Burton K. Wheeler
Burton Kendall Wheeler (February 27, 1882 – January 6, 1975) was an attorney and an American politician of the Democratic Party in Montana, which he represented as a United States senator from 1923 until 1947.[1]
Burton Wheeler | |
|---|---|
| United States Senator from Montana | |
| In office March 4, 1923 – January 3, 1947 | |
| Preceded by | Henry L. Myers |
| Succeeded by | Zales Ecton |
| United States Attorney for the District of Montana | |
| In office 1912 – October 1918 | |
| Member of the Montana House of Representatives | |
| In office 1910–1912 | |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Burton Kendall Wheeler February 27, 1882 Hudson, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Died | January 6, 1975 (aged 92) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Resting place | Rock Creek Cemetery Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Other political affiliations | Progressive (1924) |
| Spouse | Lulu White |
| Children | 6, including Frances |
| Education | University of Michigan (LLB) |
Born in Massachusetts, Wheeler began practicing law in Montana almost by chance, after losing his belongings while en route to Seattle. As the U.S. Attorney for Montana, he became known for his criticism of the Sedition Act of 1918 and defense of civil liberties during World War I. An independent Democrat who initially represented the progressive wing of the party, he received support from Montana's labor unions in his election to the Senate in 1922.
As a freshman Senator, Wheeler played a crucial role in exposing the Harding administration's unwillingness to prosecute people involved in the Teapot Dome scandal.[2] He ran for vice president in 1924 on the Progressive Party ticket headed by Wisconsin Senator Robert La Follette Sr. An ardent New Deal liberal until 1937, Wheeler broke with President Franklin D. Roosevelt on the issue of packing the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, from 1938 to 1941, he became a leader of the non-interventionist wing of the party, fighting against entry into World War II until the attack on Pearl Harbor.
Wheeler lost reelection in 1946 and retired to private practice in Washington, D.C. His legacy is controversial. Wheeler's support of the America First Committee has been characterized as antisemitic, though some biographers argue that these accusations were promoted by his political opponents.[3] Wheeler himself rejected the accusations during his lifetime.[4]
Early life
Wheeler was born in Hudson, Massachusetts, to Mary Elizabeth Rice (née Tyler) and Asa Leonard Wheeler.[5] He grew up in Massachusetts, attending the public schools. He first worked as a stenographer in Boston.
He traveled west to attend University of Michigan Law School, where he graduated in 1905. He initially intended to settle in Seattle, but after getting off the train in Butte, Montana, he lost his belongings in a poker game. The new attorney settled there and began practicing law.[6][7]
Political career
1910s
Wheeler was elected as a Montana state legislator in 1910, and in that position, he gained a reputation as a champion of labor against the Anaconda Copper Mining Company that dominated the state's economy and politics. He was appointed as a United States Attorney. During his tenure, he refused to prosecute alleged sedition cases during World War I, arguing that to do so would violate free speech. His refusal is significant as Montana was a stronghold of the Industrial Workers of the World. In other parts of the country, IWW membership was suppressed under the Sedition Act. Wheeler's defense of free speech was seen as unpatriotic if not treasonous by conservatives. He further riled conservatives when he served as defense attorney for William F. Dunne, a socialist newspaper editor who was accused of sedition. Wheeler's actions made him unpopular in the pro–World War I political climate, and he was forced to resign his office as a U.S. attorney in October 1918.[8]
1920s
In 1920, Wheeler ran for Governor of Montana, easily winning the Democratic primary, and he won the support of the Non-Partisan League in the general election. The ticket included a multi-racial set of candidates, unusual for 1920, including an African American and a Blackfoot Indian.[9] Wheeler was defeated by Republican former U.S. Senator Joseph M. Dixon.[7]
Wheeler ran as a Democrat for the Senate in 1922, and was elected over Congressman Carl W. Riddick, the Republican nominee, with 55% of the vote. He broke with the Democratic Party in 1924 to run for Vice President of the United States on the Progressive Party ticket led by La Follette. They carried one state—La Follette's Wisconsin—and ran well in union areas and railroad towns.
Early on in his career as a U.S. senator, Wheeler played a leading role in exposing the Harding administration's unwillingness to prosecute administration officials involved in the Teapot Dome scandal. His special committee held sensational Senate hearings regarding bribery and other corruption in Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty's Justice Department, which ultimately resulted in the indictment of Daugherty and others.[10][11] In 1925, Wheeler faced investigation, without major impact, by Blair Coan, a Justice Department investigator from Chicago, who suspected Wheeler of involvement in communist conspiracy.[12][13][14][15][16] In an otherwise negative assessment of Wheeler's career and views, journalist John Gunther called the indictment "pure vindictive retaliation, a frameup," laying the blame upon Attorney General Daugherty.[17]
Wheeler returned to the Democratic Party after the election, which Republican Calvin Coolidge won in an Electoral College landslide. He served a total of four terms and was re-elected in 1928, 1934, and 1940.
