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Caliber System

January 01, 1970

Caliber System Inc., known until 1996 as Roadway Services Inc., was a transportation holding company based in Akron, Ohio. During its history, Caliber owned a number of logistics companies including Roadway Express, Viking Freight and Roadway Package System (RPS) among others. Roadway Express was spun off in 1995 and Caliber was acquired by FedEx in 1998 with subsidiaries becoming FedEx Ground, FedEx Freight, FedEx Custom Critical and FedEx Global Logistics.

Caliber System Inc.
FormerlyRoadway Services Inc.​ (1982-1996)
IndustryTransportation
Founded1982; 42 years ago (1982) in Akron, Ohio
DefunctJanuary 1998 (1998-01)
FateAcquired by FedEx
Successors
Headquarters
Akron, Ohio
,
United States
SubsidiariesAt acquisition:
  • Caliber Logistics
  • Caliber Technology
  • Roberts Express
  • RPS
  • Viking Freight
Prior to acquisition:
  • Central Freight Lines​ (1993-1996)
  • Cole's Express​ (1993-1996)
  • Nationwide Carriers​ (1984-1989)
  • Roadway Express​ (1982-1996)
  • RGA​ (1993-1995)
  • Spartan Express​ (1984-1990)

History edit

Foundation and diversification edit

 
A vintage Roadway Express truck
 
An original Coles Express truck. Coles was acquired by RSI in 1993.

Roadway Services Inc. (RSI) was created in 1982[1] as a holding company by national less than truckload (LTL) carrier Roadway Express. Roadway Express was initially RSI's only subsidiary but in 1984 the company acquired short-haul carrier Spartan Express Inc., then specialized truckload carrier Nationwide Carriers Inc., and finally in 1984, it purchased Roberts Express, a same-day critical trucking company, from Emery Air Freight.[2]

 
Logo of Roadway Package System (RPS)

With both truckload and LTL services available via its subsidiaries, in 1985 RSI founded a package delivery service, Roadway Package System (RPS) in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[3] RPS was intended to out-compete the package delivery services of UPS by structuring itself for lower costs.[2] By 1988, RPS covered 70% of the US from 130 terminals.[1]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s RSI experienced both expansion and contraction as it acquired the largest western US regional carrier, Viking Freight, but closed the unprofitable Nationwide Carriers in 1989. In 1990, Viking subsidiary VFS Transportation was closed and Spartan was absorbed into Viking, operating as a subsidiary. At the same time Roadway Express continued its expansion with services to Europe in 1991 and a number of Pacific Rim ports soon after.[1] Also in 1991, RSI replaced Pan Am Corp. on the Dow Jones Transportation Average.[4] At the time, RSI was the third-largest motor freight carrier in the US.[5]

 
RSI launched Roadway Global Air in 1993

In 1993, RSI acquired Southwest regional LTL carrier Central Freight Lines[6] which it placed in its Roadway Regional Group along with Viking in the West, Viking subsidiary Spartan in the central and southern US and Cole's Express in New England.[7] RSI also expanded into air freight with its 1993 founding of Roadway Global Air (RGA) based in Indianapolis.[8][9]

Roadway Express spinoff edit

Main article: Roadway Express

While RSI's smaller regional carriers were all non-union, Roadway Express was unionized[10] and in April 1994 it was impacted by a nationwide strike of the Teamsters Union. The strike was the result of a breakdown in negotiations between the Teamsters and Trucking Management Inc., a negotiating group which represented 23 large trucking companies including Roadway Express, Consolidated Freightways, and Yellow Freight.[11] In the end, the strike lasted 24 days[2] and, according to the RSI, resulted in losses of US$68 million for the quarter at Roadway Express.[12]

The strike at Roadway Express highlighted the division's profitability imbalance when compared to RSI's non-union carriers. At the time, Roadway Express contributed over 40% of the parent company's US$5 billion annual revenue[10] but was less profitable than the other trucking units.[12] As a result, RSI announced in August 1995 that it would spin off Roadway Express as a separate, publicly traded company.[10] As an independent company, Roadway Express grew substantially achieving profits of US$21.8 million in its first year.[1] In 2003 Roadway was acquired by Yellow Freight to form Yellow Roadway Corporation.[13]

Caliber System edit

 
An RGA Boeing 727. RGA operated for less than two years before it was shut down and its assets were sold to Burlington Air Express.

