for a first quarter, and the second overall.[61]

Amazon said that they suspended Cambridge Analytica from using their Amazon Web Services when they learned in 2015 that their service was collecting personal information.[62] The Italian banking company UniCredit stopped advertising and marketing on Facebook in August 2018.[63]

Governmental actions edit

The governments of India[64][65] and Brazil[66][67] demanded that Cambridge Analytica report how anyone used data from the breach in political campaigning, and various regional governments in the United States have lawsuits in their court systems from citizens affected by the data breach.[68]

In early July 2018, the United Kingdom's Information Commissioner's Office announced it intended to fine Facebook £500,000 ($663,000) over the data breach, this being the maximum fine allowed at the time of the breach, saying Facebook "contravened the law by failing to safeguard people's information".[69]

In March 2019, a court filing by the U.S. Attorney General for the District of Columbia alleged that Facebook knew of Cambridge Analytica's "improper data-gathering practices" months before they were first publicly reported in December 2015.[70]

In July 2019, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) voted 3-2 to approve fining Facebook $5 billion to finally settle the investigation into the data breach.[8] The record-breaking settlement was one of the largest penalties ever assessed by the U.S. government for any violation.[71] In the ruling, the FTC cited Facebook's continued violations of FTC privacy orders from 2012, which included sharing users' data with apps used by their friends, facial recognition being enabled by default, and Facebook's use of user phone numbers for advertising purposes.[72] As a result, Facebook was made subject to a new 20-year settlement order.

In July 2019, the FTC sued Cambridge Analytica's CEO Alexander Nix and GSRApp developer Aleksandr Kogan. Both defendants agreed to administrative orders that restrict their future business dealings and to destroy both any collected personal data and any work product made from the data. The GSRApp collected information initially on up to 270,000 GSRApp users, then harvested data on up to 65 million Facebook friends. Cambridge Analytica declared bankruptcy.[73]

Again, in July 2019, Facebook has agreed to pay $100 million to settle with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for "misleading investors about the risks it faced from misuse of user data".[74] The SEC's complaint alleged that Facebook did not correct its existing disclosure for more than two years despite discovering the misuse of its users’ information in 2015.[74]

Impact on Facebook users and investors edit

Since April 2018, the first full month since the breaking of the Cambridge Analytica data breach, the number of likes, posts and shares on the site had decreased by almost 20%, and has decreased ever since, with the aforementioned activity only momentarily increasing during the summer and during the 2018 US midterm elections.[75] Despite this, user growth of the site has increased in the period since increased media coverage, increasing by 1.8% during the final quarter of 2018.[76]

On March 26, 2018, a little after a week after the story was initially published, Facebook stock fell by about 24%, equivalent to $134 billion. By May 10, Wall Street reported that the company recovered their losses.[77]

#DeleteFacebook movement edit

 
Brittany Kaiser

The public reacted to the data privacy breach by initiating the campaign #DeleteFacebook with the aim of starting a movement to boycott Facebook. The co-founder of WhatsApp, which is owned by Facebook, joined in on the movement by declaring it was time to delete the platform.[13] The hashtag was tweeted almost 400,000 times on Twitter within a 30-day period after news of the data breach.[78] 93% of the mentions of the hashtag actually appeared on Twitter, making it the main social media platform used to share the hashtag.[79] However, a survey by investment firm Raymond James found that although approximately 84% of Facebook users were concerned about how the app used their data, about 48% of those surveyed claimed they wouldn't actually cut back on their usage of the social media network.[80] Additionally, in 2018, Mark Zuckerberg commented that he didn't think the company had seen "a meaningful number of people act" on deleting Facebook.[80]

An additional campaign and hashtag, #OwnYourData, was coined by Brittany Kaiser.[81] The hashtag was created by Kaiser as a Facebook campaign that pushed for increased transparency on the platform.[82] #OwnYourData was also used in Kaiser's petition for Facebook to alter their policies and give users increased power and control over their data, which she refers to as users’ assets and property.[81] In addition to the hashtag, Kaiser also created the Own Your Data Foundation to promote increased digital intelligence education.[83]