1930s
In 1930, Wheeler gained national attention when he successfully campaigned for the reelection to the U.S. Senate of his friend and Democratic colleague Thomas Gore, the colorful "Blind Cowboy" of Oklahoma. Wheeler supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt's election, and many of his New Deal policies. He broke with Roosevelt over his opposition to the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, and also opposed much of Roosevelt's foreign policy before World War II. In the 1940 presidential election, there was a large movement to "Draft Wheeler" into the presidential race, possibly as a third party candidate, led primarily by John L. Lewis.[citation needed]
In 1938, Wheeler introduced Senate Resolution 294, a "sense of the senate" statement that, in order to ensure fair competition, AM radio stations in the United States should be limited to a transmitter power of 50,000 watts.[18] Now commonly known as the Wheeler resolution, it was approved on June 13, 1938[19] and the next year the Federal Communications Commission implemented a 50,000 watt cap, which still remains in force.[20]
1940s
America First Committee
Wheeler, an outspoken non-interventionist, opposed the U.S. entry into World War II.[21]
He strongly supported the isolationist America First Committee but never joined. He gave advice and many speeches to its chapters. His wife Lulu was on its national committee and she was the treasurer of the Washington, DC, chapter.[22][23] Critics charged that at one rally he appeared to give a salute to the U.S. flag resembling the Nazi salute.[24]
As chair of the "Wheeler Committee" (formally, the Subcommittee to Investigate Railroads, Holding Companies, and Related Matters of the United States Senate Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce),[25] Wheeler announced in August 1941 he would investigate “interventionists” in the motion picture industry, which was interpreted as anti-Semitic. He questioned why so many foreign-born men were allowed to shape American opinion. "Critics charged that the Committee was motivated by animus to Jewish studio heads."[26] Representing the studios was 1940 Republican Presidential candidate Wendell Willkie who charged that Wheeler and other critics sought to impose the same kind of censorship that Nazi Germany was enacting all over Europe. Wheeler also led the attack on Roosevelt's Lend Lease Bill, charging that if passed "it would plow under every fourth American boy".[27] Roosevelt in response charged that Wheeler's statement was "the damnedest thing said in a generation".
After the start of World War II in Europe, Wheeler opposed aid to Britain or France. On October 17, 1941, Wheeler said: "I can't conceive of Japan being crazy enough to want to go to war with us." One month later, he added: "If we go to war with Japan, the only reason will be to help England." The United States Army's secret Victory Program was leaked on 4 December 1941 to Wheeler, who passed this information on to three newspapers.[7][28][29]
World War II
Following Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Wheeler supported a declaration of war saying, "The only thing now to do is to lick the hell out of them."[30]
In 1945, Wheeler was among the seven senators who opposed full United States entry into the United Nations.[31]
Wheeler sought renomination in 1946 but was defeated in the Democratic primary by Leif Erickson, who attacked Wheeler as insufficiently liberal and for his "pre-war isolationist" views. Erickson in turn was defeated by Republican state representative Zales Ecton. His defeat has been attributed, in part, to a pamphlet by David George Plotkin entitled The Plot Against America: Senator Wheeler and the Forces Behind Him. Published by supporters of the Communist Party, the pamphlet accused Wheeler, along with President Harry S. Truman, of being part of a fascist conspiracy.[32] Montana writer Joseph Kinsey Howard called it “one of the worst books ever written” about a politician. It later emerged that the pamphlet had been backed by an aide of Jerry J. O'Connell, a political rival of Wheeler's in Montana politics.[3]
One political commentator characterized the fall of Wheeler's political fortunes by the end of his career:
Though Wheeler was accused of becoming a conservative, even reactionary, he remained consistent to the Populist-Progressive tradition in blaming eastern bankers for his ills. In his early years he lumped together the eastern financial interests with capitalism; in 1946 they were partners in crime with Communism. The man was the same, as were his methods, but his sense of timing and knowledge of the Montana voter were not as acute as they had been. By 1946, Wheeler was more acceptable to conservatives than liberals.[33]
1950s
On September 15, 1950, Wheeler served as counsel to fellow Democrat from Minnesota Max Lowenthal during the latter's testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee.[34]
Wheeler did not return to politics, nor full-time to Montana, but took up his law practice in Washington, D.C. Aided by research by his daughter, Frances (died 1957), Wheeler wrote his autobiography, with Paul F. Healy, Yankee from the West, published in 1962 by Doubleday & Company. He dedicated the book to his wife and daughter.