In November 1995, Roadway Services announced it was changing its name to Caliber System, effective in January 1996 and would move its stock listing from the Nasdaq to the NYSE under the new symbol "CBB."[14][15] It also rebranded Roadway Logistics and Roadway Technology to Caliber Logistics and Caliber Technology, respectively.[citation needed]

Caliber immediately began an effort to reorganize in an attempt to decrease costs. In November it shut down RGA and sold the assets to Burlington Air Express.[16] Caliber said it had lost US$103 million on the venture.[9] In December it announced it would be consolidating its remaining trucking companies, Viking (with subsidiary Spartan), Central, and Cole's into a nationwide carrier named Viking Freight Inc.[6] But, Caliber continued to experience significant losses.[17]

Viking announced a wage freeze in July 1996 and in December said it would be eliminating 30 terminals and 1,500 jobs in a bid to reduce costs.[18] Despite positive performances from RPS, Roberts, and Caliber Logistics in Q1 1997, Caliber announced in March it would be selling or closing a large portion of the eastern operations of Viking leaving it as a west coast-focused carrier.[19]

Caliber reported Viking had seen losses of around US$127 million after having been unable to bring Viking to profitability since merging its smaller, regional carriers into a nationwide offering. The cuts were expected to include 4,000 jobs and 83 terminals in the eastern, southern, and central US. These areas had been primarily served by the former Coles and Spartan subsidiaries.[19] In June 1997, Caliber sold the assets that had formerly comprised Central to an investment group led by former Central leadership backed by trucking magnate and Swift Transportation co-founder Jerry Moyes. It was re-incorporated as Central Freight Lines and continued as an independent regional LTL carrier.[6]

Acquisition by FedEx edit

In January 1998, Caliber System was acquired[20] by the newly formed FDX Corp., now FedEx Corp, a company formed by Federal Express to serve as a holding company for its express business and its new, Caliber subsidiaries.[21] Following the acquisition, former Caliber subsidiary Roadway Express (Nasdaq: ROAD) took Caliber's place on the Dow Jones Transportation Average.[4]

Fate of subsidiaries edit

 
Roadway Express eventually merged with rival Yellow

In the years prior to its acquisition by FedEx, Caliber had already spun off, sold, or shut down several major subsidiaries:

  • Nationwide Carriers, its truckload subsidiary, shut down in 1988 and its operations were absorbed by Viking[22]
  • Spartan Express had been made a subsidiary of Viking in 1990 and was merged into Viking in 1996. Its former operations were shut down in 1997 when Viking pulled out of the southeast.[23]
 
Central was reconstituted from its former assets
  • Coles Express had been merged into Viking in 1996 and its former operations were shut down in 1997 when Viking pulled out of the northeast.[24][23]
  • Central Freight Lines former assets (Viking's central operations) were sold to former Central management in 1997 and resumed independent operations.[24][6]

At the time of its acquisition by FedEx, Caliber had five major subsidiaries remaining:[21]

 
FedEx Ground delivery vehicle. RPS became FedEx Ground in 2000.
  • RPS became FedEx Ground in January 2000 complementing FedEx's existing Federal Express courier business.[21]
 
