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Caenagnathidae

October 19, 2023

Caenagnathidae is a family of derived caenagnathoid dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of North America and Asia. They are a member of the Oviraptorosauria, and relatives of the Oviraptoridae.[1] Like other oviraptorosaurs, caenagnathids had specialized beaks,[2] long necks,[3] and short tails,[4] and would have been covered in feathers. The relationships of caenagnathids were long a puzzle. The family was originally named by Raymond Martin Sternberg in 1940 [5] as a family of flightless birds. The discovery of skeletons of the related oviraptorids revealed that they were in fact non-avian theropods,[6] and the discovery of more complete caenagnathid remains [3][7] revealed that Chirostenotes pergracilis, originally named on the basis of a pair of hands, and Citipes elegans, originally thought to be an ornithomimid, named from a foot, were caenagnathids as well.

Caenagnathids
Temporal range: Early-Late Cretaceous, 110–66 Ma
Reconstructed skull of Anzu wyliei
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Superfamily: †Caenagnathoidea
Family: †Caenagnathidae
Sternberg, 1940
Type species
†Caenagnathus collinsi
Sternberg, 1940
Genera
Synonyms

Discovery Edit

The name Caenagnathus (and hence Caenagnathidae) means "recent jaws"—when first discovered, it was thought that caenagnathids were close relatives of paleognath birds (such as the ostrich) based on features of the lower jaw. Since it would be unusual to find a recent group of birds in the Cretaceous, the name "recent jaws" was applied. Most paleontologists, however, now think that the birdlike features of the jaw were acquired convergently with modern birds.[8][9]

Description Edit

 
Skeletal reconstruction of Anzu

Caenagnathids were some of the largest oviraptorosaurs that ever existed. The largest members are represented by the enormous Beibeilong and Gigantoraptor, estimated around 7.5–8 m (25–26 ft) in length.[10][11][12] Other caenagnathids were slightly smaller, such as the 3 m (9.8 ft) long Hagryphus,[13] or the 3.5 m (11 ft) long Anzu'.[14]

Overall, the anatomy of the caenagnathids is similar to that of the closely related Oviraptoridae, but there are a number of differences. In particular, caenagnathid jaws exhibited a distinct suite of specializations not seen in other oviraptorosaurs. Compared to the oviraptorids, the jaws tended to be relatively long and shallow, suggesting that the bite was not as powerful. The inside of the lower jaws also bore a complex series of ridges and toothlike processes, as well as a pair of horizontal, shelf-like structures. Furthermore, the jaws were unusual in being hollow and air filled, apparently being connected to the air sac system.[2]

Caenagnathids also tended to be more lightly built than the oviraptorids. They had slender arms and long, gracile legs,[7] although they lacked the extreme cursorial specializations seen in avimimids and Caudipteryx.

Classification Edit

The family Caenagnathidae, together with its sister group the Oviraptoridae, comprises the superfamily Caenagnathoidea. In phylogenetic taxonomy, the clade Caenagnathidae is defined as the most inclusive group containing Chirostenotes pergracilis but not Oviraptor philoceratops. While before 2010s only about two to six species were commonly recognized as belonging to the Caenagnathidae, currently that number may be much greater, with new discoveries and theories about older species that may inflate this number to up to ten. Much of this historical difference centers on the first caenagnathid to be described, Chirostenotes pergracilis. Due to the poor preservation of most caenagnathid remains and resulting misidentifications, different bones and different specimens of Chirostenotes have historically been assigned to a number of different species. For example, the feet of one species, named Macrophalangia canadensis,[15] were known from the same region from which Chirostenotes pergracilis was recovered, but the discovery of a new specimen with both hands and feet preserved[7] provided the support to combine them, while the later discovery of a partial skull with hands and feet [3] suggested that Chirostenotes and Caenagnathus were the same animal, and current studies of caenagnathid relationships continue to find them as closely related genera.[16]

