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Northern muriqui

April 14, 2024

The northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) is one of two species of muriqui. They are also known as woolly spider monkey because they exhibit the woollen pelt of woolly monkeys and the long prehensile tail of spider monkeys. Muriquis are the largest extant New World monkeys. They can reach 4.3 feet or 1.3 metres long and weight up to 7 to 10 kilograms (15 to 22 lb).[4] The northern muriqui is a critically endangered species, it is estimated that there are less than 1000 mature individuals in the wild.[2] The species is unusual among primates in that they display egalitarian tendencies in their social relationships. This species is endemic to the Atlantic Forest region of Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais and Bahia. Their diets, travel patterns and reproductive cycles are seasonally determined. The size of each group can fluctuate as females will move between groups of monkeys.

Northern muriqui[1]
Female and infant, in Caratinga, Brazil.
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Atelidae
Genus: Brachyteles
Species:
B. hypoxanthus
Binomial name
Brachyteles hypoxanthus
(Kuhl, 1820)
Northern muriqui range

Morphology and identification edit

 
Northern muriquis have natural pale facial marks.

Northern muriquis exhibit features that allow them to utilize all of their limbs and tail for travel and obtaining food items. As they spend much of their life in the canopy of forests, they use brachiation as a form of locomotion utilizing all four limbs and their tail.[5] Evolutionary features that further aid these large atelids are elongated hook-like fingers, and shoulder that allows for a wide range of movement.[4] As these monkeys are primarily suited for life in trees, they still venture down to the ground to drink from water sources, consume soil or to obtain ripe fruit that has fallen.[5] Northern muriquis can be individually recognized by their natural markings and facial features, such as fur color and patterning, ear shape, and face shape and pigmentation.[6] Although southern muriqui exhibit sexual dimorphism in canine length, northern muriqui show none. In another difference, northern muriqui retain vestigial thumbs that are completely absent in their sister species.[7]

Ecology edit

Diet edit

Northern muriqui are frugivorous and folivorous, but they also rely on seeds, flowers, nectar, bark, twigs, stems, vines and soil to supplement additional nutritional needs.[8][5][9] Northern muriqui consume the fruits of Margaritaria nobilis, Andira species, Anadenanthera species, Plathymenia foliolosa, Palicourea tetraphylla, Psychotria wamingii, Genipa americana and Carpotroche brasiliensis, as well as the seeds of Mabea fistulifera.[9] The amount of what each group eats depends on seasonality, wherein they will consume foods higher in calories, which results in higher fruit consumption during the wet season, and increased leaf consumption in the dry season.[10] This affect how groups of B. hypoxanthus travel as they forage for food, as bigger family groups need to travel further to attain adequate food sources. The muriqui also utilize vertical niches when foraging, as they can access all levels of forest, from the floor to the canopy. Muriqui group home ranges overlap, so unrelated groups of muriqui will avoid each other by traveling to or foraging for food by using these niche levels.[11]

Social structure edit

Northern muriqui live in egalitarian, fission-fusion societies,[11] where the males are philopatric, and females will leave the natal group to join other muriqui groups at an average age of 6 years old before they reach puberty.[12] Male muriqui have been documented to form social cliques within their natal groups, with groups that are differentiated between older males and younger males.[13] Males display tendencies to form cooperative associations between cliques, and therefore leads to diminished intragroup conflicts compared to other species of primate. These tendencies make themselves apparent during mating season as there is little to no aggression displayed between males vying for mating opportunities, or when dealing with other natal groups of muriqui when traveling or defending their own homerange.[13] Different muriqui groups will interact with each other as group home ranges overlap.[11] During these interactions, females can enter new groups by vocalizing and interacting with new group members by hugging or touching them. Female muriquis are more independent than males; they leave their natal groups at an age of about six years.[14] Male muriquis have almost no interaction with infants. When there is an interaction between the two, the infant would be the one to initiate it.[15] Muriqui social groups are dominated by females, and males will continue to associate closely with their mothers into adulthood. It is through their mothers that adult males gain access to more females.[16]

