While the Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation, Moore noted that Messier's list was not compiled for that purpose and excluded many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects,[1] such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was actually compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. Moore also observed that since Messier compiled his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae.[1][2] Moore compiled a list of 109 objects to match the commonly accepted number of Messier objects (he excluded M110[3]), and the list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.[3]
Moore used his other surname – Caldwell – to name the list, since the initial of "Moore" is already used for the Messier catalogue.[1][4] Entries in the catalogue are designated with a "C" and the catalogue number (1 to 109).
Unlike objects in the Messier catalogue, which are listed roughly in the order of discovery by Messier and his colleagues,[5] the Caldwell catalogue is ordered by declination, with C1 being the most northerly and C109 being the most southerly,[1] although two objects (NGC 4244 and the Hyades) are listed out of sequence.[1] Other errors in the original list have since been corrected: it incorrectly identified the S Norma Cluster (NGC 6087) as NGC 6067 and incorrectly labelled the Lambda Centauri Cluster (IC 2944) as the Gamma Centauri Cluster.[1]
The Caldwell Catalogue has generated controversy in the amateur astronomy community for several reasons. [6]
Moore did not discover any of the objects in his catalogue which are often very well known objects and not 'neglected' as claimed by Moore.
Its presentation as a catalogue with unique designations, rather than a list, potentially may cause confusion amongst amateur astronomers as the 'C' Designation is not commonly used.
The list was promoted as an extension of the Messier Catalogue, however the objects are often arbitrary with many easily viewable objects omitted while some objects not readily available to visual observers are included.
Caldwell advocates, however, see the Catalog as a gift from the British astronomy icon, and a fine addition of the mostly-brightest and especially interesting non-Messier deepsky objects. Thus, advocates dismiss any "controversy" as being fabricated by older amateurs simply not able or willing to memorize the new designations despite every telescope database using the Caldwell IDs as the primary designation for over 25 years. NASA/Hubble also lists the 109 objects by their Caldwell number.
Caldwell star chartEdit
Caldwell Star Chart
Number of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogueEdit
^Chadwick, S; Cooper, I. Imaging the Southern Sky. New York: Springer. p. 242. ISBN1461447496.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caldwell objects.
The Caldwell Catalogue at SEDS
The Caldwell Club
Searchable Caldwell Catalogue list
Clickable Caldwell Object table
October 18, 2023
caldwell, catalogue, astronomical, catalogue, star, clusters, nebulae, galaxies, observation, amateur, astronomers, list, compiled, patrick, moore, complement, messier, catalogue, montage, caldwell, catalogue, objects, related, media, commons, edit, wikidata, . The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 star clusters nebulae and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers The list was compiled by Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue 1 Caldwell catalogueMontage of Caldwell Catalogue objects Related media on Commons edit on Wikidata While the Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep sky objects for observation Moore noted that Messier s list was not compiled for that purpose and excluded many of the sky s brightest deep sky objects 1 such as the Hyades the Double Cluster NGC 869 and NGC 884 and the Sculptor Galaxy NGC 253 The Messier catalogue was