 
Caenagnathid skeletons to scale

Hendrickx and colleagues (2015) defined a subgroup of Caenagnathidae, the Caenagnathinae, as all caenagnathids more closely related to Caenagnathus collinsi than to Elmisaurus rarus.[17] The group Elmisaurinae is defined as including all species more closely related to Elmisaurus rarus than to Caenagnathus collinsi.[17][18]

The cladogram below follows an analysis by Gregory Funston in 2020.[19]

Evolution Edit

 
Comparison between the lower jaw of several oviraptorosaurs, including caenagnathids

The earliest known caenagnathid is Microvenator celer, from the Early Cretaceous Cloverly Formation. Caenagnathids likely dispersed to Asia from North America with some caenagnathids later reappearing in western North America, during the Campanian. Caenagnathids showed considerable variation in form. The tiny jaws of Caenagnathasia suggest a small animal, perhaps the size of a turkey. Anzu wyliei, from the Hell Creek Formation is a much larger animal, considerably larger than a human. If Gigantoraptor erlianensis is a caenagnathid, then it would represent far and away the largest member of the group, measuring up to 8 meters (26 ft) in length and weighing up to 2 metric tons (2.2 short tons).[20]

Their beaks also show considerable variation; that of Caenagnathasia is relatively short and deep, while that of Caenagnathus is long and shovel-shaped. This variation in size and beak shape suggests that caenagnathids evolved to exploit a range of ecological niches. Caenagnathids persisted up until the end of the Cretaceous period, as shown by the presence of Anzu and another, unnamed species of elmisaurine (all caenagnathids closer to Elmisaurus than to Caenagnathus) in the late Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation, before vanishing at the end of the Cretaceous along with all other non-avian dinosaurs.[14]

Species Edit

Roughly a dozen caenagnathid species have been named, but it remains unclear how many are valid. Many species are known from fragmentary remains, such as jaws, hands, or feet, making comparisons between them difficult. Caenagnathus sternbergi, for example, was described on the basis of a jaw bone. It has been interpreted as either the jaws of Chirostenotes pergracilis (described on the basis of a pair of hands) or Chirostenotes elegans[3] (described on the basis of a foot), but because no complete skeleton is known, it is difficult to be certain which animal it belongs to. The relationships of other species remain in doubt. Gigantoraptor was originally interpreted as an oviraptorid, but may in fact represent a primitive caenagnathid.[21]

Caenagnathids are only known from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia. The earliest and most primitive known caenagnathid is Caenagnathasia martinsoni, from the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan.[22]