Mating and reproduction edit

The Northern muriqui's reproductive cycle is based on the seasonality of their environment. Infants are generally born during the dry season so that when there is a high amount of fruit production during the wet season, they can access calorie dense foods as they are weaned off of their mothers milk.[10] Females will on average be ready to mate at the age of nine, wherein they can copulate with several partners in order to conceive, however, some males can be shown preferential treatment by females.[7] Evidence points to having multiple partners in order to confuse paternity, limit male aggression, or improving odds of fertilization.[17] The gestation period for northern muriquis is a little over 7 months. The visual determination of sex can be seen within a week or so of birth, based on the shape and positioning of their genitalia.[18] There is no definitive research on the average life span of the northern muriqui, there are documented individuals reaching past the age of 30 years of age.[19]

Conservation and status edit

B. hypoxanthus is one of the world's most critically endangered primates, according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[2] It is threatened by hunting and (in common with most other primates of the region) destruction and fragmentation of its Atlantic Forest habitat.[2] Among the scattered populations of northern muriqui only one population, living in Caratinga is considered, as of now, viable for the next 100 years.[20] The northern muriqui also suffers from very low genetic diversity[21] and is poorly understood, causing problems in conservation.[22] The estimated wild population of northern muriquis was raised from about 500 to 1000 individuals in 2005, due to new discoveries and research in other forests.[18]

Predation edit

Northern muriqui can be preyed upon by ocelots, tayra, and some birds of prey. If a threat or predator is observed, a group of muriqui will vocally call out to warn others.[5]