The Great Hack edit

The Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal also received media coverage in the form of a 2019 Netflix documentary, The Great Hack.[84] This is the first feature-length media piece that ties together the various elements of the scandal through a narrative.[84] The documentary provides information on the background information and events related to Cambridge Analytica, Facebook, and the 2016 election that resulted in the overall data scandal.[85] The Great Hack communicates the experiences and personal journeys of multiple individuals that were involved in the event in different ways and through different relationships.[84][85] These individuals include David Carroll, Brittany Kaiser, and more.[85] David Carroll is a New York professor in the field of media that attempted to navigate the legal system in order to discover what data Cambridge Analytica had in possession about him.[85] Meanwhile, Brittany Kaiser is a former Cambridge Analytica employee that ultimately became a whistleblower for the data scandal.[85]

Witness and expert testimony edit

The United States Senate Judiciary Committee called witnesses to testify about the data breach and general data privacy.[30][86] They held two hearings, one focusing on Facebook's role in the breach and privacy on social media, and the other on Cambridge Analytica's role and its impact in data privacy. The former was held on April 10, 2018, where Mark Zuckerberg testified and Senator Chuck Grassley and Senator Dianne Feinstein gave statements.[87] The latter occurred on May 16, 2018, where Professor Eitan Hersh, Dr. Mark Jamison, and Christopher Wylie testified, while Senators Grassley and Feinstein again made statements.[88]

Mark Zuckerberg edit

During his testimony before Congress on April 10, 2018, Zuckerberg said it was his personal mistake that he did not do enough to prevent Facebook from being used for harm. "That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections and hate speech". During the testimony, Mark Zuckerberg publicly apologized for the breach of private data: "It was my mistake, and I’m sorry. I started Facebook, I run it, and I’m responsible for what happens here".[89]

Zuckerberg said that in 2013 Aleksandr Kogan had created a personality quiz app, which was installed by 300,000 people.[90] The app was then able to retrieve Facebook information, including that of the users' friends, and this was obtained by Kogan. It was not until 2015 that Zuckerberg learned that these users' information was shared by Kogan with Cambridge Analytica. Cambridge Analytica was subsequently asked to remove all the data. It was later discovered by The Guardian, The New York Times and Channel 4 that the data had in fact not been deleted.[91]

Eitan Hersh edit

In 2015, Professor Eitan Hersh published Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters,[92] which analyzed the databases used for campaigns between 2008 and 2014. On May 6, 2018, Eitan Hersh, a professor of political science at Tufts University[93] testified before Congress as an expert on voter targeting.[94]

Hersh claimed that the voter targeting by Cambridge Analytica did not excessively affect the outcome of the 2016 election because the techniques used by Cambridge Analytica were similar to those of presidential campaigns well before 2016. Further, he claimed that the correlation between user "likes" and personality traits were weak and thus the psychological profiling of users were also weak.[94]

Mark Jamison edit

Dr. Mark Jamison, the director and Gunter Professor of the Public Utility Research Center at the University of Florida, testified before Congress on May 6, 2018, as an expert.[95] Jamison reiterated that it was not unusual for presidential campaigns to use data like Facebook's data to profile voters; Presidents Barack Obama and George W. Bush also used models to micro-target voters.[96] Jamison criticized Facebook for not being "clear and candid with its users" because the users were not aware of the extent that their data would be used. Jamison finished his testimony by saying that if the federal government were to regulate voter targeting to happen on sites like Facebook, it would harm the users of those sites because it would be too restrictive of those sites and would make things worse for regulators.[97]

Christopher Wylie edit

 
Christopher Wylie during Cambridge Analytica protest.

