Broadmoor Hospital
Broadmoor Hospital is a high-security psychiatric hospital in Crowthorne, Berkshire, England. It is the oldest of England's three high-security psychiatric hospitals, the other two being Ashworth Hospital near Liverpool and Rampton Secure Hospital in Nottinghamshire. The hospital's catchment area consists of four National Health Service regions: London, Eastern, South East and South West. It is managed by the West London NHS Trust.
| Broadmoor Hospital | |
|---|---|
| West London NHS Trust | |
Broadmoor in 2006 | |
Shown in Berkshire | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Crowthorne, Berkshire, England |
| Coordinates | 51°22′09″N 00°46′43″W / 51.36917°N 0.77861°W |
| Organisation | |
| Care system | National Health Service |
| Type | Psychiatric |
| Services | |
| Emergency department | No |
| Beds | 284 |
| History | |
| Opened | 1863 |
| Links | |
| Website | www |
History Edit
The hospital was first known as the Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum. Completed in 1863, it was built to a design by Sir Joshua Jebb, an officer of the Corps of Royal Engineers, and covered 53 acres (21 hectares) within its secure perimeter.[1]
The first patient was a female admitted for infanticide on 27 May 1863. Notes described her as being 'feeble minded'. It has been suggested by an analysis of her records that she most likely had congenital syphilis.[2] The first male patients arrived on 27 February 1864. The original building plan of five blocks (four for men and one for women) was completed in 1868. An additional male block was built in 1902.[3]
Due to overcrowding at Broadmoor, an extending asylum branch was constructed at Rampton Secure Hospital and opened in 1912. Rampton was closed as a branch asylum at the end of 1919 and reopened as an institution for "mental defectives" rather than lunatics. During the First World War Broadmoor's block 1 was also used as a Prisoner-of-war camp, called Crowthorne War Hospital, for mentally ill German soldiers.[4]
After the escape in 1952 of John Straffen, who murdered a local child, the hospital set up an alarm system, which was activated to alert people in the vicinity, as well as the public including those in the surrounding towns of Sandhurst, Wokingham, Bracknell, Camberley and Bagshot, when any potentially dangerous patient escapes. It was based on Second World War air raid sirens, and a two-tone alarm sounded across the whole area in the event of an escape. Until 2018, it was tested every Monday morning at 10 am for two minutes, after which a single tone 'all-clear' was sounded for a further two minutes. All schools in the area must keep procedures designed to ensure that in the event of a Broadmoor escape no child is ever out of the direct supervision of a member of staff. Sirens were located at Sandhurst School, Wellington College, Bracknell Forest Council depot and other sites until they were decommissioned upon the opening of the hospital's new site.[5][6]
Following the Peter Fallon QC inquiry into Ashworth Special Hospital which reported in 1999, and found serious concerns about security and abuses resulting from poor management, it was decided to review the security at all three of the special hospitals in England. Until this time each was responsible for maintaining its own security policies.[7][8] This review was made the personal responsibility of Sir Alan Langlands, who at the time was chief executive of the NHS England. The report that came out of the review initiated a new partnership whereby the Department of Health sets out a policy of safety, and security directions, that all three special hospitals must adhere to.[8]
In 2003, the Commission for Healthcare Improvement declared the Victorian buildings at Broadmoor Hospital 'unfit for purpose'.[9]
In 2018 the hospital was rated as Good overall by the Care Quality Commission.[10]
Therapies Edit
Broadmoor uses both psychiatric medication and psychotherapy,[11] as well as occupational therapy. One of the therapies available is the arts, and patients are encouraged to participate in the Koestler Awards Scheme.[12] One of the longest-detained patients at Broadmoor is Albert Haines, who set a legal precedent in 2011 when his mental health tribunal hearing was allowed to be fully public; he argued there that he had never been given the type of counselling he had always sought, and the panel urged the clinicians to work more collaboratively and clearly towards his psychiatric rehabilitation.[13]
Nature of the facility Edit
