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Chemical structure of one of the main components of bufotoxin, a conjugate of bufagin with suberylarginine. This component is itself sometimes called bufotoxin.
The toxic substances found in toads can be divided by chemical structure in two groups:
Extract from the skin of certain Asian toads, such as Bufo bufo gargarizans and Bufo melanostictus, is often found in certain Chinese folk remedies. The Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (ChP) considers the two species valid sources of toad venom (Chinese: 蟾酥; pinyin: Chánsū; Latin: bufonis venenum), and requires the dry product to contain at least 6% of cinobufagin and resibufogenin combined by weight. The extract is obtained by squeezing the parotoid glands of caught, washed toads for a white venom and drying; the final dried venom is usually brown, with a chunk or flake form.[5]
Human poisoningedit
Toad‐venom poisoning is rare but can kill.[6] It can occur when someone drinks toad soup, eats toad meat or toad eggs, or swallows live toads on a bet.[6][7] It can also happen when someone deliberately takes commercial substances made with toad toxins.[7] These go under names including "Kyushin", "Chan Su" (marketed as a painkiller,[7] topical anesthetic or cardiac treatment[8]), "Rockhard" and "Love Stone" (marketed as aphrodisiacs).[7]
"Chan Su" (literally "toad venom") is often adulterated with standard painkillers, such as paracetamol, promethazine and diclofenac. It may be ingested or injected.[9]
Symptoms of Intoxicationedit
Symptoms may vary depending on certain factors such as the size and age of the victim. Other than the first, more benign symptoms (such as a tingling or burning sensation in the eyes, mucus membranes, or in exposed wounds), the most frequently described symptoms in the medical literature are :
One epileptic episode caused by Bufotoxins was observed in a 5-year old child, minutes after they had placed a Bufo alvarius in their mouth. The child was successfully treated with diazepam and phenobarbital. [10]
In extreme cases following ingestion of mucus or skin of the toad, death generally occurs within 6 and 24 hours. Victims surviving past 24 hours generally will recover.
Referencesedit
^Siperstein MD, Murray AW, Titus E (March 1957). "Biosynthesis of cardiotonic sterols from cholesterol in the toad, Bufo marinus". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 67 (1): 154–60. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(57)90254-0. PMID 13412129.
^Lincoff, Gary; Mitchel, Duane H. (1977). Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushroom Poisoning: A Handbook for Physicians and Mushroom Hunters. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN978-0-442-24580-1.[page needed]
^Kißmer, B.; Wichtl, M. (1986). "Bufadienolide aus Samen von Helleborus odorus" [Bufadienolides from the Seeds of Helleborus odorus]. Planta Medica (in German). 52 (2): 152–3. doi:10.1055/s-2007-969103. S2CID 84240708.
^Chen KK, Kovaríková A (December 1967). "Pharmacology and toxicology of toad venom". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 56 (12): 1535–41. doi:10.1002/jps.2600561202. PMID 4871915.
^国家药典委员会 (2015). 中华人民共和国药典 [Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China] (in Chinese). Vol. 1 (10 ed.). 中国医药科技出版社. p. 333. ISBN9787506773379. entries: 蟾酥 bufonis venenum
^ abKuo, HY; Hsu, CW; Chen, JH; Wu, YL; Shen, YS (March 2007). "Life-threatening episode after ingestion of toad eggs: a case report with literature review". Emergency Medicine Journal. 24 (3): 215–6. doi:10.1136/emj.2006.044602. PMC2660035. PMID 17351232.
^ abcdCartwright, Megan (29 June 2015). "These Men Died Trying to Achieve Epic Erections". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
^Kostakis, Chris; Byard, Roger W. (2009-07-01). "Sudden death associated with intravenous injection of toad extract". Forensic Science International. 188 (1): e1–e5. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.02.006. ISSN 0379-0738. PMID 19303230.
^Trakulsrichai, S; Chumvanichaya, K; Sriapha, C; Tongpoo, A; Wananukul, W (2020). "Toad Poisoning: Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 16: 1235–1241. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S272863. PMC7752649. PMID 33363378.