On May 16, 2018, Christopher Wylie, who is considered the "whistleblower" on Cambridge Analytica and also served as Cambridge Analytica's Director of Research in 2013 and 2014,[98] also testified to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee.[99] He was considered a witness to both British and American authorities, and he claims he decided to whistle-blow to "protect democratic institutions from rogue actors and hostile foreign interference, as well as ensure the safety of Americans online."[86] He claimed that at Cambridge Analytica "anything goes" and that Cambridge Analytica was "a corrupting force in the world." He detailed to Congress how Cambridge Analytica used Facebook's data to categorize people into groups based on political ideology.[100] He also claimed that Eitan Hersh contradicted "copious amounts of peer-reviewed literature in top scientific journals, including the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Psychological Science, and Journal of Personality and Individual Differences" by saying that Facebook's categorizing of people were weak.[101]

Christopher Wylie also testified about Russian contact with Cambridge Analytica and the campaign, voter disengagement, and his thoughts on Facebook's response.[101]

Aftermath edit

Following the downfall of Cambridge Analytica, a number of related companies have been established by people formerly affiliated with Cambridge Analytica, including Emerdata Limited and Auspex International.[102] At first, Julian Wheatland, the former CEO of Cambridge Analytica and former director of many SCL-connected firms, stated that they did not plan on reestablishing the two companies. Instead, the directors and owners of Cambridge and its London-based parent SCL group strategically positioned themselves to be acquired in the face of bankruptcy procedures and lawsuits. While employees of both companies dispersed to successor firms, Cambridge and SCL were acquired by Emerdata Limited, a data processing company. Wheatland responded to news of this story and emphasized that Emerdata would not inherit SCL companies’ existing data or assets and that this information belongs to the administrators in charge of the SCL companies’ bankruptcy. David Carroll, an American professor who sued Cambridge, stated that Emerdata was aiming to conceal the scandals and minimize further criticism.[103] Carroll's lawyers argued that Cambridge's court administrators were acting unlawfully by liquidating the company's assets prior to a full investigation being performed. While these administrators subjected SCL Group to criminal injury and a $26,000 fine, a U.K. court denied Carroll's lawsuit, allowing SCL to disintegrate without turning over his data.

In October 2021, following Facebook employee Frances Haugen whistleblowing Facebook activities, NPR revisited the Cambridge Analytica data scandal by observing that Facebook neither took responsibility for their behavior there nor did consumers get any benefit of reform as a result.[104] In August 2022, Facebook agreed to settle a lawsuit seeking damages in the case for an undisclosed sum.[105] In December 2022, Meta Platforms agreed to pay $725 million to settle a private class-action lawsuit related to the improper user data sharing with Cambridge Analytica and other third-party companies.[106][107]

See also edit

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External links edit

  • BBC Coverage
  • The Guardian Coverage
  • Carole Cadwalladr @TED2019: Facebook's role in Brexit — and the threat to democracy
  • New York Times Coverage
  • The Guardian Article; Revealed
  • "How the Facebook-Cambridge Analytica Saga Unfolded". Bloomberg.com. March 21, 2018.
  • "The Facebook Dilemma". FRONTLINE. Season 37. Episode 4–5. October 29–30, 2018. PBS. WGBH. Retrieved November 10, 2022.