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ Osmólska, H., P. J. Currie, et al. (2004). Oviraptorosauria. The Dinosauria. D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson and H. Osmolska. Berkeley, University of California Press: 165-183.
  2. ^ a b Currie, P. J.; Godfrey, S. J.; et al. (1993). "New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 30 (10–11): 2255–2272. Bibcode:1993CaJES..30.2255C. doi:10.1139/e93-196.
  3. ^ a b c d Sues, H. D. (1997). "On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (4): 698–716. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..698S. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011018.
  4. ^ Barsbold, R.; Osmolska, H.; Watabe, M.; Currie, P. J.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2000). "New oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia: The first dinosaur with a pygostyle" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 45 (2): 97–106.
  5. ^ Sternberg, R.M. (1940). "A toothless bird from the Cretaceous of Alberta". Journal of Paleontology. 14 (1): 81–85.
  6. ^ Osmólska, H (1976). "New light on the skull anatomy and systematic position of Oviraptor". Nature. 262 (5570): 683–684. Bibcode:1976Natur.262..683O. doi:10.1038/262683a0. S2CID 4180155.
  7. ^ a b c Currie, P.J.; Russell, D.A. (1988). "Osteology and relationships of Chirostenotes pergracilis (Saurischia, Theropoda) from the Judith River Oldman Formation of Alberta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 25 (3): 972–986. doi:10.1139/e88-097.
  8. ^ Cracraft, J. (1971). "Caenagnathiformes: Cretaceous birds convergent in jaw mechanism to dicynodont reptiles". Journal of Paleontology. 45: 805–809.
  9. ^ Barsbold, R., Maryańska, T., and Osmólska, H. (1990). "Oviraptorosauria." pg. 249-258 in Weishampel, Dodson, and Osmolska (eds.) The Dinosauria, University of California Press (Berkeley).
  10. ^ Xing, X.; Tan, Q.; Wang, J.; Zhao, X.; Tan, L. (2007). "A gigantic bird-like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China". Nature. 447 (7146): 844−847. Bibcode:2007Natur.447..844X. doi:10.1038/nature05849. PMID 17565365. S2CID 6649123. Supplementary Information
  11. ^ a b Pu, H.; Zelenitsky, D. K.; Lü, J.; Currie, P. J.; Carpenter, K.; Xu, L.; Koppelhus, E. B.; Jia, S.; Xiao, L.; Chuang, H.; Li, T.; Kundrát, M.; Shen, C. (2017). "Perinate and eggs of a giant caenagnathid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of central China". Nature Communications. 8 (14952): 14952. Bibcode:2017NatCo...814952P. doi:10.1038/ncomms14952. PMC 5477524. PMID 28486442. Supplementary Information.
  12. ^ Engelhaupt, E. (2017). "'Baby Dragon' Dinosaur Found Inside Giant Egg". National Geographic. Culture & History.
  13. ^ Zanno, L. E.; Sampson, S. D. (2005). "A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (4): 897–904. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:anotmf]2.0.co;2. S2CID 131302174.
  14. ^ a b c Lamanna, M. C.; Sues, H.-D.; Schachner, E. R.; Lyson, T. R. (2014). "A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e92022. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...992022L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092022. PMC 3960162. PMID 24647078.
  15. ^ Sternberg, C. H. (1932). "Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Alberta". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 46: 99–105.
  16. ^ a b Longrich, N. R.; Barnes, K.; Clark, S.; Millar, L. (2013). "Caenagnathidae from the Upper Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas, and a Revision of the Caenagnathinae". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 54: 23–49. doi:10.3374/014.054.0102. S2CID 128444961.
  17. ^ a b Hendrickx, Christophe; Hartman, Scott A.; Mateus, Octávio (2015). "An overview of non-avian theropod discoveries and classification" (PDF). PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 12 (1): 1–73.
  18. ^ Currie, P.J.; Funston, G.F.; Osmólska, H.† (2015). "New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur Elmisaurus rarus from Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (1): 143-157 (2014-2016). doi:10.4202/app.00130.2014. S2CID 55254194.
  19. ^ Funston, Gregory (2020-07-27). "Caenagnathids of the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: anatomy, osteohistology, taxonomy, and evolution". Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology. 8: 105–153. doi:10.18435/vamp29362. ISSN 2292-1389.
  20. ^ Paul, Gregory S. (2010). "Theropods". The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 67–162. doi:10.1515/9781400836154.67b. ISBN 9781400836154.
  21. ^ Nicholas R. Longrich; Philip J. Currie; Dong Zhi-Ming (2010). "A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia". Palaeontology. 53 (5): 945–960. Bibcode:2010Palgy..53..945L. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00968.x.
  22. ^ Currie, P.J.; Godfrey, S.J.; Nesov, L.A. (1994). "New caenagnathid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 30 (10): 2255–2272. Bibcode:1993CaJES..30.2255C. doi:10.1139/e93-196.