Because of its high walls and other visible security features as well as the news reporting it has received in the past, the hospital is often assumed to be a prison by members of the public.[14] Many of its patients are sent to it via the criminal justice system,[15] and its original design brief incorporated an essence of addressing criminality in addition to mental illness. However, the layout inside and the daily routine are intended to assist the therapy practised there rather than to be run as a prison.[16] Nearly all staff are members of the Prison Officers' Association, as opposed to other health service unions such as UNISON and the Royal College of Nursing.[17]
Governance Edit
Historical governance Edit
The first medical superintendent was John Meyer. His assistant, William Orange, succeeded him.[18] Orange established "a management style that was greatly admired". He also advised the Home Office on how to approach criminal insanity.[19] Orange was in charge from 1870 to 1886.[20]
From its opening, until 1948, Broadmoor was managed by a council of supervision, appointed by and reporting to the Home Secretary. Thereafter, the Criminal Justice Act of 1948 transferred ownership of the hospital to the Department of Health (and the newly formed NHS) and oversight to the Board of Control for Lunacy and Mental Deficiency established under the Mental Deficiency Act 1913. It also renamed the hospital Broadmoor Institution. The hospital remained under direct control of the Department of Health – a situation that reportedly "combined notional central control with actual neglect"[21] – until the establishment of the Special Hospitals Service Authority in 1989, with Charles Kaye as its first chief executive.[17]
Alan Franey ran the hospital from 1989 to 1997, having been recommended for the post by his friend Jimmy Savile. His leadership was undermined by persistent rumours of sexual impropriety on the hospital grounds.[22] Allegedly, he ignored at least three sexual assaults that he had been informed about.[23]
The Special Hospitals Service Authority was abolished in 1996, being replaced by individual special health authorities in each of the high-security hospitals. The Broadmoor Hospital Authority was itself dissolved on 31 March 2001.[24]
Current governance Edit
On 1 April 2001, West London Mental Health (NHS) Trust took over the responsibility for the hospital. The trust reports to the NHS Executive through NHS England London. The former director, who then became the CEO of the trust, quit in 2009 after Healthcare Commission/Care Quality Commission findings of serious failures to ensure patient safety at Broadmoor.[25][26] In 2014 the director of specialist and forensic services resigned (and was employed elsewhere in the NHS) just prior to the conclusions of an investigation into a bullying culture.[27] The next permanent CEO retired in 2015 in the wake of poor Care Quality Commission findings and other problems in the Trust.[28]
A new head of security was appointed in March 2013, John Hourihan, who had thirty years' experience at Scotland Yard and had worked as a bodyguard for members of the royal family.[29]
Meanwhile, the trust allowed ITV to film a two-part documentary within Broadmoor in 2014. Press releases stated that on average there are four 'assaults' per week on staff.[30] Psychiatrist Amlan Basu, clinical director of Broadmoor since March 2014, promoted the documentary but then decided to leave the NHS in 2015 amidst funding and staffing problems, despite the trust having just highlighted investment in his skills through its 'prestigious initiative to improve the quality of patient care in the NHS.'[31][32][33][34]
Buildings Edit
Much of Broadmoor's architecture is still Victorian, including the gatehouse, which has a clock tower.[1]
Following long-standing reports that the old buildings were unfit for purpose (for therapy or safety), planning permission was granted in 2012 for a £242 million redevelopment, involving a new unit comprising 10 wards to adjoin the existing 6 wards of the modern Paddock Unit, resulting in total bed numbers of 234. Building company Kier reported in 2013 a sum of £115 million for the new unit of 162 beds, ready to accept patients by the start of 2017, and £43 million for a separate new medium secure unit for men nearby.[35][36][37][38][39]
A new unit called the Paddock Centre already opened on 12 December 2005 to contain and treat patients classed as having a 'dangerous severe personality disorder' (DSPD).[40] This was a new and much debated category invented on behalf of the UK government, based on an individual being considered a 'Grave and Immediate Danger' to the general public, and meeting some combination of criteria for personality disorders and/or high scores on the Hare Psychopathy Check list – Revised.[40]