^Hitt M, Ettinger DD. Toad toxicity. N Engl J Med ; 1986 ; 314:1517
External linksedit
, californiaherps.com
Toad Toxins, erowid.com
March 13, 2024
bufotoxin, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, french, february, 2019, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, starting, point, translations. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French February 2019 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 6 064 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Bufotoxine see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated fr Bufotoxine to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Bufotoxins are a family of toxic steroid lactones or substituted tryptamines of which some are toxic They occur in the parotoid glands skin and poison of many toads Bufonidae family and other amphibians and in some plants and mushrooms 1 2 3 The exact composition varies greatly with the specific source of the toxin It can contain 5 MeO DMT bufagins bufalin bufotalin bufotenin bufothionine dehydrobufotenine epinephrine norepinephrine and serotonin Some authors have also used the term bufotoxin to describe the conjugate of a bufagin with suberylarginine 4 Chemical structure of one of the main components of bufotoxin a conjugate of bufagin with suberylarginine This component is itself sometimes called bufotoxin The toxic substances found in toads can be divided by chemical structure in two groups bufadienolides which are cardiac glycosides e g bufotalin bufogenin tryptamine related substances e g bufotenin Toads known to secrete bufotoxin include the following citation needed Incilius alvarius Anaxyrus americanus Rhinella arenarum Phrynoidis asper Rhaebo blombergi Anaxyrus boreas Bufo bufo Bufo bufo gargarizans Sclerophrys gutturalis syn Bufo gutturalis Bufo formosus Bufo fowleri Rhinella marina formerly Bufo marinus Bufo melanostictus Bufo peltocephalus Bufo quercicus Bufo regularis Bufo valliceps Bufo viridis Bufo vulgarisContents 1 Extraction 2 Human poisoning 2 1 Symptoms of Intoxication 3 References 4 External linksExtraction editExtract from the skin of certain Asian toads such as Bufo bufo gargarizans and Bufo melanostictus is often found in certain Chinese folk remedies The Pharmacopoeia of the People s Republic of China ChP considers the two species valid sources of toad venom Chinese 蟾酥 pinyin Chansu Latin bufonis venenum and requires the dry product to contain at least 6 of cinobufagin and resibufogenin combined by weight The extract is obtained by squeezing the parotoid glands of caught washed toads for a white venom and drying the final dried venom is usually brown with a chunk or flake form 5 Human poisoning editToad venom poisoning is rare but can kill 6 It can occur when someone drinks toad soup eats toad meat or toad eggs or swallows live toads on a bet 6 7 It can also happen when someone deliberately takes commercial substances made with toad toxins 7 These go under names including Kyushin Chan Su marketed as a painkiller 7 topical anesthetic or cardiac treatment 8 Rockhard and Love Stone marketed as aphrodisiacs 7 Chan Su literally toad venom is often adulterated with standard painkillers such as paracetamol promethazine and diclofenac It may be ingested or injected 9 Symptoms of Intoxication edit Symptoms may vary depending on certain factors such as the size and age of the victim Other than the first more benign symptoms such as a tingling or burning sensation in the eyes mucus membranes or in exposed wounds the most frequently described symptoms in the medical literature are paleness bradycardia cardiac arrhythmia including ventricular and atrial fibrillation bundle branch block hypotension dyspnea tachypnea hallucination Blurred Vision paralysis starting at extremities hypersalivation diarrhea vomiting anaphylactic shock loss of consciousness respiratory arrest cardiac arrestOne epileptic episode caused by Bufotoxins was observed in a 5 year old child minutes after they had placed a Bufo alvarius in their mouth The child was successfully treated with diazepam and phenobarbital 10 In extreme cases following ingestion of mucus or skin of the toad death generally occurs within 6 and 24 hours Victims surviving past 24 hours generally will recover References edit Siperstein MD Murray AW Titus E March 1957 Biosynthesis of cardiotonic sterols from cholesterol in the toad Bufo marinus Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 67 1 154 60 doi 10 1016 0003 9861 57 90254 0 PMID 13412129 Lincoff Gary Mitchel Duane H 1977 Toxic and Hallucinogenic Mushroom Poisoning A Handbook for Physicians and Mushroom Hunters New York Van Nostrand Reinhold ISBN 978 0 442 24580 1 page needed Kissmer B Wichtl M 1986 Bufadienolide aus Samen von Helleborus odorus Bufadienolides from the Seeds of Helleborus odorus Planta Medica in German 52 2 152 3 doi 10 1055 s 2007 969103 S2CID 84240708 Chen KK Kovarikova A December 1967 Pharmacology and toxicology of toad venom Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 56 12 1535 41 doi 10 1002 jps 2600561202 PMID 4871915 国家药典委员会 2015 中华人民共和国药典 Pharmacopoeia of the People s Republic of China in Chinese Vol 1 10 ed 中国医药科技出版社 p 333 ISBN 9787506773379 entries 蟾酥 bufonis venenum a b Kuo HY Hsu CW Chen JH Wu YL Shen YS March 2007 Life threatening episode after ingestion of toad eggs a case report with literature review Emergency Medicine Journal 24 3 215 6 doi 10 1136 emj 2006 044602 PMC 2660035 PMID 17351232 a b c d Cartwright Megan 29 June 2015 These Men Died Trying to Achieve Epic Erections Slate Magazine Retrieved 22 April 2021 Kostakis Chris Byard Roger W 2009 07 01 Sudden death associated with intravenous injection of toad extract Forensic Science International 188 1 e1 e5 doi 10 1016 j forsciint 2009 02 006 ISSN 0379 0738 PMID 19303230 Trakulsrichai S Chumvanichaya K Sriapha C Tongpoo A Wananukul W 2020 Toad Poisoning Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 16 1235 1241 doi 10 2147 TCRM S272863 PMC 7752649 PMID 33363378 Hitt M Ettinger DD Toad toxicity N Engl J Med 1986 314 1517External links editAnaxyrus boreas boreas Boreal Toad californiaherps com Toad Toxins erowid com Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bufotoxin amp oldid 1182071644, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
