Not to be confused with Calytrix (a genus in Myrtaceae) or Callithrix (a genus of New World monkeys).
Callitris is a genus of coniferoustrees in the Cupressaceae (cypress family). There are 16 recognized species in the genus, of which 13 are native to Australia and the other three (C. neocaledonica, C. sulcata and C. pancheri) native to New Caledonia.[1] Traditionally, the most widely used common name is cypress-pine,[3] a name shared by some species of the closely related genus Actinostrobus.[4]
They are small to medium-sized trees or large shrubs, reaching 5–25 m (16–82 ft) tall (to 40 m (130 ft) in C. macleayana). The leaves are evergreen and scale-like, but young seedlings have needle-like leaves; in C. macleayana, needle-like leaves are found mixed with scale leaves throughout the tree's life. The scales are arranged in six rows along the twigs, in alternating whorls of three (often in whorls of four in C. macleayana).
The male cones are small, 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) long, and are located at the tips of the twigs. The female cones start out similarly inconspicuous, maturing in 18–20 months to 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) long and wide, globular to ovoid (acute in C. macleayana), with six overlapping, thick, woody scales, arranged in two whorls of three (often 8 scales in C. macleayana). The cones remain closed on the trees for many years, opening only after being scorched by a bushfire; this then releases the seeds to grow on the newly cleared burnt ground.
Taxonomyedit
The genus is divided into two sections, with the atypical C. macleayana in sect. Octoclinis, and all the other species in sect. Callitris. Some botanists treat C. macleayana in a separate genus, as Octoclinis macleayana. C. macleayana is also distinct in occurring in rainforest on the east coast of Australia; the other species all grow on dry sites.
The closest relative of Callitris is Actinostrobus from southwest Western Australia, which differs in its cones having several basal whorls of small sterile scales. A 2010 study of Actinostrobus and Callitris places the three species of Actinostrobus within an expanded Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters.[5]
In 2010, early Oligocene fossilised foliage and cones of Callitris were unearthed near the Lea River in Tasmania. The fossils were given the name Callitris leaensis and represent the oldest known representative of the genus.[6]
Callitris columellaris – south-east QLD (coastal); naturalised in Hawaii and southern Florida. Previously synonymous with C. glaucophylla, C. endlicheri and C. intratropica.
The wood of cypress-pines is light, soft and aromatic. It can be easily split and resists decay; cypress-pine is also termite resistant. It is used to make furniture, indoor and outdoor paneling, and fence posts. Cypress-pines are occasionally planted as ornamental trees, but their use is restricted by the high risks imposed by their very high flammability in bushfires.
Previously a plantation of C. intratropica was established outside of Darwin for use in house construction.[11] After Cyclone Tracey it was realised that the timber did not resist strong winds and the plantation was abandoned. The trees are now used for the production of a blue essential oil, rich in guaiol and chamazulene (the blue compound). A number of therapeutic effects are attributed to the essential oil, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.
Referencesedit
^ abcKew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^Byng, J. W. (2015). The Gymnosperms Handbook: A practical guide to extant families and genera of the world. Plant Gateway Ltd.
^Australian Plant Names Index, retrieved 8 December 2015
^Eckenwalder, J.E. 2009. Conifers of the World: The Complete Reference. Timber Press. p. 122-124
^Piggin, J.; Bruhl, J. J. (2010). "Phylogeny reconstruction of Callitris Vent. (Cupressaceae) and its allies leads to inclusion of Actinostrobus within Callitris". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (2): 69–93. doi:10.1071/SB09044.
^Paull, Rosemary (2010), "Early Oligocene Callitris and Fitzroya (Cupressaceae) from Tasmania", American Journal of Botany, 97 (5): 809–820, doi:10.3732/ajb.0900374, PMID 21622446
^Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu; Smith, Stephen A.; Yi, Ting-Shuang; et al. (2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. bioRxiv10.1101/2021.03.13.435279. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. PMID 34282286. S2CID 232282918.