The Paddock Centre was designed to eventually house 72 patients, but never opened more than four of its six 12-bedded wards. The Department of Health and Ministry of Justice National Personality Disorder Strategy published in October 2011 concluded that the resources invested in the DSPD programme should instead be used in prison based treatment programmes and the DSPD service at Broadmoor was required to close by 31 March 2012.[41]
The trust took possession of the first phase of the new buildings, with 16 wards and 234 beds, in May 2019.[42]
Misconduct by staff Edit
Abuse Edit
From at least 1968 the television presenter and disc jockey Jimmy Savile undertook voluntary work at the hospital and was allocated his own room, supported by Broadmoor CEO Pat McGrath, who thought it would be good publicity.[43][44][45]
In 1987 a minister in the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS), Baroness Trumpington, appointed Savile to the management board in charge of Broadmoor. He was being referred to as 'Dr Savile' by both the DHSS and Broadmoor despite having no medical qualifications or training, having left school at the age of 14.[46] In August 1988, following a recommendation by Cliff Graham, the senior civil servant in charge of mental health at the DHSS, Savile was appointed by the department's health minister Edwina Currie to chair an interim task force overseeing the management of the hospital following the suspension of its board. Currie privately supported Savile's attempts to 'blackmail' the Prison Officers Association and publicly declared her 'full confidence' in him.[47][48][49]
After an ITV1 documentary Exposure: The Other Side of Jimmy Savile in October 2012, allegations of sexual abuse by Savile were made or re-made by former patients and staff.[43][50][51] The civil servant who first proposed Savile's appointment to the task force at Broadmoor, Brian McGinnis, who ran the mental health division of the DHSS in 1987 before Cliff Graham, has since been investigated by police and prevented from working with children.[52][53]
A Department of Health investigation led by former barrister Kate Lampard into Savile's activities at Broadmoor and other hospitals and facilities in England,[54] with Bill Kirkup leading the Broadmoor aspects,[55] reported in 2014 that Savile had use of a personal set of keys to Broadmoor from 1968 to 2004 (not formally revoked until 2009), with full unsupervised access to some wards. Eleven allegations of sexual abuse were known; this is thought to be a substantial under-estimate, due to how psychiatric patients in particular were disbelieved or put off from coming forward. In five cases the identity of the alleged victim could not be traced, but of the other six it was concluded they had all been abused by Savile, repeatedly in the case of two patients.[56]
The investigation also concluded that 'the institutional culture in Broadmoor was previously inappropriately tolerant of staff–patient sexual relationships,' and that when there were female patients they were required to undress and bathe in front of staff and sometimes visitors.[57] A 'shocking' failure to ensure a safe or therapeutic environment for female patients had already been revealed in a 2002 inquiry prior to Broadmoor becoming male-only.[58]
In 2010 a female charge nurse received a suspended prison sentence for engaging in sexual activity with a patient at the hospital.[59]
Violating patient confidentiality Edit
Journalists invading the privacy of patients or reporting false information about them have been the subject of dozens of complaints from Broadmoor. Healthcare assistant Robert Neave took payments from The Sun for several years to provide them with information, including copies of psychiatric reports; this was subsequently investigated by Operation Elveden.[60] Mental health nurse Kenneth Hall was imprisoned in June 2015 for having repeatedly sold stories to the tabloids based on stolen medical notes and fabricated documents.[61]
Former and current patients Edit
- Michael Adebowale, Islamic terrorist who was one of two men convicted for the murder of Lee Rigby in 2013.[62]
- Haroon Rashid Aswat, jihadist wanted by the United States.[63]
- Antony Baekeland, great-grandson of Leo Baekeland, who stabbed his mother to death[64]
- William Rutherford Benn, father of Dame Margaret Rutherford[65]
- Peter Bryan, serial killer and cannibal who killed an inmate 10 days after being admitted[66]
- Sharon Carr, who at age 12 became Britain's youngest female murderer[67]
- David Copeland, who killed three people with homemade nail bombs[68]
- Richard Dadd, artist[69]
- Gregory Davis, spree killer[70]
- James Kelly, who escaped from the hospital in 1888 after having murdered his wife, and is a Jack the Ripper suspect proposed by later theorists.[71]
- Christiana Edmunds, the 'Chocolate Cream Poisoner'[72]
- Ibrahim Eidarous, alleged member of al-Jihad[73]
- Kenneth Erskine, serial killer[74]