October 31, 2023
facebook, cambridge, analytica, data, scandal, 2010s, personal, data, belonging, millions, facebook, users, collected, without, their, consent, british, consulting, firm, cambridge, analytica, predominantly, used, political, advertising, data, collected, throu. In the 2010s personal data belonging to millions of Facebook users was collected without their consent by British consulting firm Cambridge Analytica predominantly to be used for political advertising 1 The data was collected through an app called This Is Your Digital Life developed by data scientist Aleksandr Kogan and his company Global Science Research in 2013 2 The app consisted of a series of questions to build psychological profiles on users and collected the personal data of the users Facebook friends via Facebook s Open Graph platform 2 The app harvested the data of up to 87 million Facebook profiles 2 Cambridge Analytica used the data to provide analytical assistance to the 2016 presidential campaigns of Ted Cruz and Donald Trump 3 4 Cambridge Analytica was also widely accused of interfering with the Brexit referendum although the official investigation recognised that the company was not involved beyond some initial enquiries and that no significant breaches took place 5 6 Information about the data misuse was disclosed in 2018 by Christopher Wylie a former Cambridge Analytica employee in interviews with The Guardian and The New York Times 7 In response Facebook apologized for their role in the data harvesting and their CEO Mark Zuckerberg testified in front of Congress 7 In July 2019 it was announced that Facebook was to be fined 5 billion by the Federal Trade Commission due to its privacy violations 8 In October 2019 Facebook agreed to pay a 500 000 fine to the UK Information Commissioner s Office for exposing the data of its users to a serious risk of harm 9 In May 2018 Cambridge Analytica filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy 10 Other advertising agencies have been implementing various forms of psychological targeting for years and Facebook had patented a similar technology in 2012 11 Nevertheless Cambridge Analytica s methods and their high profile clients including the Trump presidential campaign and the UK s Leave EU campaign 12 brought the problems of psychological targeting that scholars have been warning against to public awareness 11 The scandal sparked an increased public interest in privacy and social media s influence on politics The online movement DeleteFacebook trended on Twitter 13 Contents 1 Overview 2 Data characteristics 2 1 Numbers 2 2 Information 3 Data use 3 1 Ted Cruz campaign 3 2 Donald Trump campaign 3 3 Potential usage 3 3 1 Russia 3 3 2 Brexit 4 Responses 4 1 Facebook and other companies 4 2 Governmental actions 4 3 Impact on Facebook users and investors 4 4 DeleteFacebook movement 4 5 The Great Hack 5 Witness and expert testimony 5 1 Mark Zuckerberg 5 2 Eitan Hersh 5 3 Mark Jamison 5 4 Christopher Wylie 6 Aftermath 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksOverview editAleksandr Kogan a data scientist at the University of Cambridge was hired by Cambridge Analytica an offshoot of SCL Group to develop an app called This Is Your Digital Life sometimes stylized as thisisyourdigitallife 14 15 Cambridge Analytica then arranged an informed consent process for research in which several hundred thousand Facebook users would agree to complete a survey for payment that was only for academic use 14 16 However Facebook allowed this app not only to collect personal information from survey respondents but also from respondents Facebook friends 14 In this way Cambridge Analytica acquired data from millions of Facebook users 14 The collection of personal data by Cambridge Analytica was first reported in December 2015 by Harry Davies a journalist for The Guardian He reported that Cambridge Analytica was working for United States Senator Ted Cruz using data harvested from millions of people s Facebook accounts without their consent 17 Further reports followed in November 2016 by McKenzie Funk for the New York Times Sunday Review 18 December 2016 by Hannes Grasseger and Mikael Krogerus for the Swiss publication Das Magazin later translated and published by Vice 19 in February 2017 by Carole Cadwalladr for The Guardian starting in February 2017 20 and in March 2017 by Mattathias Schwartz for The Intercept 21 According to PolitiFact in his 2016 presidential campaign Trump paid Cambridge Analytica in September October and November for data on Americans and their political preferences 22 Information on the data breach came to a head in March 2018 with the emergence of a whistleblower an ex Cambridge Analytica employee Christopher Wylie He had been an anonymous source for an article in 2017 in The Observer by Cadwalladr headlined The Great British Brexit Robbery 16 Cadwalladr worked with Wylie for a year to coax him to come forward as a whistleblower 23 She later brought in Channel 4 News in the UK and The New York Times due to legal threats against The Guardian and The Observer by Cambridge Analytica 24 Kogan s name change to Aleksandr Spectre which resulted in the ominous Dr Spectre added to the intrigue and popular appeal of the story 25 26 The Guardian and The New York Times published articles simultaneously on March 17 2018 27 28 More than 100 billion was knocked off Facebook s market capitalization in