actually compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets Moore also observed that since Messier compiled his list from observations in Paris it did not include bright deep sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere such as Omega Centauri Centaurus A the Jewel Box and 47 Tucanae 1 2 Moore compiled a list of 109 objects to match the commonly accepted number of Messier objects he excluded M110 3 and the list was published in Sky amp Telescope in December 1995 3 Moore used his other surname Caldwell to name the list since the initial of Moore is already used for the Messier catalogue 1 4 Entries in the catalogue are designated with a C and the catalogue number 1 to 109 Unlike objects in the Messier catalogue which are listed roughly in the order of discovery by Messier and his colleagues 5 the Caldwell catalogue is ordered by declination with C1 being the most northerly and C109 being the most southerly 1 although two objects NGC 4244 and the Hyades are listed out of sequence 1 Other errors in the original list have since been corrected it incorrectly identified the S Norma Cluster NGC 6087 as NGC 6067 and incorrectly labelled the Lambda Centauri Cluster IC 2944 as the Gamma Centauri Cluster 1 Contents 1 Controversy 2 Caldwell star chart 3 Number of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogue 4 Caldwell objects 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksControversy EditThe Caldwell Catalogue has generated controversy in the amateur astronomy community for several reasons 6 Moore did not discover any of the objects in his catalogue which are often very well known objects and not neglected as claimed by Moore Its presentation as a catalogue with unique designations rather than a list potentially may cause confusion amongst amateur astronomers as the C Designation is not commonly used The list was promoted as an extension of the Messier Catalogue however the objects are often arbitrary with many easily viewable objects omitted while some objects not readily available to visual observers are included Caldwell advocates however see the Catalog as a gift from the British astronomy icon and a fine addition of the mostly brightest and especially interesting non Messier deepsky objects Thus advocates dismiss any controversy as being fabricated by older amateurs simply not able or willing to memorize the new designations despite every telescope database using the Caldwell IDs as the primary designation for over 25 years NASA Hubble also lists the 109 objects by their Caldwell number Caldwell star chart Edit nbsp Caldwell Star ChartNumber of objects by type in the Caldwell catalogue EditDark nebulae 1Galaxies 35Globular clusters 18Nebulae 9Star clusters 25Star clusters and nebulae 6Planetary nebulae 13Supernova remnants 2Total 109Caldwell objects Edit Open cluster Globular cluster Dark nebula Diffuse nebula Planetary nebula Supernova remnant Galaxy Caldwell number NGC number Common name Image Type Distance 1000 ly Constellation MagnitudeC1 NGC 188 nbsp Open Cluster 4 8 Cepheus 8 1C2 NGC 40 Bow Tie Nebula nbsp Planetary Nebula 3 5 Cepheus 11C3 NGC 4236 nbsp Barred Spiral Galaxy 7 000 Draco 9 7C4 NGC 7023 Iris Nebula nbsp Open Cluster and Nebula 1 4 Cepheus 7C5 IC 342 Hidden Galaxy 7 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 10 000 Camelopardalis 9C6 NGC 6543 Cat s Eye Nebula nbsp Planetary Nebula 3 Draco 9C7 NGC 2403 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 14 000 Camelopardalis 8 4C8 NGC 559 nbsp Open Cluster 3 7 Cassiopeia 9 5C9 Sh2 155 Cave Nebula nbsp Nebula 2 8 Cepheus 7 7C10 NGC 663 nbsp Open Cluster 7 2 Cassiopeia 7 1C11 NGC 7635 Bubble Nebula nbsp Nebula 7 1 Cassiopeia 10C12 NGC 6946 Fireworks Galaxy nbsp Spiral Galaxy 18 000 Cepheus 8 9C13 NGC 457 Owl Cluster E T Cluster nbsp Open Cluster Cassiopeia 6 4C14 NGC 869 amp NGC 884 Double Cluster h amp x Persei nbsp