Human evolution relevance edit

The northern muriqui has been argued to be important to understanding human evolution, since it is one of the few primates that has tolerant, nonhierarchial relationships among and between males and females, a feature shared with hunter-gatherer humans, but which contrasts with the ranked relationships of most other primates.[23] Group aggression is also rare.[23] The success of males fathering offspring links to the maternal investment they gain from their mothers and coresident female kin. This provides support to the grandmother hypothesis.[23]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d de Melo, F.R.; Boubli, J.P.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Jerusalinsky, L.; Tabacow, F.P.; Ferraz, D.S.; Talebi, M. (2021). "Brachyteles hypoxanthus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T2994A191693399. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T2994A191693399.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  4. ^ a b Iurck, Maria F.; Nowak, Matthew G.; Costa, Leny C.M.; Mendes, Sérgio L.; Ford, Susan M.; Strier, Karen B. (2013). "Feeding and Resting Postures of Wild Northern Muriquis ( B rachyteles hypoxanthus ): Northern Muriqui Postural Behavior". American Journal of Primatology. 75 (1): 74–87. doi:10.1002/ajp.22085. PMID 23070942. S2CID 20692405.
  5. ^ a b c d Mourthé, Ítalo M.C.; Guedes, Danusa; Fidelis, Janaína; Boubli, Jean P.; Mendes, Sérgio L.; Strier, Karen B. (2007). "Ground use by northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)". American Journal of Primatology. 69 (6): 706–712. doi:10.1002/ajp.20405. PMID 17253634. S2CID 27932823.
  6. ^ Chaves, Paulo B.; Magnus, Tielli; Jerusalinsky, Leandro; Talebi, Maurício; Strier, Karen B.; Breves, Paula; Tabacow, Fernanda; Teixeira, Rodrigo H. F.; Moreira, Leandro; Hack, Robson O. E.; Milagres, Adriana; Pissinatti, Alcides; Melo, Fabiano R.; Pessutti, Cecília; Mendes, Sérgio L.; Margarido, Tereza C.; Fagundes, Valéria; Di Fiore, Anthony; Bonatto, Sandro L. (December 2019). "Phylogeographic evidence for two species of muriqui (genus Brachyteles )". American Journal of Primatology. 81 (12): e23066. doi:10.1002/ajp.23066. hdl:10923/20562. PMID 31736121. S2CID 182008678.
  7. ^ a b Lemos de Sá, Rosa M.; Pope, Theresa R.; Struhsaker, Thomas T.; Glander, Kenneth E. (1993). "Sexual dimorphism in canine length of woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides, E. Geoffroy 1806)". International Journal of Primatology. 14 (5): 755–763. doi:10.1007/BF02192189. hdl:10161/6405. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 10300226.
  8. ^ de Carvalho Jr, Oswaldo; Ferrari, Stephen F.; Strier, Karen B. (2004-07-01). "Diet of a muriqui group (Brachyteles arachnoides) in continuous primary forest". Primates. 45 (3): 201–204. doi:10.1007/s10329-004-0079-7. ISSN 1610-7365. PMID 15042413. S2CID 19208306.
  9. ^ a b "Brachyteles hypoxanthus (Northern muriqui)". Animal Diversity Web.
  10. ^ a b Strier, Karen B.; Mendes, Sergio L.; Santos, Rogerio R. (2001). "Timing of births in sympatric brown howler monkeys (Alouatta fusca clamitans) and northern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus)". American Journal of Primatology. 55 (2): 87–100. doi:10.1002/ajp.1042. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 11668527. S2CID 19959494.
  11. ^ a b c Lima, Marlon; Mendes, Sérgio L.; Strier, Karen B. (2019). "Habitat Use in a Population of the Northern Muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)". International Journal of Primatology. 40 (4–5): 470–495. doi:10.1007/s10764-019-00098-7. ISSN 0164-0291. S2CID 199378037.
  12. ^ Martins, Waldney P.; Strier, Karen B. (2004-01-01). "Age at first reproduction in philopatric female muriquis ( Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus )". Primates. 45 (1): 63–67. doi:10.1007/s10329-003-0057-5. ISSN 0032-8332. PMID 14505181. S2CID 25463269.
  13. ^ a b Tokuda, Marcos; Boubli, Jean P.; Izar, Patrícia; Strier, Karen B. (2012-04-01). "Social cliques in male northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus". Current Zoology. 58 (2): 342–352. doi:10.1093/czoolo/58.2.342. ISSN 2396-9814.
  14. ^ Strier, KB, SL Mendes, and K. "Web of Knowledge [v5.6]." Genetic Diversity and Population History of a Critically Endangered Primate, the Northern Muriqui 17.2 (2011): 53-69. Web.
  15. ^ Oliveria Guimaraes, Vanessa. "Adult Male-infant Interactions in Wild Muriquis (Brachyteles Arachnoides Hypoxanthus)." N.p., Oct. 2001. Web. 26 Oct. 2012.
  16. ^ Barry, Doug (9 November 2011). "All The Cool Monkey Moms Help Their Sons Get Laid". Jezebel. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
  17. ^ Possami, Carla. "Socio-Sexual Behavior of Female Northern Muriquis." Socio-Sexual Behavior of Female Northern Muriquis 69.7 (2007). Web.
  18. ^ a b Strier, Karen B, Jean P. Boubli, Carla B Possamai, and Se ́ rgio L. Mendes4. "Population Demography of Northern Muriquis (Brachyteles Hypoxanthus) at the Estac ̧ a ̃ O Biolo ́ Gica De Caratinga/Reserva Particular Do Patrimoˆ Nio Natural-Felı`ciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil."AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY (2006): 1-3.
  19. ^ Strier, Karen B. (2014), Yamagiwa, Juichi; Karczmarski, Leszek (eds.), "Northern Muriqui Monkeys: Behavior, Demography, and Conservation", Primates and Cetaceans, Primatology Monographs, Tokyo: Springer Japan, pp. 233–247, doi:10.1007/978-4-431-54523-1_12, ISBN 978-4-431-54522-4, retrieved 2022-04-12
  20. ^ Brito, Daniel; Grelle, Carlos Eduardo V. (2006). "Estimating Minimum Area of Suitable Habitat and Viable Population Size for the Northern Muriqui". Biodiversity and Conservation. 15. Springer: 4197–4210. doi:10.1007/s10531-005-3575-1. S2CID 23807488.
  21. ^ Chaves, Paulo B.; Alvarenga, Clara S.; Possamai, Carla de B.; Dias, Luiz G.; Boubli, Jean P.; Strier, Karen B.; Mendes, Sérgio L.; Fagundes, Valéria (3 June 2011). "Genetic Diversity and Population History of a Critically Endangered Primate, the Northern Muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e20722. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620722C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020722. PMC 3108597. PMID 21694757.
  22. ^ Daniel, Brito. "Lack of Adequate Taxonomic Knowledge May Hinder Endemic Mammal Conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Google Scholar. N.p., 2004. Web. 26 Oct. 2012.
  23. ^ a b c Strier, K.B., Chaves, P.B., Mendes, S.L., Fagundes, V., Di Fiore, A. (2011). Low paternity skew and the influence of maternal kin in an egalitarian, patrilocal primate, PNAS, 108, 18915–18919 doi:10.1073/pnas.1116737108

Gallery edit

 
Silhouette of adult using its prehensile tail
 
Sitting muriqui
 
At Caratinga Biological Station

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Northern Muriqui.
  • ARKive -