Viking eventually became FedEx Freight
  • Viking continued until 2002 when it was renamed FedEx Freight West, part of the new FedEx Freight brand along with American Freightways, renamed FedEx Freight East. With the 2006 acquisition of Watkins Motor Lines, all three were integrated into a single entity, FedEx Freight.[25]
  • Roberts remained focused on same-day-critical trucking services and was renamed FedEx Custom Critical in January 2000.[21]
  • Caliber Logistics and Caliber Technology were merged to form FedEx Global Logistics shortly after the acquisition.[21]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d Mall, Scott (18 May 2021). "FreightWaves Haul of Fame: Roadway Express was an LTL leader for decades". FreightWaves. from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b c "The Small Parcel Oligopoly". Seeking Alpha. Ohio Capital Ideas. 20 September 2010. from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  3. ^ "Financial timeline". FedEx. from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Roadway Express to Join Dow Jones Transports". Wall Street Journal. 23 January 1998. from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  5. ^ "Dow Jones Average to list OTC stock". News & Record. 10 January 1991. from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d Mall, Scott (30 March 2021). "FreightWaves Haul of Fame: Central Freight Lines has served its customers for 95+ years". FreightWaves. from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  7. ^ Madan, Rajni. "Central Freight Lines". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  8. ^ Dinnen, S.P. (7 November 1995). "Roadway sells limping air freight operation". Indianapolis News. Indianapolis, Indiana. p. A11. from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ a b Dinnen, S.P. (19 May 1996). "Airport holds a steady course". Indianapolis Star. Indianapolis, Indiana. p. E1. from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  10. ^ a b c d "Roadway Services to spin off trucking unit". New York Times. AP. 24 August 1995. p. 74. from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  11. ^ Manegold, Catherine S. (6 April 1994). "Teamster Strike Stops Activity Of Big Haulers". New York Times. pp. 1, 17. from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  12. ^ a b "History of Roadway Express, Inc". FundingUniverse. from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  13. ^ a b Deutsch, Claudia H. (9 July 2003). "No. 2 in Trucking, Yellow, Will Buy No. 1, Roadway". New York Times. from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 17 Aug 2020.
  14. ^ Isidore, Chris (28 November 1995). "Roadway Services plans to change its name". Journal of Commerce. from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  15. ^ "Roadway adopts new name". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1995-11-28. p. 43. from the original on 2021-10-29. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  16. ^ a b "Airport sees silver lining to shutdown". Palladium-Item. Terre Haute, Indiana. Associated Press. 26 November 1995. p. D3. from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  17. ^ Elder, Laura Elizabeth (27 April 1997). "Trucking firm may sell to former management". The Business Journals. Houston Business Journal. from the original on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  18. ^ "Viking Freight's parent company plans to cut 1,500 jobs". Buffalo News. 20 December 1996. from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  19. ^ a b Isidore, Chris (30 March 1997). "Caliber to shed part of Viking: Eastern market will lose a major low-cost trucking alternative". Journal of Commerce. from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  20. ^ Pinkston, Will (13 January 1998). "FedEx shareholders approve Caliber buyout". The Tennessean. Bloomberg News. p. 34. from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  21. ^ a b c d e "FedEx history". FedEx. from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2021.
  22. ^ "1980s Hits and Misses: Roadway Services Inc. (Akron)". Akron Beacon Journal. 25 December 1989. p. D6. from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  23. ^ a b "Closing to leave 4,000 jobless". News-Messenger. Akron, Ohio. Associated Press. 28 March 1997. p. A5. from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  24. ^ a b Kessell, Doug (19 December 1995). "Coles Express losing name, some jobs". Bangor Daily News. Bangor, Maine. pp. A1, A3. from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  25. ^ "FedEx buys Watkins Motor Lines". FreightWaves. American Shipper. 29 May 2006. from the original on 11 August 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.