Personal life, death, and legacy
Wheeler married Lulu M. White. She was a major political advisor. They had six children: John, Elizabeth, Edward, Frances, Richard and Marion. Frances helped her father with his research for his autobiography, Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U.S. Senator from Montana, which he published in 1962 and dedicated to her and his wife.[35]
Wheeler died age 92 on January 6, 1975, in Washington, D.C., and is interred in the District of Columbia's Rock Creek Cemetery.[36] His Butte home is a National Historic Landmark in recognition of his national political role.[37]
In 2004, political writer Bill Kauffman of The American Conservative described Wheeler as having been notable as an "anti-draft, anti-war, anti-big business defender of civil liberties".[38]
In popular culture
- The 1939 film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington and its source material, the unpublished novel The Gentleman from Montana,[39] were loosely based on Wheeler's experience investigating the Harding administration.[40]
- In Philip Roth's alternate history novel The Plot Against America (2004), and its television adaptation, Wheeler serves as vice president during the fictional presidency of Charles Lindbergh. Roth depicted Wheeler as a political opportunist, who, while serving as acting president during Lindbergh's absence, imposes martial law. (However, Wheeler had historically been known as a leading opponent of the martial law imposed by the Governor of Montana Sam V. Stewart during World War I.)[38]
- In a lesser-known alternate history novel, The Divide (1980) by William Overgard, Wheeler becomes president in 1940, campaigning on a platform of isolationism despite Axis victories (far larger than those which actually occurred). When the U.S. belatedly enters the war, it is defeated in 1946 and partitioned between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, and Wheeler is ultimately executed as a war criminal.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ Howard, Joseph Kinsey (March 1947). "The decline and fall of Burton K. Wheeler". Harper's Magazine. Harper's. March 1947. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ^ "Burton K. Wheeler, Isolationist, Dies". The New York Times. January 7, 1975.
- ^ a b Johnson, Marc (2 January 2021). "Montana Profile: The Montana Roots of "The Plot Against America"". Montana View. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ "Wheeler denies anti-semitism; hits 'medieval' race agitation". Jewish Telegraph Agency. 23 March 1941.
- ^ Wheeler, Burton Kendall; Healy, Paul F. (1962). Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U.S. Senator from Montana. Garden City: Doubleday. ASIN B0006AXYL6. OCLC 800737501.
- ^ Gunther, John (1947). Inside U.S.A. New York, London: Harper & Brothers. p. 176.
- ^ a b c Tribune Staff. . Great Falls Tribune. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
- ^ Pedersen, Vernon L. (Summer 2017). "The Most Dangerous Man in Montana: Corruption, Communism, and Bill Dunne". Montana. 67 (2): 51–53. JSTOR 26322816. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- ^ Current Biography. 1940. p. 858.
- ^ "Burton Wheeler, former Senator for Montana". GovTrack.us. Retrieved 2021-03-06.
- ^ Bianculli, Joseph L. (April 23, 1993). "The Indictment and Trial of Sen. Wheeler". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Coan, Blair (1925). The Red Web: An Underground Political History of the United States from 1918 to the Present Time. Northwest Publishing Co. LCCN 26000277.
- ^ Fischer, Nick (15 May 2016). Spider Web: The Birth of American Anticommunism. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780816658336. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ^ Dallek, Matthew (18 February 1996). "The Good Anti-Communists". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Kelley, Beverly Merrill (1998). Reelpolitik. Praeger. p. 154. ISBN 9780275960186. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ "Wheeler to Call His Foes in Frame-Up" (PDF). Daily Worker. 11 April 1924. p. 2. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Gunther, John, Inside USA, Curtis Publishing Company, 1946, pg. 178
- ^ "Limitation of Power of Radio Broadcast Stations" (Senate Resolution 294), Journal of the Senate of the United States of America (Seventy-Fifth Congress, Third Session), June 9, 1938, page 507.
- ^ "Radio Stations Broadcasting in Standard Band", Journal of the Senate of the United States of America (Seventy-Fifth Congress, Third Session), June 13, 1938, page 539.
- ^ "Proposed New FCC Rules Well Received", Broadcasting, February 1, 1939, pages 16-17, 70-73.