External links Edit

    October 19, 2023
    caenagnathidae, family, derived, caenagnathoid, dinosaurs, from, cretaceous, north, america, asia, they, member, oviraptorosauria, relatives, oviraptoridae, like, other, oviraptorosaurs, caenagnathids, specialized, beaks, long, necks, short, tails, would, have. Caenagnathidae is a family of derived caenagnathoid dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of North America and Asia They are a member of the Oviraptorosauria and relatives of the Oviraptoridae 1 Like other oviraptorosaurs caenagnathids had specialized beaks 2 long necks 3 and short tails 4 and would have been covered in feathers The relationships of caenagnathids were long a puzzle The family was originally named by Raymond Martin Sternberg in 1940 5 as a family of flightless birds The discovery of skeletons of the related oviraptorids revealed that they were in fact non avian theropods 6 and the discovery of more complete caenagnathid remains 3 7 revealed that Chirostenotes pergracilis originally named on the basis of a pair of hands and Citipes elegans originally thought to be an ornithomimid named from a foot were caenagnathids as well CaenagnathidsTemporal range Early Late Cretaceous 110 66 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg NReconstructed skull of Anzu wylieiScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClade DinosauriaClade SaurischiaClade TheropodaSuperfamily CaenagnathoideaFamily CaenagnathidaeSternberg 1940Type species Caenagnathus collinsiSternberg 1940Genera Anomalipes Beibeilong Chirostenotes Gigantoraptor Hagryphus Leptorhynchos Microvenator Nomingia Ojoraptorsaurus Caenagnathinae Apatoraptor Anzu Caenagnathasia Caenagnathus Epichirostenotes Elmisaurinae Citipes ElmisaurusSynonymsElmisauridae Osmolska 1981 Contents 1 Discovery 2 Description 3 Classification 3 1 Evolution 3 2 Species 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDiscovery EditThe name Caenagnathus and hence Caenagnathidae means recent jaws when first discovered it was thought that caenagnathids were close relatives of paleognath birds such as the ostrich based on features of the lower jaw Since it would be unusual to find a recent group of birds in the Cretaceous the name recent jaws was applied Most paleontologists however now think that the birdlike features of the jaw were acquired convergently with modern birds 8 9 Description Edit nbsp Skeletal reconstruction of AnzuCaenagnathids were some of the largest oviraptorosaurs that ever existed The largest members are represented by the enormous Beibeilong and Gigantoraptor estimated around 7 5 8 m 25 26 ft in length 10 11 12 Other caenagnathids were slightly smaller such as the 3 m 9 8 ft long Hagryphus 13 or the 3 5 m 11 ft long Anzu 14 Overall the anatomy of the caenagnathids is similar to that of the closely related Oviraptoridae but there are a number of differences In particular caenagnathid jaws exhibited a distinct suite of specializations not seen in other oviraptorosaurs Compared to the oviraptorids the jaws tended to be relatively long and shallow suggesting that the bite was not as powerful The inside of the lower jaws also bore a complex series of ridges and toothlike processes as well as a pair of horizontal shelf like structures Furthermore the jaws were unusual in being hollow and air filled apparently being connected to the air sac system 2 Caenagnathids also tended to be more lightly built than the oviraptorids They had slender arms and long gracile legs 7 although they lacked the extreme cursorial specializations seen in avimimids and Caudipteryx Classification EditThe family Caenagnathidae together with its sister group the Oviraptoridae comprises the superfamily Caenagnathoidea In phylogenetic taxonomy the clade Caenagnathidae is defined as the most inclusive group containing Chirostenotes pergracilis but not Oviraptor philoceratops While before 2010s only about two to six species were commonly recognized as belonging to the Caenagnathidae currently that number may be much greater with new discoveries and theories about older species that may inflate this number to up to ten Much of this historical difference centers on the first caenagnathid to be described Chirostenotes pergracilis Due to the poor preservation of most caenagnathid remains and resulting misidentifications different bones and different specimens of Chirostenotes have historically been assigned to a number of different species For example the feet of one species named Macrophalangia canadensis 15 were known from the same region from which Chirostenotes pergracilis