- Frankie Fraser, gangster[75]
- June and Jennifer Gibbons, known as the silent twins[76]
- Daniel Gonzalez, spree killer[77]
- Ronald Kray, one of the Kray twins[78]
- Thomas John Ley, politician and murderer committed after a case known as the Chalk Pit Murder[79]
- Robert Maudsley, serial killer who tortured and murdered an inmate in the hospital over a period of 9 hours[80]
- Roderick Maclean, poet who attempted to assassinate Queen Victoria[81]
- William Chester Minor, amateur lexicographer known as the Surgeon of Crowthorne[82]
- Daniel M'Naghten, Scottish wood-turner and assassin[83]
- Robert Napper, serial killer[84]
- Edward Oxford, barman who attempted to assassinate Queen Victoria[85]
- Richard Archer Prince, actor and murderer[86]
- Nicky Reilly, attempted suicide attacker[87]
- Damian Rzeszowski, family murderer[88]
- Charles Salvador, armed robber, born Michael Peterson and formerly known as Charles Bronson[89]
- Nicholas Salvador, convicted of killing Palmira Silva[90]
- John Straffen, serial killer who escaped and killed a young girl some hours later[91]
- Peter Sutcliffe, serial killer known as the 'Yorkshire Ripper'; survived multiple attempts on his life from other inmates[74]
- Roy Shaw, gangster[92]
- Ronald True, murderer[93]
- Robert Torto, who claimed to be the son of God after killing two men[94]
- Callum Wheeler, moved from HM Prison Belmarsh whilst on remand for the murder of Kent PCSO Julia James in April 2021.[95]
- Barry Williams, spree killer[96]
- Graham Young, serial killer[97]
See also Edit
References Edit
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- ^ Bronson, Charlie; Etherington, Lorraine (2015). Broadmoor – My Journey Into Hell. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1784181178.
- ^ Trainor, Terry (2012). Bedlam. St. Mary of Bethlehem. Terry Trainor. ISBN 978-1471714245.
- ^ Berkshire Record Office catalogue of Broadmoor Hospital records, introduction
- ^ Not Panicking Ltd (12 May 2013). "h2g2 – The Broadmoor Siren – Edited Entry". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ The Broadmoor siren. WLMHT. Accessed 1 July 2012
- ^ Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Personality Disorder Unit, Ashworth Special Hospital. published by the Stationery Office. Accessed 12 November 2007
- ^ a b Langlands, Alan (22 May 2000). Report of the review of security at the high security hospitals. Department of Health. Accessed 12 November 2007
- ^ "Broadmoor Hospital's £298m revamp approved by NHS bosses". BBC News. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ "Broadmoor is rated Good overall by CQC | Care Quality Commission". www.cqc.org.uk.
- ^ "I was a therapist to killers in Broadmoor – and felt 'radical empathy' for them". The Guardian. 29 August 2021.
- ^ "The fine art of starting over". The Guardian. 17 September 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2019.
- ^ Broadmoor patient Albert Haines loses appeal bid The Independent, Jerome Taylor, 26 October 2011 30 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Press Complaints Commission (9 Jan 2009) Broadmoor Hospital 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 1 March 2009
- ^ "Broadmoor in numbers: What you didn't know about the Berkshire hospital". ITV News. 5 November 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ^ Lemlij, Maia (November 2005) Broadmoor Hospital: Prison-like hospital or hospital-like prison? A study of a high security mental hospitals within the context of generic function. pp. 155, 156. Space Syntax Laboratory, UK. Accessed 21 February 2009.
- ^ a b Charles Kaye and Alan Franey (1998). Managing High Security Psychiatric Care. Jessica Kingsley. pp. 31, 40. ISBN 9781853025815. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- ^ Stevens, Mark (25 February 2011). "Broadmoor revealed: The Victorian asylum". The National Archives.
- ^ "William Orange CB, MD, FRCP, LSA: A Broadmoor pioneer". Retrieved 28 September 2017.
- ^ "Lives of the fellows". Royal College of Physicians. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
- ^ "Ashworth Special Hospital: Report of the Committee of Inquiry". official-documents.co.uk. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ Rigby, Nic (1 July 2014). "Ex-Broadmoor manager's 'Savile scapegoat' claims". BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ Andrew Gregory; Tom Pettifor (26 June 2014). "Nine Jimmy Savile victims had abuse complaints IGNORED by Leeds General Infirmary staff". Mirror Online. Mirror. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ National Archives, Office of Public Sector Information. Broadmoor Hospital Authority (Abolition) Order 2001 12 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 0-11-029108-5. Accessed 14 June 2007.