- ^ gordonskene (4 May 2017). "May 4, 1941 - Burton K. Wheeler Makes The Case Against Intervention". pastdaily.com. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
- ^ Johnson (2012), p. 12.
- ^ Anderson (1982) p 142.
- ^ Seaton, Matt. "When Is a Nazi Salute Not a Nazi Salute?". New York Review of Books. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
- ^ Investigation of Communist Infiltration of Government. US GPO. 13 December 1955. pp. 2957–8. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
- ^ David Gordon.America First: the Anti-War Movement, Charles Lindbergh and the Second World War, 1940-1941
- ^ Inside U.S.A. (Gunther), p. 175.
- ^ Charles E. Kirkpatrick, Writing the Victory Plan of 1941, Ch. 4, "Detailed Planning", United States Army Center of Military History, CMH Pub 93-10.
- ^ Anderson (1982) pp 255-268.
- ^ Susan Dunn (2013). 1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election Amid the Storm. Yale UP. p. 310. ISBN 9780300190861.
- ^ "UNO Bill Approved By Senate, 65 to 7, With One Change". The New York Times. December 4, 1945. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "Wheeler's Progress: The Evolution of a Progressive", antiwar.com, May 1, 2009.
- ^ Study of the defeat of Senator Burton K. Wheeler in the 1946 Democratic primary election. 28 August 1950. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
- ^ Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States Government. 28 August 1950. pp. 2959–2986. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
- ^ Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U. S. Senator from Montana, by Burton K. Wheeler and Paul F. Healy, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1962, full text online
- ^ Burton K. Wheeler profile, Political Graveyard website
- ^ George R. Adams and Ralph Christian (February 1976). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Burton K. Wheeler House" (pdf). National Park Service.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) and Accompanying 2 photos, exterior, from 1975. (681 KB) - ^ a b Bill Kauffman, "Heil to the Chief", The American Conservative, September 27, 2004.
- ^ "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) - Notes". TCM. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
- ^ Sklar, Robert (2002). "Mr. Smith Goes to Washington" (PDF). loc.gov. Library of Congress. (PDF) from the original on 2019-03-24. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
Works cited
- Johnson, Marc C. (2019). Political Hell-Raiser – The Life and Times of Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 9780806163765.
Further reading
- Burke, Robert E. “A Friendship in Adversity: Burton K. Wheeler and Hiram W. Johnson.” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, 36#1 (1986), pp. 12–25. online
- Johnson, Marc C. (2019). Political Hell-Raiser – The Life and Times of Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana (University of Oklahoma Press). Scholarly biography.
- Johnson, Marc C. (Winter 2012). "Franklin D. Roosevelt, Burton K. Wheeler, and the Great Debate: A Montana Senator's Crusade for Non-intervention before World War II". Montana. Vol. 62, no. 4. pp. 3–22. ISSN 0026-9891.
- Malone, Michael P. "Montana Politics and the New Deal." Montana: The Magazine of Western History 21.1 (1971): 2-11. online
- Morrison, John; Morrison, Catherine Wright (2003). Mavericks: The Lives and Battles of Montana's Political Legends. Helena: Montana Historical Society Press. pp. 161–196. ISBN 978-0-917298-93-6.
- Ruetten, Richard T. "Showdown in Montana, 1938: Burton Wheeler's Role in the Defeat of Jerry O'Connell" Pacific Northwest Quarterly 54.1 (1963) 19-29 online
- Ruetten, Richard T. “Burton K. Wheeler and the Montana Connection.” Montana 27#3 (1977), pp. 2–19. online
PhD dissertations available at academic libraries
- Anderson, John Thomas (1982). Senator Burton K. Wheeler and United States foreign relations (PhD thesis). Charlottesville: University of Virginia. OCLC 830732304.
- Ruetten, Richard T. (1961). Burton K. Wheeler of Montana: A Progressive Between the Wars (PhD thesis). Eugene: University of Oregon. OCLC 8396313.
- Ruetten, Richard T. (1957). Burton K. Wheeler, 1905-1925, An Independent Liberal Under Fire (Master's thesis). Eugene: University of Oregon. OCLC 26530769.
Primary sources
- Wheeler, Burton Kendall; Healy, Paul F. (1962). Yankee from the West: The Candid, Turbulent Life Story of the Yankee-born U.S. Senator from Montana. Garden City: Doubleday. ASIN B0006AXYL6. OCLC 800737501., his autobiography.
External links
- Media related to Burton K. Wheeler at Wikimedia Commons
- Congress bioguide
- Burton K. Wheeler mentioned in Episode 5 and Episode 8 of Rachel Maddow's Ultra podcast (2022)