was recovered but the discovery of a new specimen with both hands and feet preserved 7 provided the support to combine them while the later discovery of a partial skull with hands and feet 3 suggested that Chirostenotes and Caenagnathus were the same animal and current studies of caenagnathid relationships continue to find them as closely related genera 16 nbsp Caenagnathid skeletons to scaleHendrickx and colleagues 2015 defined a subgroup of Caenagnathidae the Caenagnathinae as all caenagnathids more closely related to Caenagnathus collinsi than to Elmisaurus rarus 17 The group Elmisaurinae is defined as including all species more closely related to Elmisaurus rarus than to Caenagnathus collinsi 17 18 The cladogram below follows an analysis by Gregory Funston in 2020 19 Caenagnathidae Microvenator celerGigantoraptor erlianensisAnomalipes zhaoiChirostenotes pergracilisHagryphus giganteusNomingia gobiensisElmisaurinae Citipes elegansElmisaurus rarusCaenagnathinae Apatoraptor pennatusCaenagnathasia martinsoniEpichirostenotes currieiAnzu wylieiCaenagnathus collinsiEvolution Edit nbsp Comparison between the lower jaw of several oviraptorosaurs including caenagnathidsThe earliest known caenagnathid is Microvenator celer from the Early Cretaceous Cloverly Formation Caenagnathids likely dispersed to Asia from North America with some caenagnathids later reappearing in western North America during the Campanian Caenagnathids showed considerable variation in form The tiny jaws of Caenagnathasia suggest a small animal perhaps the size of a turkey Anzu wyliei from the Hell Creek Formation is a much larger animal considerably larger than a human If Gigantoraptor erlianensis is a caenagnathid then it would represent far and away the largest member of the group measuring up to 8 meters 26 ft in length and weighing up to 2 metric tons 2 2 short tons 20 Their beaks also show considerable variation that of Caenagnathasia is relatively short and deep while that of Caenagnathus is long and shovel shaped This variation in size and beak shape suggests that caenagnathids evolved to exploit a range of ecological niches Caenagnathids persisted up until the end of the Cretaceous period as shown by the presence of Anzu and another unnamed species of elmisaurine all caenagnathids closer to Elmisaurus than to Caenagnathus in the late Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation before vanishing at the end of the Cretaceous along with all other non avian dinosaurs 14 Species Edit Roughly a dozen caenagnathid species have been named but it remains unclear how many are valid Many species are known from fragmentary remains such as jaws hands or feet making comparisons between them difficult Caenagnathus sternbergi for example was described on the basis of a jaw bone It has been interpreted as either the jaws of Chirostenotes pergracilis described on the basis of a pair of hands or Chirostenotes elegans 3 described on the basis of a foot but because no complete skeleton is known it is difficult to be certain which animal it belongs to The relationships of other species remain in doubt Gigantoraptor was originally interpreted as an oviraptorid but may in fact represent a primitive caenagnathid 21 Anzu wyliei Hell Creek Formation North Dakota and South Dakota United States 14 Apatoraptor pennatus Horseshoe Canyon Formation Alberta Beibeilong sinensis Gaogou Formation China 11 Caenagnathasia martinsoni Bissekty Formation Uzbekistan Citipes elegans Dinosaur Park Formation Alberta Canada Chirostenotes pergracilis Dinosaur Park Formation Alberta Canada Caenagnathus collinsi Dinosaur Park Formation Alberta Canada Elmisaurus rarus Nemegt Formation Mongolia Epichirostenotes curriei Horseshoe Canyon Formation Alberta Canada Gigantoraptor erlianensis Iren Dabasu Formation Inner Mongolia China Hagryphus giganteus Kaiparowits Formation Utah United States Leptorhynchos gaddisi Aguja Formation Texas United States 16 Nomingia gobiensis Nemegt Formation Mongolia Ojoraptorsaurus boerei Ojo Alamo Formation New Mexico United States Caenagnathids are only known from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia The earliest and most primitive known caenagnathid is Caenagnathasia martinsoni from the Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan 22 See also Edit nbsp Dinosaurs portalTimeline of oviraptorosaur researchReferences Edit Osmolska H P J Currie et al 2004 Oviraptorosauria The Dinosauria D B Weishampel P Dodson and H Osmolska Berkeley University of California Press 165 183 a b Currie P J Godfrey S J et al 1993 New caenagnathid Dinosauria