January 01, 1970
caliber, system, known, until, 1996, roadway, services, transportation, holding, company, based, akron, ohio, during, history, caliber, owned, number, logistics, companies, including, roadway, express, viking, freight, roadway, package, system, among, others, . Caliber System Inc known until 1996 as Roadway Services Inc was a transportation holding company based in Akron Ohio During its history Caliber owned a number of logistics companies including Roadway Express Viking Freight and Roadway Package System RPS among others Roadway Express was spun off in 1995 and Caliber was acquired by FedEx in 1998 with subsidiaries becoming FedEx Ground FedEx Freight FedEx Custom Critical and FedEx Global Logistics Caliber System Inc FormerlyRoadway Services Inc wbr 1982 1996 IndustryTransportationFounded1982 42 years ago 1982 in Akron OhioDefunctJanuary 1998 1998 01 FateAcquired by FedExSuccessorsFedEx GroundFedEx FreightFedEx Custom CriticalFedEx Global LogisticsHeadquartersAkron Ohio United StatesSubsidiariesAt acquisition Caliber LogisticsCaliber TechnologyRoberts ExpressRPSViking Freight Prior to acquisition Central Freight Lines wbr 1993 1996 Cole s Express wbr 1993 1996 Nationwide Carriers wbr 1984 1989 Roadway Express wbr 1982 1996 RGA wbr 1993 1995 Spartan Express wbr 1984 1990 Contents 1 History 1 1 Foundation and diversification 1 2 Roadway Express spinoff 1 3 Caliber System 1 4 Acquisition by FedEx 2 Fate of subsidiaries 3 See also 4 ReferencesHistory editFoundation and diversification edit nbsp A vintage Roadway Express truck nbsp An original Coles Express truck Coles was acquired by RSI in 1993 Roadway Services Inc RSI was created in 1982 1 as a holding company by national less than truckload LTL carrier Roadway Express Roadway Express was initially RSI s only subsidiary but in 1984 the company acquired short haul carrier Spartan Express Inc then specialized truckload carrier Nationwide Carriers Inc and finally in 1984 it purchased Roberts Express a same day critical trucking company from Emery Air Freight 2 nbsp Logo of Roadway Package System RPS With both truckload and LTL services available via its subsidiaries in 1985 RSI founded a package delivery service Roadway Package System RPS in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 3 RPS was intended to out compete the package delivery services of UPS by structuring itself for lower costs 2 By 1988 RPS covered 70 of the US from 130 terminals 1 In the late 1980s and early 1990s RSI experienced both expansion and contraction as it acquired the largest western US regional carrier Viking Freight but closed the unprofitable Nationwide Carriers in 1989 In 1990 Viking subsidiary VFS Transportation was closed and Spartan was absorbed into Viking operating as a subsidiary At the same time Roadway Express continued its expansion with services to Europe in 1991 and a number of Pacific Rim ports soon after 1 Also in 1991 RSI replaced Pan Am Corp on the Dow Jones Transportation Average 4 At the time RSI was the third largest motor freight carrier in the US 5 nbsp RSI launched Roadway Global Air in 1993 In 1993 RSI acquired Southwest regional LTL carrier Central Freight Lines 6 which it placed in its Roadway Regional Group along with Viking in the West Viking subsidiary Spartan in the central and southern US and Cole s Express in New England 7 RSI also expanded into air freight with its 1993 founding of Roadway Global Air RGA based in Indianapolis 8 9 Roadway Express spinoff edit Main article Roadway Express While RSI s smaller regional carriers were all non union Roadway Express was unionized 10 and in April 1994 it was impacted by a nationwide strike of the Teamsters Union The strike was the result of a breakdown in negotiations between the Teamsters and Trucking Management Inc a negotiating group which represented 23 large trucking companies including Roadway Express Consolidated Freightways and Yellow Freight 11 In the end the strike lasted 24 days 2 and according to the RSI resulted in losses of US 68 million for the quarter at Roadway Express 12 The strike at Roadway Express highlighted the division s profitability imbalance when compared to RSI s non union carriers At the time Roadway Express contributed over 40 of the parent company s US 5 billion annual revenue 10 but was less profitable than the other trucking units 12 As a result RSI announced in August 1995 that it would spin off Roadway Express as a separate publicly traded company 10 As an independent company Roadway