Open Cluster 7 3 Perseus 4C15 NGC 6826 Blinking Planetary nbsp Planetary Nebula 2 2 Cygnus 10C16 NGC 7243 nbsp Open Cluster 2 5 Lacerta 6 4C17 NGC 147 nbsp Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 2 300 Cassiopeia 9 3C18 NGC 185 nbsp Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy 2 300 Cassiopeia 9 2C19 IC 5146 Cocoon Nebula nbsp Open Cluster and Nebula 3 3 Cygnus 7 2C20 NGC 7000 North America Nebula nbsp Nebula 2 6 Cygnus 4C21 NGC 4449 nbsp Irregular galaxy 10 000 Canes Venatici 9 4C22 NGC 7662 Blue Snowball nbsp Planetary Nebula 3 2 Andromeda 9C23 NGC 891 Silver Sliver Galaxy nbsp Spiral Galaxy 31 000 Andromeda 10C24 NGC 1275 Perseus A nbsp Supergiant Elliptical Galaxy 230 000 Perseus 11 6C25 NGC 2419 nbsp Globular Cluster 275 Lynx 10 4C26 NGC 4244 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 10 000 Canes Venatici 10 2C27 NGC 6888 Crescent Nebula nbsp Nebula 4 7 Cygnus 7 4C28 NGC 752 nbsp Open Cluster 1 2 Andromeda 5 7C29 NGC 5005 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 69 000 Canes Venatici 9 8C30 NGC 7331 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 47 000 Pegasus 9 5C31 IC 405 Flaming Star Nebula nbsp Nebula 1 6 Auriga 13C32 NGC 4631 Whale Galaxy nbsp Barred Spiral Galaxy 22 000 Canes Venatici 9 3C33 NGC 6992 East Veil Nebula nbsp Supernova Remnant 2 5 Cygnus 7C34 NGC 6960 West Veil Nebula nbsp Supernova Remnant 2 5 Cygnus 7C35 NGC 4889 Coma B nbsp Supergiant Elliptical Galaxy 300 000 Coma Berenices 11 4C36 NGC 4559 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 32 000 Coma Berenices 9 9C37 NGC 6885 nbsp Open Cluster 1 95 Vulpecula 6C38 NGC 4565 Needle Galaxy nbsp Spiral Galaxy 32 000 Coma Berenices 9 6C39 NGC 2392 Eskimo Nebula Clown Face Nebula 8 nbsp Planetary Nebula 4 Gemini 10C40 NGC 3626 nbsp Lenticular Galaxy 86 000 Leo 10 9C41 Mel 25 Hyades nbsp Open Cluster 0 151 Taurus 0 5C42 NGC 7006 nbsp Globular Cluster 135 Delphinus 10 6C43 NGC 7814 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 49 000 Pegasus 10 5C44 NGC 7479 nbsp Barred Spiral Galaxy 106 000 Pegasus 11C45 NGC 5248 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 74 000 Bootes 10 2C46 NGC 2261 Hubble s Variable Nebula nbsp Nebula 2 5 Monoceros C47 NGC 6934 nbsp Globular Cluster 57 Delphinus 8 9C48 NGC 2775 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 55 000 Cancer 10 3C49 NGC 2237 Rosette Nebula nbsp Nebula 4 9 Monoceros 9 0C50 NGC 2244 Satellite Cluster 9 nbsp Open Cluster 4 9 Monoceros 4 8C51 IC 1613 nbsp Irregular galaxy 2 300 Cetus 9 3C52 NGC 4697 nbsp Elliptical galaxy 76 000 Virgo 9 3C53 NGC 3115 Spindle Galaxy nbsp Lenticular Galaxy 22 000 Sextans 9 2C54 NGC 2506 nbsp Open Cluster 10 Monoceros 7 6C55 NGC 7009 Saturn Nebula nbsp Planetary Nebula 1 4 Aquarius 8C56 NGC 246 Skull Nebula 10 nbsp Planetary Nebula 1 6 Cetus 8C57 NGC 6822 Barnard s Galaxy nbsp Barred irregular galaxy 2 300 Sagittarius 9C58 NGC 2360 Caroline s Cluster nbsp Open Cluster 3 7 Canis Major 7 2C59 NGC 3242 Ghost of Jupiter nbsp Planetary Nebula 1 4 Hydra 9C60 NGC 4038 Antennae Galaxies nbsp Interacting galaxy 83 000 Corvus 10 7C61 NGC 4039 Antennae Galaxies nbsp Interacting galaxy 83 000 Corvus 13C62 NGC 247 Spiral Galaxy 6 800 Cetus 8 9C63 NGC 7293 Helix Nebula nbsp Planetary Nebula 0 522 Aquarius 7 3C64 NGC 2362 Tau Canis Majoris Cluster nbsp Open Cluster and Nebula 5 1 Canis Major 4 1C65 NGC 253 Sculptor Galaxy nbsp Spiral Galaxy 9 800 Sculptor 7 1C66 NGC 5694 nbsp Globular Cluster 113 Hydra 10 2C67 NGC 1097 nbsp Barred Spiral Galaxy 47 000 Fornax 9 3C68 NGC 6729 R CrA Nebula nbsp Nebula 0 424 Corona Australis C69 NGC 6302 Bug Nebula nbsp Planetary Nebula 5 2 Scorpius 13C70 NGC 300 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 3 900 Sculptor 9C71 NGC 2477 nbsp Open Cluster 3 7 Puppis 5 8C72 NGC 55 nbsp Barred Spiral Galaxy 4 200 Sculptor 8C73 NGC 1851 nbsp Globular Cluster 39 4 Columba 7 3C74 NGC 