days 29 and politicians in the US and UK demanded answers from Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg The negative public response to the media coverage eventually led to him agreeing to testify in front of the United States Congress 30 Meghan McCain drew an equivalence between the use of data by Cambridge Analytica and Barack Obama s 2012 presidential campaign 31 32 33 PolitiFact however alleged that this data was not used in an unethical way since Obama s campaign used this data to have their supporters contact their most persuadable friends rather than using this data for highly targeted digital ads on websites such as Facebook 34 Data characteristics editNumbers edit Wired The New York Times and The Observer reported that the data set had included information on 50 million Facebook users 35 36 While Cambridge Analytica claimed it had only collected 30 million Facebook user profiles 37 Facebook later confirmed that it actually had data on potentially over 87 million users 38 with 70 6 million of those people from the United States 39 Facebook estimated that California was the most affected U S state with 6 7 million impacted users followed by Texas with 5 6 million and Florida with 4 3 million 40 Data was collected on at least 30 million users while only 270 000 people downloaded the app 35 Information edit Facebook sent a message to those users believed to be affected saying the information likely included one s public profile page likes birthday and current city 41 Some of the app s users gave the app permission to access their News Feed timeline and messages 42 The data was detailed enough for Cambridge Analytica to create psychographic profiles of the subjects of the data 36 The data also included the locations of each person 36 For a given political campaign each profile s information suggested what type of advertisement would be most effective to persuade a particular person in a particular location for some political event 36 43 Data use editTed Cruz campaign edit nbsp Ted Cruz campaign logoIn 2016 American senator Ted Cruz hired Cambridge Analytica to aid his presidential campaign 44 The Federal Election Commission reported that Cruz paid the company 5 8 million in services 44 Although Cambridge Analytica was not well known at the time this is when it started to create individual psychographic profiles 44 This data was then used to create tailored advertisements for each person to sway them into voting for Cruz 44 Donald Trump campaign edit nbsp Donald Trump campaign logo before the selection of Mike Pence as running mateDonald Trump s 2016 presidential campaign used the harvested data to build psychographic profiles determining users personality traits based on their Facebook activity 45 The campaign team used this information as a micro targeting technique displaying customized messages about Trump to different US voters on various digital platforms 46 Ads were segmented into different categories mainly based on whether individuals were Trump supporters or potential swing votes 46 As described by Cambridge Analytica s CEO the key was to identify those who might be enticed to vote for their client or be discouraged to vote for their opponent 47 Supporters of Trump received triumphant visuals of him as well as information regarding polling stations 46 Swing voters were instead often shown images of Trump s more notable supporters and negative graphics or ideas about his opponent Hillary Clinton 46 For example the collected data was specifically used by Make America Number 1 Super PAC to attack Clinton through constructed advertisements that accused Clinton of corruption as a way of propping up Trump as a better candidate for the presidency 22 However a former Cambridge Analytica employee Brittany Kaiser was asked Is it absolutely proven that the Trump campaign relied on the data that had been illicitly obtained from Facebook She responded It has not been proven because the difficult thing about proving a situation like that is that you need to do a forensic analysis of the database 48 Potential usage edit Russia edit In 2018 the Parliament of the United Kingdom questioned SCL Group director Alexander Nix in a hearing about Cambridge Analytica s connections with Russian oil company Lukoil 49 Nix stated he had no connections to the two companies despite concerns that the oil company was interested in how the company s data was used to target American voters 49 Cambridge Analytica had become a point of focus in politics since its involvement in Trump s campaign at this point 49 Democratic officials made it a point of emphasis for improved investigation over concerns of Russian ties with Cambridge Analytica It was later confirmed by Christopher Wylie that Lukoil was interested in the company s data regarding political targeting 49 Brexit edit Cambridge Analytica was allegedly hired as a consultant company for Leave EU and the UK Independence Party during 2016 as an effort to convince people to support Brexit 50 These rumors were the result of the leaked internal emails that were shared with the British parliament 51 Brittany Kaiser declared that the datasets that Leave EU used to create databases were provided by Cambridge Analytica 52 These datasets composed of the data obtained from Facebook were said to be work done as an initial job deliverable for them Although Arron Banks co founder of Leave EU denied