Theropoda specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 10 11 2255 2272 Bibcode 1993CaJES 30 2255C doi 10 1139 e93 196 a b c d Sues H D 1997 On Chirostenotes a Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur Dinosauria Theropoda from western North America Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 4 698 716 Bibcode 1997JVPal 17 698S doi 10 1080 02724634 1997 10011018 Barsbold R Osmolska H Watabe M Currie P J Tsogtbaatar K 2000 New oviraptorosaur Dinosauria Theropoda from Mongolia The first dinosaur with a pygostyle PDF Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45 2 97 106 Sternberg R M 1940 A toothless bird from the Cretaceous of Alberta Journal of Paleontology 14 1 81 85 Osmolska H 1976 New light on the skull anatomy and systematic position of Oviraptor Nature 262 5570 683 684 Bibcode 1976Natur 262 683O doi 10 1038 262683a0 S2CID 4180155 a b c Currie P J Russell D A 1988 Osteology and relationships of Chirostenotes pergracilis Saurischia Theropoda from the Judith River Oldman Formation of Alberta Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 25 3 972 986 doi 10 1139 e88 097 Cracraft J 1971 Caenagnathiformes Cretaceous birds convergent in jaw mechanism to dicynodont reptiles Journal of Paleontology 45 805 809 Barsbold R Maryanska T and Osmolska H 1990 Oviraptorosauria pg 249 258 in Weishampel Dodson and Osmolska eds The Dinosauria University of California Press Berkeley Xing X Tan Q Wang J Zhao X Tan L 2007 A gigantic bird like dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of China Nature 447 7146 844 847 Bibcode 2007Natur 447 844X doi 10 1038 nature05849 PMID 17565365 S2CID 6649123 Supplementary Information a b Pu H Zelenitsky D K Lu J Currie P J Carpenter K Xu L Koppelhus E B Jia S Xiao L Chuang H Li T Kundrat M Shen C 2017 Perinate and eggs of a giant caenagnathid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of central China Nature Communications 8 14952 14952 Bibcode 2017NatCo 814952P doi 10 1038 ncomms14952 PMC 5477524 PMID 28486442 Supplementary Information Engelhaupt E 2017 Baby Dragon Dinosaur Found Inside Giant Egg National Geographic Culture amp History Zanno L E Sampson S D 2005 A new oviraptorosaur Theropoda Maniraptora from the Late Cretaceous Campanian of Utah Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 4 897 904 doi 10 1671 0272 4634 2005 025 0897 anotmf 2 0 co 2 S2CID 131302174 a b c Lamanna M C Sues H D Schachner E R Lyson T R 2014 A New Large Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America PLOS ONE 9 3 e92022 Bibcode 2014PLoSO 992022L doi 10 1371 journal pone 0092022 PMC 3960162 PMID 24647078 Sternberg C H 1932 Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Alberta The Canadian Field Naturalist 46 99 105 a b Longrich N R Barnes K Clark S Millar L 2013 Caenagnathidae from the Upper Campanian Aguja Formation of West Texas and a Revision of the Caenagnathinae Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History 54 23 49 doi 10 3374 014 054 0102 S2CID 128444961 a b Hendrickx Christophe Hartman Scott A Mateus Octavio 2015 An overview of non avian theropod discoveries and classification PDF PalArch s Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology 12 1 1 73 Currie P J Funston G F Osmolska H 2015 New specimens of the crested theropod dinosaur Elmisaurus rarus from Mongolia Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61 1 143 157 2014 2016 doi 10 4202 app 00130 2014 S2CID 55254194 Funston Gregory 2020 07 27 Caenagnathids of the Dinosaur Park Formation Campanian of Alberta Canada anatomy osteohistology taxonomy and evolution Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 8 105 153 doi 10 18435 vamp29362 ISSN 2292 1389 Paul Gregory S 2010 Theropods The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs Princeton Princeton University Press pp 67 162 doi 10 1515 9781400836154 67b ISBN 9781400836154 Nicholas R Longrich Philip J Currie Dong Zhi Ming 2010 A new oviraptorid Dinosauria Theropoda from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu Inner Mongolia Palaeontology 53 5 945 960 Bibcode 2010Palgy 53 945L doi 10 1111 j 1475 4983 2010 00968 x Currie P J Godfrey S J Nesov L A 1994 New caenagnathid Dinosauria Theropoda specimens from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30 10 2255 2272 Bibcode 1993CaJES 30 2255C doi 10 1139 e93 196 External links EditOverview of Caenagnathidae by Jaime Headden Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Caenagnathidae amp oldid 1177357134, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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