April 14, 2024
northern, muriqui, northern, muriqui, brachyteles, hypoxanthus, species, muriqui, they, also, known, woolly, spider, monkey, because, they, exhibit, woollen, pelt, woolly, monkeys, long, prehensile, tail, spider, monkeys, muriquis, largest, extant, world, monk. The northern muriqui Brachyteles hypoxanthus is one of two species of muriqui They are also known as woolly spider monkey because they exhibit the woollen pelt of woolly monkeys and the long prehensile tail of spider monkeys Muriquis are the largest extant New World monkeys They can reach 4 3 feet or 1 3 metres long and weight up to 7 to 10 kilograms 15 to 22 lb 4 The northern muriqui is a critically endangered species it is estimated that there are less than 1000 mature individuals in the wild 2 The species is unusual among primates in that they display egalitarian tendencies in their social relationships This species is endemic to the Atlantic Forest region of Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro Espirito Santo Minas Gerais and Bahia Their diets travel patterns and reproductive cycles are seasonally determined The size of each group can fluctuate as females will move between groups of monkeys Northern muriqui 1 Female and infant in Caratinga Brazil Conservation statusCritically Endangered IUCN 3 1 2 CITES Appendix I CITES 3 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesSuborder HaplorhiniInfraorder SimiiformesFamily AtelidaeGenus BrachytelesSpecies B hypoxanthusBinomial nameBrachyteles hypoxanthus Kuhl 1820 Northern muriqui range Contents 1 Morphology and identification 2 Ecology 2 1 Diet 2 2 Social structure 2 3 Mating and reproduction 3 Conservation and status 4 Predation 5 Human evolution relevance 6 See also 7 References 8 Gallery 9 External linksMorphology and identification edit nbsp Northern muriquis have natural pale facial marks Northern muriquis exhibit features that allow them to utilize all of their limbs and tail for travel and obtaining food items As they spend much of their life in the canopy of forests they use brachiation as a form of locomotion utilizing all four limbs and their tail 5 Evolutionary features that further aid these large atelids are elongated hook like fingers and shoulder that allows for a wide range of movement 4 As these monkeys are primarily suited for life in trees they still venture down to the ground to drink from water sources consume soil or to obtain ripe fruit that has fallen 5 Northern muriquis can be individually recognized by their natural markings and facial features such as fur color and patterning ear shape and face shape and pigmentation 6 Although southern muriqui exhibit sexual dimorphism in canine length northern muriqui show none In another difference northern muriqui retain vestigial thumbs that are completely absent in their sister species 7 Ecology editDiet edit Northern muriqui are frugivorous and folivorous but they also rely on seeds flowers nectar bark twigs stems vines and soil to supplement additional nutritional needs 8 5 9 Northern muriqui consume the fruits of Margaritaria nobilis Andira species Anadenanthera species Plathymenia foliolosa Palicourea tetraphylla Psychotria wamingii Genipa americana and Carpotroche brasiliensis as well as the seeds of Mabea fistulifera 9 The amount of what each group eats depends on seasonality wherein they will consume foods higher in calories which results in higher fruit consumption during the wet season and increased leaf consumption in the dry season 10 This affect how groups of B hypoxanthus travel as they forage for food as bigger family groups need to travel further to attain adequate food sources The muriqui also utilize vertical niches when foraging as they can access all levels of forest from the floor to the canopy Muriqui group home ranges overlap so unrelated groups of muriqui will avoid each other by traveling to or foraging for food by using these niche levels 11 Social structure edit Northern muriqui live in egalitarian fission fusion societies 11 where the males are philopatric and females will leave the natal group to join other muriqui groups at an average age of 6 years old before they reach puberty 12 Male muriqui have been documented to form social cliques within their natal groups with groups that are differentiated between older males and younger males 13 Males display tendencies to form cooperative associations between cliques and therefore leads to diminished intragroup conflicts compared to other species of primate These tendencies make themselves apparent during mating season as there is little to no aggression displayed between males vying for