Express grew substantially achieving profits of US 21 8 million in its first year 1 In 2003 Roadway was acquired by Yellow Freight to form Yellow Roadway Corporation 13 Caliber System edit nbsp An RGA Boeing 727 RGA operated for less than two years before it was shut down and its assets were sold to Burlington Air Express In November 1995 Roadway Services announced it was changing its name to Caliber System effective in January 1996 and would move its stock listing from the Nasdaq to the NYSE under the new symbol CBB 14 15 It also rebranded Roadway Logistics and Roadway Technology to Caliber Logistics and Caliber Technology respectively citation needed Caliber immediately began an effort to reorganize in an attempt to decrease costs In November it shut down RGA and sold the assets to Burlington Air Express 16 Caliber said it had lost US 103 million on the venture 9 In December it announced it would be consolidating its remaining trucking companies Viking with subsidiary Spartan Central and Cole s into a nationwide carrier named Viking Freight Inc 6 But Caliber continued to experience significant losses 17 Viking announced a wage freeze in July 1996 and in December said it would be eliminating 30 terminals and 1 500 jobs in a bid to reduce costs 18 Despite positive performances from RPS Roberts and Caliber Logistics in Q1 1997 Caliber announced in March it would be selling or closing a large portion of the eastern operations of Viking leaving it as a west coast focused carrier 19 Caliber reported Viking had seen losses of around US 127 million after having been unable to bring Viking to profitability since merging its smaller regional carriers into a nationwide offering The cuts were expected to include 4 000 jobs and 83 terminals in the eastern southern and central US These areas had been primarily served by the former Coles and Spartan subsidiaries 19 In June 1997 Caliber sold the assets that had formerly comprised Central to an investment group led by former Central leadership backed by trucking magnate and Swift Transportation co founder Jerry Moyes It was re incorporated as Central Freight Lines and continued as an independent regional LTL carrier 6 Acquisition by FedEx edit In January 1998 Caliber System was acquired 20 by the newly formed FDX Corp now FedEx Corp a company formed by Federal Express to serve as a holding company for its express business and its new Caliber subsidiaries 21 Following the acquisition former Caliber subsidiary Roadway Express Nasdaq ROAD took Caliber s place on the Dow Jones Transportation Average 4 Fate of subsidiaries edit nbsp Roadway Express eventually merged with rival Yellow In the years prior to its acquisition by FedEx Caliber had already spun off sold or shut down several major subsidiaries Nationwide Carriers its truckload subsidiary shut down in 1988 and its operations were absorbed by Viking 22 Roadway Express was spun off as an independent publicly traded company in 1995 It was acquired by rival Yellow Corp in 2003 to form Yellow Roadway Corporation 10 13 Roadway Global Air was shut down in 1995 and its assets were sold to Burlington Air Express 16 Spartan Express had been made a subsidiary of Viking in 1990 and was merged into Viking in 1996 Its former operations were shut down in 1997 when Viking pulled out of the southeast 23 nbsp Central was reconstituted from its former assets Coles Express had been merged into Viking in 1996 and its former operations were shut down in 1997 when Viking pulled out of the northeast 24 23 Central Freight Lines former assets Viking s central operations were sold to former Central management in 1997 and resumed independent operations 24 6 At the time of its acquisition by FedEx Caliber had five major subsidiaries remaining 21 nbsp FedEx Ground delivery vehicle RPS became FedEx Ground in 2000 RPS became FedEx Ground in January 2000 complementing FedEx s existing Federal Express courier business 21 nbsp Viking eventually became FedEx Freight Viking continued until 2002 when it was renamed FedEx Freight West part of the new FedEx Freight brand along with American Freightways renamed FedEx Freight East With the 2006 acquisition of Watkins Motor Lines all three were integrated into a single entity FedEx Freight 25 Roberts remained focused on same day critical trucking services and was renamed FedEx Custom Critical in January 2000 21 Caliber Logistics and Caliber Technology were merged to form FedEx Global Logistics shortly after the acquisition 21 See also editTrucking