any involvement with the company he later declared When we said we d hired Cambridge Analytica maybe a better choice of words could have been deployed 53 The official investigation by the UK Information Commissioner found that Cambridge Analytica was not involved beyond some initial enquiries and the regulator did not identify any significant breaches of data protection legislation or privacy or marketing regulations which met the threshold for formal regulatory action 5 6 Responses editFacebook and other companies edit nbsp Facebook CEO Mark ZuckerbergFacebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg first apologized for the situation with Cambridge Analytica on CNN 54 calling it an issue a mistake and a breach of trust He explained that he was responding to the Facebook community s concerns and that the company s initial focus on data portability had shifted to locking down data he also reminded the platform s users of their right of access to personal data 55 Other Facebook officials argued against calling it a data breach arguing those who took the personality quiz originally consented to give away their information 56 Zuckerberg pledged to make changes and reforms in Facebook policy to prevent similar breaches 57 On March 25 2018 Zuckerberg published a personal letter in various newspapers apologizing on behalf of Facebook 58 In April Facebook decided to implement the EU s General Data Protection Regulation in all areas of operation and not just the EU 59 In April 2018 Facebook established Social Science One as a response to the event 60 On April 25 2018 Facebook released their first earnings report since the scandal was reported Revenue fell since the last quarter but this is usual as it followed the holiday season quote The quarter revenue was the highest for a first quarter and the second overall 61 Amazon said that they suspended Cambridge Analytica from using their Amazon Web Services when they learned in 2015 that their service was collecting personal information 62 The Italian banking company UniCredit stopped advertising and marketing on Facebook in August 2018 63 Governmental actions edit The governments of India 64 65 and Brazil 66 67 demanded that Cambridge Analytica report how anyone used data from the breach in political campaigning and various regional governments in the United States have lawsuits in their court systems from citizens affected by the data breach 68 In early July 2018 the United Kingdom s Information Commissioner s Office announced it intended to fine Facebook 500 000 663 000 over the data breach this being the maximum fine allowed at the time of the breach saying Facebook contravened the law by failing to safeguard people s information 69 In March 2019 a court filing by the U S Attorney General for the District of Columbia alleged that Facebook knew of Cambridge Analytica s improper data gathering practices months before they were first publicly reported in December 2015 70 In July 2019 the Federal Trade Commission FTC voted 3 2 to approve fining Facebook 5 billion to finally settle the investigation into the data breach 8 The record breaking settlement was one of the largest penalties ever assessed by the U S government for any violation 71 In the ruling the FTC cited Facebook s continued violations of FTC privacy orders from 2012 which included sharing users data with apps used by their friends facial recognition being enabled by default and Facebook s use of user phone numbers for advertising purposes 72 As a result Facebook was made subject to a new 20 year settlement order In July 2019 the FTC sued Cambridge Analytica s CEO Alexander Nix and GSRApp developer Aleksandr Kogan Both defendants agreed to administrative orders that restrict their future business dealings and to destroy both any collected personal data and any work product made from the data The GSRApp collected information initially on up to 270 000 GSRApp users then harvested data on up to 65 million Facebook friends Cambridge Analytica declared bankruptcy 73 Again in July 2019 Facebook has agreed to pay 100 million to settle with the U S Securities and Exchange Commission for misleading investors about the risks it faced from misuse of user data 74 The SEC s complaint alleged that Facebook did not correct its existing disclosure for more than two years despite discovering the misuse of its users information in 2015 74 Impact on Facebook users and investors edit Since April 2018 the first full month since the breaking of the Cambridge Analytica data breach the number of likes posts and shares on the site had decreased by almost 20 and has decreased ever since with the aforementioned activity only momentarily increasing during the summer and during the 2018 US midterm elections 75 Despite this user growth of the site has increased in the period since increased media coverage increasing by 1 8 during the final quarter of 2018 76 On March 26 2018 a little after a week after the story was initially published Facebook stock fell by about 24 equivalent to 134 billion By May 10 Wall Street reported that the company recovered their losses 77 DeleteFacebook movement edit nbsp Brittany KaiserThe public reacted to the data privacy breach by initiating the campaign DeleteFacebook with the aim of starting a movement to boycott Facebook The co founder of WhatsApp which is owned by Facebook joined in on the movement by declaring it