mating opportunities or when dealing with other natal groups of muriqui when traveling or defending their own homerange 13 Different muriqui groups will interact with each other as group home ranges overlap 11 During these interactions females can enter new groups by vocalizing and interacting with new group members by hugging or touching them Female muriquis are more independent than males they leave their natal groups at an age of about six years 14 Male muriquis have almost no interaction with infants When there is an interaction between the two the infant would be the one to initiate it 15 Muriqui social groups are dominated by females and males will continue to associate closely with their mothers into adulthood It is through their mothers that adult males gain access to more females 16 Mating and reproduction edit The Northern muriqui s reproductive cycle is based on the seasonality of their environment Infants are generally born during the dry season so that when there is a high amount of fruit production during the wet season they can access calorie dense foods as they are weaned off of their mothers milk 10 Females will on average be ready to mate at the age of nine wherein they can copulate with several partners in order to conceive however some males can be shown preferential treatment by females 7 Evidence points to having multiple partners in order to confuse paternity limit male aggression or improving odds of fertilization 17 The gestation period for northern muriquis is a little over 7 months The visual determination of sex can be seen within a week or so of birth based on the shape and positioning of their genitalia 18 There is no definitive research on the average life span of the northern muriqui there are documented individuals reaching past the age of 30 years of age 19 Conservation and status editB hypoxanthus is one of the world s most critically endangered primates according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2 It is threatened by hunting and in common with most other primates of the region destruction and fragmentation of its Atlantic Forest habitat 2 Among the scattered populations of northern muriqui only one population living in Caratinga is considered as of now viable for the next 100 years 20 The northern muriqui also suffers from very low genetic diversity 21 and is poorly understood causing problems in conservation 22 The estimated wild population of northern muriquis was raised from about 500 to 1000 individuals in 2005 due to new discoveries and research in other forests 18 Predation editNorthern muriqui can be preyed upon by ocelots tayra and some birds of prey If a threat or predator is observed a group of muriqui will vocally call out to warn others 5 Human evolution relevance editThe northern muriqui has been argued to be important to understanding human evolution since it is one of the few primates that has tolerant nonhierarchial relationships among and between males and females a feature shared with hunter gatherer humans but which contrasts with the ranked relationships of most other primates 23 Group aggression is also rare 23 The success of males fathering offspring links to the maternal investment they gain from their mothers and coresident female kin This provides support to the grandmother hypothesis 23 See also editFeliciano Miguel Abdala Private Natural Heritage Reserve long thought to be the only place where these monkeys still surviveReferences edit Groves C P 2005 Order Primates In Wilson D E Reeder D M eds Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3rd ed Johns Hopkins University Press p 151 ISBN 978 0 8018 8221 0 OCLC 62265494 a b c d de Melo F R Boubli J P Mittermeier R A Jerusalinsky L Tabacow F P Ferraz D S Talebi M 2021 Brachyteles hypoxanthus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021 e T2994A191693399 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2021 1 RLTS T2994A191693399 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 2022 01 14 a b Iurck Maria F Nowak Matthew G Costa Leny C M Mendes Sergio L Ford Susan M Strier Karen B 2013 Feeding and Resting Postures of Wild Northern Muriquis B rachyteles hypoxanthus Northern Muriqui Postural Behavior American Journal of Primatology 75 1 74 87 doi 10 1002 ajp 22085 PMID 23070942 S2CID 20692405 a b c d Mourthe Italo M C Guedes Danusa Fidelis Janaina Boubli Jean P Mendes Sergio L Strier Karen B 2007 Ground use by northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus American Journal of Primatology 69 6 706 712 doi 10 1002 ajp 20405 PMID 17253634 S2CID 27932823 Chaves Paulo B Magnus Tielli Jerusalinsky Leandro Talebi