^Jones, Graham; Sadgrove, Nicholas (March 2015). "A Contemporary Introduction to Essential Oils: Chemistry, Bioactivity and Prospects for Australian Agriculture". Agriculture. 5 (1): 48–102. doi:10.3390/agriculture5010048.
callitris, confused, with, calytrix, genus, myrtaceae, callithrix, genus, world, monkeys, genus, coniferous, trees, cupressaceae, cypress, family, there, recognized, species, genus, which, native, australia, other, three, neocaledonica, sulcata, pancheri, nati. Not to be confused with Calytrix a genus in Myrtaceae or Callithrix a genus of New World monkeys Callitris is a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae cypress family There are 16 recognized species in the genus of which 13 are native to Australia and the other three C neocaledonica C sulcata and C pancheri native to New Caledonia 1 Traditionally the most widely used common name is cypress pine 3 a name shared by some species of the closely related genus Actinostrobus 4 CallitrisCallitris preissiiScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade GymnospermaeDivision PinophytaClass PinopsidaOrder CupressalesFamily CupressaceaeSubfamily CallitroideaeGenus CallitrisVent Type speciesCallitris rhomboideaSpeciesSee textSynonyms 1 Callitropsis Compton non Oersted Cyparissia Hoffmanns Frenela Mirb Leichhardtia T Steph ex Gordon Nothocallitris A V Bobrov amp Melikyan Neocallitropsis Florin 2 Octoclinis F Muell Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Species 2 2 Doubtful names 3 Human use 4 References 5 External linksDescription editThey are small to medium sized trees or large shrubs reaching 5 25 m 16 82 ft tall to 40 m 130 ft in C macleayana The leaves are evergreen and scale like but young seedlings have needle like leaves in C macleayana needle like leaves are found mixed with scale leaves throughout the tree s life The scales are arranged in six rows along the twigs in alternating whorls of three often in whorls of four in C macleayana The male cones are small 3 6 mm 0 12 0 24 in long and are located at the tips of the twigs The female cones start out similarly inconspicuous maturing in 18 20 months to 1 3 cm 0 39 1 18 in long and wide globular to ovoid acute in C macleayana with six overlapping thick woody scales arranged in two whorls of three often 8 scales in C macleayana The cones remain closed on the trees for many years opening only after being scorched by a bushfire this then releases the seeds to grow on the newly cleared burnt ground Taxonomy editThe genus is divided into two sections with the atypical C macleayana in sect Octoclinis and all the other species in sect Callitris Some botanists treat C macleayana in a separate genus as Octoclinis macleayana C macleayana is also distinct in occurring in rainforest on the east coast of Australia the other species all grow on dry sites The closest relative of Callitris is Actinostrobus from southwest Western Australia which differs in its cones having several basal whorls of small sterile scales A 2010 study of Actinostrobus and Callitris places the three species of Actinostrobus within an expanded Callitris based on analysis of 42 morphological and anatomical characters 5 In 2010 early Oligocene fossilised foliage and cones of Callitris were unearthed near the Lea River in Tasmania The fossils were given the name Callitris leaensis and represent the oldest known representative of the genus 6 Species edit nbsp Callitris verrucosa cones nbsp Callitris glaucophylla white cypress Lightning Ridge NSWStull et al 2021 7 8 Callitris s l Neocallitropsis Callitris neocaledonica DummerCallitris sulcata Parlatore Schlechter Sapin de Comboui N pancheri Carriere de LaubenfelsOctoclinis macleayana Sheph ex von Mueller Stringybark pine Actinostrobus A acuminatus Parlatore Dwarf cypress A arenarius Gardner Sandplain cypress A pyramidalis Miquel Swan river cypress Callitris roei Endlicher Bentham amp Hooker ex von Mueller Roe s cypress pine Callitris drummondii Parlatore Bentham amp Hooker ex von Mueller Drummond s small cypress pine Callitris baileyi White Bailey s cypress pine Callitris columellaris von Mueller White Northern Murray River cypress pine Callitris s s C monticola Garden Steelhead dwarf cypress C canescens Parlatore Blake Morrison s cypress pine C oblonga Richard Tasmanian cypress South Esk pygmy pine C muelleri Parlatore Bentham amp Hooker ex von Mueller Illawarra cypress pine C endlicheri Parlatore Bailey Black cypress pine C preissii Miquel Rottnest Island pine Southern slender cypress pine C verrucosa Cunningham ex Endlicher Brown ex de Mirbel Mallee cypress pine C intratropica Baker amp H G Sm C rhomboidea Brown