was time to delete the platform 13 The hashtag was tweeted almost 400 000 times on Twitter within a 30 day period after news of the data breach 78 93 of the mentions of the hashtag actually appeared on Twitter making it the main social media platform used to share the hashtag 79 However a survey by investment firm Raymond James found that although approximately 84 of Facebook users were concerned about how the app used their data about 48 of those surveyed claimed they wouldn t actually cut back on their usage of the social media network 80 Additionally in 2018 Mark Zuckerberg commented that he didn t think the company had seen a meaningful number of people act on deleting Facebook 80 An additional campaign and hashtag OwnYourData was coined by Brittany Kaiser 81 The hashtag was created by Kaiser as a Facebook campaign that pushed for increased transparency on the platform 82 OwnYourData was also used in Kaiser s petition for Facebook to alter their policies and give users increased power and control over their data which she refers to as users assets and property 81 In addition to the hashtag Kaiser also created the Own Your Data Foundation to promote increased digital intelligence education 83 The Great Hack edit The Facebook Cambridge Analytica data scandal also received media coverage in the form of a 2019 Netflix documentary The Great Hack 84 This is the first feature length media piece that ties together the various elements of the scandal through a narrative 84 The documentary provides information on the background information and events related to Cambridge Analytica Facebook and the 2016 election that resulted in the overall data scandal 85 The Great Hack communicates the experiences and personal journeys of multiple individuals that were involved in the event in different ways and through different relationships 84 85 These individuals include David Carroll Brittany Kaiser and more 85 David Carroll is a New York professor in the field of media that attempted to navigate the legal system in order to discover what data Cambridge Analytica had in possession about him 85 Meanwhile Brittany Kaiser is a former Cambridge Analytica employee that ultimately became a whistleblower for the data scandal 85 Witness and expert testimony editThe United States Senate Judiciary Committee called witnesses to testify about the data breach and general data privacy 30 86 They held two hearings one focusing on Facebook s role in the breach and privacy on social media and the other on Cambridge Analytica s role and its impact in data privacy The former was held on April 10 2018 where Mark Zuckerberg testified and Senator Chuck Grassley and Senator Dianne Feinstein gave statements 87 The latter occurred on May 16 2018 where Professor Eitan Hersh Dr Mark Jamison and Christopher Wylie testified while Senators Grassley and Feinstein again made statements 88 Mark Zuckerberg edit During his testimony before Congress on April 10 2018 Zuckerberg said it was his personal mistake that he did not do enough to prevent Facebook from being used for harm That goes for fake news foreign interference in elections and hate speech During the testimony Mark Zuckerberg publicly apologized for the breach of private data It was my mistake and I m sorry I started Facebook I run it and I m responsible for what happens here 89 Zuckerberg said that in 2013 Aleksandr Kogan had created a personality quiz app which was installed by 300 000 people 90 The app was then able to retrieve Facebook information including that of the users friends and this was obtained by Kogan It was not until 2015 that Zuckerberg learned that these users information was shared by Kogan with Cambridge Analytica Cambridge Analytica was subsequently asked to remove all the data It was later discovered by The Guardian The New York Times and Channel 4 that the data had in fact not been deleted 91 Eitan Hersh edit In 2015 Professor Eitan Hersh published Hacking the Electorate How Campaigns Perceive Voters 92 which analyzed the databases used for campaigns between 2008 and 2014 On May 6 2018 Eitan Hersh a professor of political science at Tufts University 93 testified before Congress as an expert on voter targeting 94 Hersh claimed that the voter targeting by Cambridge Analytica did not excessively affect the outcome of the 2016 election because the techniques used by Cambridge Analytica were similar to those of presidential campaigns well before 2016 Further he claimed that the correlation between user likes and personality traits were weak and thus the psychological profiling of users were also weak 94 Mark Jamison edit Dr Mark Jamison the director and Gunter Professor of the Public Utility Research Center at the University of Florida testified before Congress on May 6 2018 as an expert 95 Jamison reiterated that it was not unusual for presidential campaigns to use data like Facebook s data to profile voters Presidents Barack Obama and George W Bush also used models to micro target voters 96 Jamison criticized Facebook for not being clear and candid with its users because the users were not aware of the extent that their data would be used Jamison finished his testimony by saying that if the federal government were to regulate voter targeting to happen on sites like Facebook it would harm the users of those sites because it would be too restrictive of those sites and would make things worse for regulators 