3132 Eight Burst Nebula nbsp Planetary Nebula 2 Vela 8C75 NGC 6124 nbsp Open Cluster 1 5 Scorpius 5 8C76 NGC 6231 nbsp Open Cluster and Nebula 6 Scorpius 2 6C77 NGC 5128 Centaurus A nbsp Elliptical or Lenticular Galaxy 16 000 Centaurus 7C78 NGC 6541 nbsp Globular Cluster 22 3 Corona Australis 6 6C79 NGC 3201 nbsp Globular Cluster 17 Vela 6 8C80 NGC 5139 Omega Centauri nbsp Globular Cluster 17 3 Centaurus 3 7C81 NGC 6352 nbsp Globular Cluster 18 6 Ara 8 2C82 NGC 6193 nbsp Open Cluster 4 3 Ara 5 2C83 NGC 4945 nbsp Barred Spiral Galaxy 17 000 Centaurus 9C84 NGC 5286 nbsp Globular Cluster 36 Centaurus 7 6C85 IC 2391 Omicron Velorum Cluster nbsp Open Cluster 0 5 Vela 2 5C86 NGC 6397 nbsp Globular Cluster 7 5 Ara 5 7C87 NGC 1261 nbsp Globular Cluster 55 5 Horologium 8 4C88 NGC 5823 nbsp Open Cluster 3 4 Circinus 7 9C89 NGC 6087 note 1 S Normae Cluster nbsp Open Cluster 3 3 Norma 5 4C90 NGC 2867 nbsp Planetary Nebula 5 5 Carina 10C91 NGC 3532 Wishing Well Cluster nbsp Open Cluster 1 6 Carina 3C92 NGC 3372 Eta Carinae Nebula nbsp Nebula 7 5 Carina 3C93 NGC 6752 Great Peacock Globular 11 nbsp Globular Cluster 13 Pavo 5 4C94 NGC 4755 Jewel Box nbsp Open Cluster 4 9 Crux 4 2C95 NGC 6025 nbsp Open Cluster 2 5 Triangulum Australe 5 1C96 NGC 2516 Southern Beehive Cluster nbsp Open Cluster 1 3 Carina 3 8C97 NGC 3766 Pearl Cluster nbsp Open Cluster 5 8 Centaurus 5 3C98 NGC 4609 nbsp Open Cluster 4 2 Crux 6 9C99 Coalsack Nebula nbsp Dark Nebula 0 61 Crux C100 IC 2944 Lambda Centauri Nebula nbsp Open Cluster and Nebula 6 Centaurus 4 5C101 NGC 6744 nbsp Spiral Galaxy 34 000 Pavo 9C102 IC 2602 Theta Car Cluster nbsp Open Cluster 0 492 Carina 1 9C103 NGC 2070 Tarantula Nebula nbsp Open Cluster and Nebula 170 Dorado 8 2C104 NGC 362 nbsp Globular Cluster 27 7 Tucana 6 6C105 NGC 4833 nbsp Globular Cluster 19 6 Musca 7 4C106 NGC 104 47 Tucanae nbsp Globular Cluster 14 7 Tucana 4C107 NGC 6101 nbsp Globular Cluster 49 9 Apus 9 3C108 NGC 4372 nbsp Globular Cluster 18 9 Musca 7 8C109 NGC 3195 nbsp Planetary Nebula 5 4 Chamaeleon 11 6Caldwell number NGC number Common name Picture Object type Distance to object in thousands of light years Constellation Apparent magnitude C89 was mistakenly written as NGC 6067 in the original but its description is that of NGC 6087 See also EditMessier Catalogue Herschel 400 Catalogue New General Catalogue NGC Index Catalogue IC Revised New General Catalogue RNGC Revised Index Catalogue RIC References Edit a b c d e f g O Meara Stephen James 2002 The Caldwell Objects Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 82796 6 Caldwell Club Introduction Retrieved 2006 09 08 a b Moore Patrick December 1995 Beyond Messier The Caldwell Catalogue Sky amp Telescope 38 Archived from the original subscription required on 2009 01 16 Retrieved 2006 08 29 Mobberley Martin 2009 The Caldwell Objects and How to Observe Them Springer ISBN 978 1 4419 0325 9 Jones Kenneth Glyn 1991 Introduction Messier s Nebulae amp Star Clusters Cambridge University Press pp 1 8 ISBN 0 521 37079 5 PDF http www bintel com au ckfinder userfiles files 12NightSkyMarch pdf a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a Missing or empty title help Hubble s Hidden Galaxy www spacetelescope org Retrieved 3 July 2017 Deep Sky Companions The Caldwell Objects 2nd Edition Stephen James O Meara 2016 p 181 The Rosette Nebula In Hubble Palette Sky amp Telescope Retrieved 2020 06 23 The Night Sky Astronomy Now Oct 2008 Chadwick S Cooper I Imaging the Southern Sky New York Springer p 242 ISBN 1461447496 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caldwell objects The Caldwell Catalogue at SEDS The Caldwell Club Caldwell Star Charts Images and more Searchable Caldwell Catalogue list Clickable Caldwell Object table Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caldwell catalogue amp oldid 1173059916, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