- ^ "Broadmoor chief quits ahead of criticisms in patient death report". Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Concern over Broadmoor 'failings'". BBC News. 21 July 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ Andy Weir: Bullying case NHS boss leaves with £170,000 Exclusive: Broadmoor chief landed new job before the end of investigation prompted by whistleblower] Paul Gallagher, The Independent
- ^ Gallagher, Paul (27 June 2015). "Chief of NHS mental health trust that controls Broadmoor leaves post amid string of controversies". The Independent. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ Prince William, Kate Middleton 'upset' after bodyguard quits March 2013, Digital Spy
- ^ Broadmoor: ITV doc offers first ever look inside highest-security psychiatric hospital November 2014, The Independent
- ^ "New clinical director at Broadmoor Hospital – West London Mental Health Trust". 28 February 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ Basu, Amlan (12 November 2014). "Broadmoor hospital: why we opened our doors to a film crew". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Broadmoor's clinical director joins NHS quality improvement initiative – West London Mental Health Trust". 9 July 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Broadmoor attacks fuel fears that cuts put public and staff at risk". 15 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Broadmoor Hospital's £298m revamp approved by NHS bosses". BBC News. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Hayman, Allister (28 June 2013). "Kier bags £285m Broadmoor revamp | News". Building. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ "Kier Group – Kier gets go ahead for £158m healthcare projects". Kier.co.uk. 24 December 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ "Kier Group – Kier preferred for £115m Broadmoor Hospital redevelopment". Kier.co.uk. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ a b . National Personality Disorder Organisation (UK). Archived from the original on 24 February 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
- ^ "Offender personality disorder – consultation response". Department of Health and Ministry of Justice. 21 October 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ "New Broadmoor Hospital one step closer to opening". Building Better Healthcare. 14 May 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ^ a b Daily Telegraph, "Broadmoor staff said Jimmy Savile was a 'psychopath' with a 'liking for children'", 1 November 2012. Accessed 1 November 2012
- ^ Adam Sweeting (29 October 2011). ""Sir Jimmy Savile obituary" at guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ Jimmy Savile Institutions Victims Abuse The Guardian, June, 2014
- ^ Fielding, James (12 April 2014). "Documents reveal how pervert Jimmy Savile was called 'doctor' by staff". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ Jimmy Savile: detailed investigation reveals reign of abuse across NHS June 2014, The Guardian
- ^ The Earl of Dundee (7 November 1988). "Mentally Ill Offenders: Treatment". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). HL Deb 7 November 1988 vol 501 c525. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ "Edwina Currie – 'nothing to hide' on Savile". BBC News. 21 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
- ^ Evans, Martin (11 October 2012). "Sir Jimmy Savile: fourth British TV personality accused in sex allegations". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
- ^ Addley, Esther; O'Carroll, Lisa (12 October 2012). "Jimmy Savile scandal: government could face civil claims". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
- ^ Donnelly, Laura (27 October 2012). . The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
- ^ John Pring (11 July 2014). "Department of Health probes abuse law concerns over former civil servant". Disability News Service. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ "Jimmy Savile scandal: Kate Lampard to lead NHS investigation". BBC News. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ Davies, Caroline; Mason, Rowena (27 June 2014). "Jimmy Savile: detailed investigation reveals reign of abuse across NHS". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ Slevin, Jennie (26 June 2014). "Report reveals full extent of Jimmy Savile's sexual abuse at Broadmoor Hospital". Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Scale of Jimmy Savile's abuse at Broadmoor revealed". Bracknell News. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Broadmoor women faced sex abuse". BBC. 7 March 2003. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ . Crown Prosecution Service. Archived from the original on 26 August 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
- ^ "Broadmoor was a 'goldmine for stories' conspiracy trial of the Sun six told". Press Gazette. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Broadmoor nurse who sold stories about killers is jailed". BBC News. 27 June 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
- ^ "Lee Rigby killer Michael Adebowale in hospital with Covid-19". BBC News. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ "Abu Hamza's ally Haroon Aswat sentenced to 20 years by New York court". The Telegraph. 16 October 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
- ^ Facts related in non-fictional book Savage Grace by Natalie Robins and Steven M.L. Aronson [1985, ISBN 978-0-688-04373-5], and more recently in the Tom Kalin's film Savage Grace (2007)
- ^ "Murder, Madness and Miss Marple: The secret life of Dame Margaret Rutherford". 4 May 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Cannibal Peter Bryan killed Broadmoor Hospital inmate". BBC. 31 August 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
- ^ "Carr, R (on the application of) v Secretary of State for Justice [2020]" (Legal application for Judicial Review). casemine. England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court). 11 March 2020. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
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- ^ "Richard Dadd: Masterpieces of the asylum". independent.co.uk. 30 August 2011.