97 Christopher Wylie edit nbsp Christopher Wylie during Cambridge Analytica protest On May 16 2018 Christopher Wylie who is considered the whistleblower on Cambridge Analytica and also served as Cambridge Analytica s Director of Research in 2013 and 2014 98 also testified to the United States Senate Judiciary Committee 99 He was considered a witness to both British and American authorities and he claims he decided to whistle blow to protect democratic institutions from rogue actors and hostile foreign interference as well as ensure the safety of Americans online 86 He claimed that at Cambridge Analytica anything goes and that Cambridge Analytica was a corrupting force in the world He detailed to Congress how Cambridge Analytica used Facebook s data to categorize people into groups based on political ideology 100 He also claimed that Eitan Hersh contradicted copious amounts of peer reviewed literature in top scientific journals including the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Psychological Science and Journal of Personality and Individual Differences by saying that Facebook s categorizing of people were weak 101 Christopher Wylie also testified about Russian contact with Cambridge Analytica and the campaign voter disengagement and his thoughts on Facebook s response 101 Aftermath editThis section needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section Unsourced material may be challenged and removed January 2021 Learn how and when to remove this template message Following the downfall of Cambridge Analytica a number of related companies have been established by people formerly affiliated with Cambridge Analytica including Emerdata Limited and Auspex International 102 At first Julian Wheatland the former CEO of Cambridge Analytica and former director of many SCL connected firms stated that they did not plan on reestablishing the two companies Instead the directors and owners of Cambridge and its London based parent SCL group strategically positioned themselves to be acquired in the face of bankruptcy procedures and lawsuits While employees of both companies dispersed to successor firms Cambridge and SCL were acquired by Emerdata Limited a data processing company Wheatland responded to news of this story and emphasized that Emerdata would not inherit SCL companies existing data or assets and that this information belongs to the administrators in charge of the SCL companies bankruptcy David Carroll an American professor who sued Cambridge stated that Emerdata was aiming to conceal the scandals and minimize further criticism 103 Carroll s lawyers argued that Cambridge s court administrators were acting unlawfully by liquidating the company s assets prior to a full investigation being performed While these administrators subjected SCL Group to criminal injury and a 26 000 fine a U K court denied Carroll s lawsuit allowing SCL to disintegrate without turning over his data In October 2021 following Facebook employee Frances Haugen whistleblowing Facebook activities NPR revisited the Cambridge Analytica data scandal by observing that Facebook neither took responsibility for their behavior there nor did consumers get any benefit of reform as a result 104 In August 2022 Facebook agreed to settle a lawsuit seeking damages in the case for an undisclosed sum 105 In December 2022 Meta Platforms agreed to pay 725 million to settle a private class action lawsuit related to the improper user data sharing with Cambridge Analytica and other third party companies 106 107 See also edit nbsp Internet portalAggregateIQ BeLeave The Great Hack 2019 documentary film Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum State sponsored Internet propaganda Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia 2019 References edit Chan Rosalie The Cambridge Analytica whistleblower explains how the firm used Facebook data to sway elections Business Insider Archived from the original on January 29 2021 Retrieved May 7 2020 a b c Meredith Sam April 10 2018 Facebook Cambridge Analytica A timeline of the data hijacking scandal CNBC Archived from the original on October 19 2018 Retrieved May 8 2020 Confessore Nicholas April 4 2018 Cambridge Analytica and Facebook The Scandal and the Fallout So Far The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Archived from the original on October 11 2020 Retrieved May 8 2020 Smith Allan There s an open secret about Cambridge Analytica in the political world It doesn t have the secret sauce it claims Business Insider Archived from the original on July 31 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privacy lawsuit CNBC Retrieved December 23 2022 Schechner Sam December 23 2022 Meta to Pay 725 Million to Settle Cambridge Analytica Lawsuit The Wall Street Journal News Corp Retrieved December 23 2022 External links editBBC Coverage The Guardian Coverage Carole Cadwalladr TED2019 Facebook s role in Brexit and the threat to democracy New York Times Coverage The Guardian Article Revealed How the Facebook Cambridge Analytica Saga Unfolded Bloomberg com March 21 2018 The Facebook Dilemma FRONTLINE Season 37 Episode 4 5 October 29 30 2018 PBS WGBH Retrieved November 10 2022 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Facebook Cambridge Analytica data scandal amp oldid 1182373044, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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