ex Richard Port Jackson Oyster Bay Illawarra Mountain pine C glaucophylla J Thomps amp JohnsonC gracilis BakerC tuberculata de Mirbel Brown ex EndlicherThe genus includes the following species 1 Callitris baileyi SE QLD NE NSW Callitris canescens S WA S SA Callitris columellaris south east QLD coastal naturalised in Hawaii and southern Florida Previously synonymous with C glaucophylla C endlicheri and C intratropica Callitris drummondii S WA Callitris endlicheri NSW QLD VIC hilly areas naturalised in Hawaii and St Helena Callitris glaucophylla NSW Qld SA NT WA most common Callitris gracilis SA VIC NSW Callitris intratropica NT blue cypress Callitris macleayana QLD NSW Callitris monticola QLD NSW Callitris muelleri NSW Callitris neocaledonica New Caledonia Callitris oblonga NSW TAS Callitris pancheri New Caledonia Callitris preissii SA VIC WA NSW Callitris rhomboidea NSW QLD VIC TAS naturalised on New Zealand s North Island Callitris roei S WA Callitris sulcata New Caledonia Callitris verrucosa SA VIC WA NSW QLDDoubtful names edit The following names are of doubtful validity 9 Callitris arenosa Sweet nom inval nom nud type not cited identity uncertain Callitris columellaris f glauca F M Bailey described from Qld type not located identity uncertain Hill 1998 Callitris conglobata Heynh nom inval nom nud described from New Holland type not located identity uncertain Callitris elegans Heynh or Sieber ex Heynh 10 nom inval nom nud described from New Holland type not located identity uncertain Callitris intermedia R T Baker amp H G Sm nom inval identity uncertain Hill 1998 Callitris montana Heynh nom inval nom nud described from New Holland type not located identity uncertain Callitris pyramidalis Sweet nom inval nom nud syn Frenela pyramidalis Sweet Parl nom inval nom nud type not cited identity uncertain Callitris macrocarpa Vent nom inval nom nud syn Cupressus macrocarpa Vent A Cunn nom inval identity uncertain Human use editThe wood of cypress pines is light soft and aromatic It can be easily split and resists decay cypress pine is also termite resistant It is used to make furniture indoor and outdoor paneling and fence posts Cypress pines are occasionally planted as ornamental trees but their use is restricted by the high risks imposed by their very high flammability in bushfires Previously a plantation of C intratropica was established outside of Darwin for use in house construction 11 After Cyclone Tracey it was realised that the timber did not resist strong winds and the plantation was abandoned The trees are now used for the production of a blue essential oil rich in guaiol and chamazulene the blue compound A number of therapeutic effects are attributed to the essential oil including antimicrobial and anti inflammatory effects References edit a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Byng J W 2015 The Gymnosperms Handbook A practical guide to extant families and genera of the world Plant Gateway Ltd Australian Plant Names Index retrieved 8 December 2015 Eckenwalder J E 2009 Conifers of the World The Complete Reference Timber Press p 122 124 Piggin J Bruhl J J 2010 Phylogeny reconstruction of Callitris Vent Cupressaceae and its allies leads to inclusion of Actinostrobus within Callitris Australian Systematic Botany 23 2 69 93 doi 10 1071 SB09044 Paull Rosemary 2010 Early Oligocene Callitris and Fitzroya Cupressaceae from Tasmania American Journal of Botany 97 5 809 820 doi 10 3732 ajb 0900374 PMID 21622446 Stull Gregory W Qu Xiao Jian Parins Fukuchi Caroline Yang Ying Ying Yang Jun Bo Yang Zhi Yun Hu Yi Ma Hong Soltis Pamela S Soltis Douglas E Li De Zhu Smith Stephen A Yi Ting Shuang et al 2021 Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms Nature Plants 7 8 1015 1025 bioRxiv 10 1101 2021 03 13 435279 doi 10 1038 s41477 021 00964 4 PMID 34282286 S2CID 232282918 Stull Gregory W et al 2021 main dated supermatrix tree T9 tre Figshare doi 10 6084 m9 figshare 14547354 v1 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Cupressaceae at chah gov au Nomenclator Botanicus Hortensis Gustav Heynhold 1840 46 description page 149 Jones Graham Sadgrove Nicholas March 2015 A Contemporary Introduction to Essential Oils Chemistry Bioactivity and Prospects for Australian Agriculture Agriculture 5 1 48 102 doi 10 3390 agriculture5010048 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Callitris nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Callitris Gymnosperm Database Callitris Arboretum de Villardebelle Photos of cones Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Callitris amp oldid 1193313509, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