- ^ "Sick 'serial killer' fan sent to Broadmoor". Milton Keynes Citizen. 18 December 2003. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Broadmoor files could unmask Jack the Ripper". The Telegraph. 8 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Broadmoor revealed in online book". BBC News. 25 November 2011.
- ^ Daily Times of Pakistan, Terrorists planning chemical hit on European targets 2 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 19 December 2002
- ^ a b "Broadmoor facing £3m bill to fix security flaws at psychiatric hospital". The Independent. 15 February 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ "Frankie Fraser: Career criminal who spent 42 years in jail and spent much of that time violently clashing with authority". The Independent. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
- ^ "The Creepy Case of the Silent Twins". Mysterious Universe. 12 April 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Daniel Gonzalez: The Mummy's boy serial killer". Court News UK. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "The Kray twins: their extraordinary life behind bars". The Telegraph. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ Ley, Thomas John (Tom) (1880–1947). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "'Brain-Eater' killer Robert Maudsley is now 40 Years into solitary confinement stretch". Liverpool Echo. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Roderick Maclean: the mad poet who shot at Victoria". The Times. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Broadmoor's word-finder". BBC. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "M'Naghten Standard". Psychology. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Sex killer sent to Broadmoor". The Independent. 10 October 1995. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Birmingham barman tried to shoot the Queen". Birmingham Mail. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ The New York Times, 17 December 1897, p. 3
- ^ "Failed bomber's recruiters hunted". BBC News. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
- ^ "Jersey murder trial: Damian Rzeszowski 'has no memory of deaths'". BBC News. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- ^ "'Britain's most dangerous prisoner' Charles Bronson by the man who really knows him". Wales on line. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ Jamie Grierson (22 June 2015). "Man who killed great-grandmother in her garden had paranoid schizophrenia | UK news". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
- ^ "Obituary: John Straffen". The Guardian. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Have you seen these men?". The Independent. 11 July 1999. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Did this man batter a prostitute to death without realising what he was doing?". Life death prizes. 10 March 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Deranged man killed two in firebomb attacks". The Telegraph. 14 July 2007. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Callum Wheeler". BBC. Retrieved 21 May 2022.
- ^ "Calls for law to be changed after Broadmoor killer Barry Williams is released without supervision". The Telegraph. 6 October 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
- ^ "Graham Young". Biography. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
Further reading Edit
- Dell, Susanne; Graham Robertson (1988). Sentenced to hospital: offenders in Broadmoor. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-712156-X. OCLC 17546264. Dewey Class 365/.942294 19. Sum: authors describe the treatment of some Broadmoor patients and together with their psychiatric and criminal histories.
- Partridge, Ralph (1953). Broadmoor: A History of Criminal Lunacy and its Problems. London: Chato and Windus. OCLC 14663968.
- The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (2006). (119KB). Accessed 2007-06-15
- Stevens, Mark (2011). Broadmoor Revealed: Victorian Crime and the Lunatic Asylum. Broadmoor Revealed. Accessed 2011-07-15
External links Edit
- Official website
- Inspection reports from the Care Quality Commission
- Accessed 2011-04-18
- Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) . published by The Stationery Office. Accessed 2007-11-12
- Home Office. National offenders management service. . Accessed 2007-06-07
- All in the mind (Wednesday 3 March 2004, 5.00 pm). BBC – Live chat:The rehabilitation of the mentally ill in Broadmoor and elsewhere. Accessed 2007-05-19
- background on Broadmoor Hospital, BBC News
- Landscapes & Gardens (2002) . University of York. Accessed 2007-05-19
- BBC News story on scandals and controversy regarding Broadmoor and other secure hospitals
- Together-UK , for Broadmoor Hospital. Accessed 2007-06-15
- Fallon, Peter; Bluglass, Robert; Edwards, Brian; Daniels, Granville (January 1999) – overview of the History of the Hospitals in the context of the Ashworth Inquiry Ashworth Special Hospital: Report of the Committee of Inquiry Accessed June 2008