Mauricio Strier Karen B Breves Paula Tabacow Fernanda Teixeira Rodrigo H F Moreira Leandro Hack Robson O E Milagres Adriana Pissinatti Alcides Melo Fabiano R Pessutti Cecilia Mendes Sergio L Margarido Tereza C Fagundes Valeria Di Fiore Anthony Bonatto Sandro L December 2019 Phylogeographic evidence for two species of muriqui genus Brachyteles American Journal of Primatology 81 12 e23066 doi 10 1002 ajp 23066 hdl 10923 20562 PMID 31736121 S2CID 182008678 a b Lemos de Sa Rosa M Pope Theresa R Struhsaker Thomas T Glander Kenneth E 1993 Sexual dimorphism in canine length of woolly spider monkeys Brachyteles arachnoides E Geoffroy 1806 International Journal of Primatology 14 5 755 763 doi 10 1007 BF02192189 hdl 10161 6405 ISSN 0164 0291 S2CID 10300226 de Carvalho Jr Oswaldo Ferrari Stephen F Strier Karen B 2004 07 01 Diet of a muriqui group Brachyteles arachnoides in continuous primary forest Primates 45 3 201 204 doi 10 1007 s10329 004 0079 7 ISSN 1610 7365 PMID 15042413 S2CID 19208306 a b Brachyteles hypoxanthus Northern muriqui Animal Diversity Web a b Strier Karen B Mendes Sergio L Santos Rogerio R 2001 Timing of births in sympatric brown howler monkeys Alouatta fusca clamitans and northern muriquis Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus American Journal of Primatology 55 2 87 100 doi 10 1002 ajp 1042 ISSN 0275 2565 PMID 11668527 S2CID 19959494 a b c Lima Marlon Mendes Sergio L Strier Karen B 2019 Habitat Use in a Population of the Northern Muriqui Brachyteles hypoxanthus International Journal of Primatology 40 4 5 470 495 doi 10 1007 s10764 019 00098 7 ISSN 0164 0291 S2CID 199378037 Martins Waldney P Strier Karen B 2004 01 01 Age at first reproduction in philopatric female muriquis Brachyteles arachnoides hypoxanthus Primates 45 1 63 67 doi 10 1007 s10329 003 0057 5 ISSN 0032 8332 PMID 14505181 S2CID 25463269 a b Tokuda Marcos Boubli Jean P Izar Patricia Strier Karen B 2012 04 01 Social cliques in male northern muriquis Brachyteles hypoxanthus Current Zoology 58 2 342 352 doi 10 1093 czoolo 58 2 342 ISSN 2396 9814 Strier KB SL Mendes and K Web of Knowledge v5 6 Genetic Diversity and Population History of a Critically Endangered Primate the Northern Muriqui 17 2 2011 53 69 Web Oliveria Guimaraes Vanessa Adult Male infant Interactions in Wild Muriquis Brachyteles Arachnoides Hypoxanthus N p Oct 2001 Web 26 Oct 2012 Barry Doug 9 November 2011 All The Cool Monkey Moms Help Their Sons Get Laid Jezebel Retrieved 2021 09 29 Possami Carla Socio Sexual Behavior of Female Northern Muriquis Socio Sexual Behavior of Female Northern Muriquis 69 7 2007 Web a b Strier Karen B Jean P Boubli Carla B Possamai and Se rgio L Mendes4 Population Demography of Northern Muriquis Brachyteles Hypoxanthus at the Estac a O Biolo Gica De Caratinga Reserva Particular Do Patrimoˆ Nio Natural Feli ciano Miguel Abdala Minas Gerais Brazil AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2006 1 3 Strier Karen B 2014 Yamagiwa Juichi Karczmarski Leszek eds Northern Muriqui Monkeys Behavior Demography and Conservation Primates and Cetaceans Primatology Monographs Tokyo Springer Japan pp 233 247 doi 10 1007 978 4 431 54523 1 12 ISBN 978 4 431 54522 4 retrieved 2022 04 12 Brito Daniel Grelle Carlos Eduardo V 2006 Estimating Minimum Area of Suitable Habitat and Viable Population Size for the Northern Muriqui Biodiversity and Conservation 15 Springer 4197 4210 doi 10 1007 s10531 005 3575 1 S2CID 23807488 Chaves Paulo B Alvarenga Clara S Possamai Carla de B Dias Luiz G Boubli Jean P Strier Karen B Mendes Sergio L Fagundes Valeria 3 June 2011 Genetic Diversity and Population History of a Critically Endangered Primate the Northern Muriqui Brachyteles hypoxanthus PLOS ONE 6 6 e20722 Bibcode 2011PLoSO 620722C doi 10 1371 journal pone 0020722 PMC 3108597 PMID 21694757 Daniel Brito Lack of Adequate Taxonomic Knowledge May Hinder Endemic Mammal Conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Google Scholar N p 2004 Web 26 Oct 2012 a b c Strier K B Chaves P B Mendes S L Fagundes V Di Fiore A 2011 Low paternity skew and the influence of maternal kin in an egalitarian patrilocal primate PNAS 108 18915 18919 doi 10 1073 pnas 1116737108Gallery edit nbsp Silhouette of adult using its prehensile tail nbsp Sitting muriqui nbsp At Caratinga Biological StationExternal links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Northern Muriqui ARKive images and movies of the Northern muriqui Brachyteles hypoxanthus Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Northern muriqui amp oldid 1217581394, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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