industry in the United States History of the trucking industry in the United States Package delivery in the United States FedEx Express nbsp Companies portal nbsp Transport portal nbsp Media related to Caliber System at Wikimedia CommonsReferences edit a b c d Mall Scott 18 May 2021 FreightWaves Haul of Fame Roadway Express was an LTL leader for decades FreightWaves Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 a b c The Small Parcel Oligopoly Seeking Alpha Ohio Capital Ideas 20 September 2010 Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 Financial timeline FedEx Archived from the original on 21 April 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 a b Roadway Express to Join Dow Jones Transports Wall Street Journal 23 January 1998 Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 Dow Jones Average to list OTC stock News amp Record 10 January 1991 Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 a b c d Mall Scott 30 March 2021 FreightWaves Haul of Fame Central Freight Lines has served its customers for 95 years FreightWaves Archived from the original on 11 August 2021 Retrieved 11 August 2021 Madan Rajni Central Freight Lines Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association Archived from the original on 11 August 2021 Retrieved 11 August 2021 Dinnen S P 7 November 1995 Roadway sells limping air freight operation Indianapolis News Indianapolis Indiana p A11 Archived from the original on 22 October 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 via Newspapers com a b Dinnen S P 19 May 1996 Airport holds a steady course Indianapolis Star Indianapolis Indiana p E1 Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d Roadway Services to spin off trucking unit New York Times AP 24 August 1995 p 74 Archived from the original on 11 August 2021 Retrieved 11 August 2021 Manegold Catherine S 6 April 1994 Teamster Strike Stops Activity Of Big Haulers New York Times pp 1 17 Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 a b History of Roadway Express Inc FundingUniverse Archived from the original on 11 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 a b Deutsch Claudia H 9 July 2003 No 2 in Trucking Yellow Will Buy No 1 Roadway New York Times Archived from the original on 18 August 2020 Retrieved 17 Aug 2020 Isidore Chris 28 November 1995 Roadway Services plans to change its name Journal of Commerce Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 Roadway adopts new name Pittsburgh Post Gazette 1995 11 28 p 43 Archived from the original on 2021 10 29 Retrieved 26 August 2021 via Newspapers com a b Airport sees silver lining to shutdown Palladium Item Terre Haute Indiana Associated Press 26 November 1995 p D3 Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 via Newspapers com Elder Laura Elizabeth 27 April 1997 Trucking firm may sell to former management The Business Journals Houston Business Journal Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 Retrieved 11 August 2021 Viking Freight s parent company plans to cut 1 500 jobs Buffalo News 20 December 1996 Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 a b Isidore Chris 30 March 1997 Caliber to shed part of Viking Eastern market will lose a major low cost trucking alternative Journal of Commerce Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 Pinkston Will 13 January 1998 FedEx shareholders approve Caliber buyout The Tennessean Bloomberg News p 34 Archived from the original on 22 October 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 via Newspapers com a b c d e FedEx history FedEx Archived from the original on 19 August 2021 Retrieved 19 August 2021 1980s Hits and Misses Roadway Services Inc Akron Akron Beacon Journal 25 December 1989 p D6 Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 via Newspapers com a b Closing to leave 4 000 jobless News Messenger Akron Ohio Associated Press 28 March 1997 p A5 Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 via Newspapers com a b Kessell Doug 19 December 1995 Coles Express losing name some jobs Bangor Daily News Bangor Maine pp A1 A3 Archived from the original on 29 October 2021 Retrieved 26 August 2021 via Newspapers com FedEx buys Watkins Motor Lines FreightWaves American Shipper 29 May 2006 Archived from the original on 11 August 2021 Retrieved 11 August 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caliber System amp oldid 1201016526, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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