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Botfly

January 01, 1970

Botflies, also known as warble flies, heel flies, and gadflies, are a family of flies known as the Oestridae. Their larvae are internal parasites of mammals, some species growing in the host's flesh and others within the gut. Dermatobia hominis is the only species of botfly known to parasitize humans routinely, though other species of flies cause myiasis in humans.

Botfly
Deer botfly Cephenemyia stimulator
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
(unranked): Eremoneura
(unranked): Cyclorrhapha
Section: Schizophora
Subsection: Calyptratae
Superfamily: Oestroidea
Family: Oestridae
Leach, 1815
Subfamilies
Juvenile male Ecuadorian mantled howler (Alouatta palliata aequatorialis) with botfly parasites

General edit

A botfly,[1] also written bot fly,[2] bott fly[3] or bot-fly[4] in various combinations, is any fly in the family Oestridae. Their life cycles vary greatly according to species, but the larvae of all species are internal parasites of mammals. Largely according to species, they also are known variously as warble flies, heel flies, and gadflies. The larvae of some species grow in the flesh of their hosts, while others grow within the hosts' alimentary tracts.

The word "bot" in this sense means a maggot.[4] A warble is a skin lump or callus such as might be caused by an ill-fitting harness, or by the presence of a warble fly maggot under the skin. The human botfly, Dermatobia hominis, is the only species of botfly whose larvae ordinarily parasitise humans, though flies in some other families episodically cause human myiasis and are sometimes more harmful.

Family Oestridae edit

The Oestridae now are generally defined as including the former families Oestridae, Cuterebridae, Gasterophilidae, and Hypodermatidae as subfamilies.

The Oestridae, in turn, are a family within the superfamily Oestroidea, together with the families Calliphoridae, Mesembrinellidae, Mystacinobiidae, Polleniidae, Rhiniidae, Rhinophoridae, Sarcophagidae, Tachinidae, and Ulurumyiidae.

Of families of flies causing myiasis, the Oestridae include the highest proportion of species whose larvae live as obligate parasites within the bodies of mammals. Roughly 150 species are known worldwide.[5] Most other species of flies implicated in myiasis are members of related families, such as blow-flies.

Infestation edit

 
Larval stage of Gasterophilus intestinalis

Botflies deposit eggs on a host, or sometimes use an intermediate vector such as the common housefly, mosquitoes, and, in the case of D. hominis, a species of tick. After mating, the female botfly captures the phoretic insect by holding onto its wings with her legs. She then makes the slip—attaching 15 to 30 eggs onto the insect or arachnid's abdomen, where they incubate. The fertilized female does this over and over again to distribute the 100 to 400 eggs she produces in her short adult stage of life of only 8–9 days. Larvae from these eggs, stimulated by the warmth and proximity of a large mammal host, drop onto its skin and burrow underneath.[6] Intermediate vectors are often used, since a number of animal hosts recognize the approach of a botfly and flee.[7]

Eggs are deposited on larger animals' skin directly, or the larvae hatch and drop from the eggs attached to the intermediate vector; the body heat of the host animal induces hatching upon contact or immediate proximity. Some forms of botfly also occur in the digestive tract after ingestion by licking.

 
Ox warble fly (Hypoderma bovis)

Myiasis can be caused by larvae burrowing into the skin (or tissue lining) of the host animal. Mature larvae drop from the host and complete the pupal stage in soil. They do not kill the host animal, thus they are true parasites.

The equine botflies present seasonal difficulties to equestrian caretakers, as they lay eggs on the insides of horses' front legs on the cannon or metacarpal bone (below the knee) and knees, and sometimes on the throat or nose depending on the species. These eggs, which look like small, yellow drops of paint, must be carefully removed during the laying season (late summer and early fall) to prevent infestation in the horse. When a horse rubs its nose on its legs, the eggs are transferred to the mouth and from there to the intestines, where the larvae grow and attach themselves to the stomach lining or the small intestine. The attachment of the larvae to the tissue produces a mild irritation, which results in erosions and ulcerations at the site.[8] Removal of the eggs (which adhere to the host's hair) is difficult, since the bone and tendons are directly under the skin on the cannon bones; eggs must be removed with a sharp knife (often a razor blade) or rough sandpaper and caught before they reach the ground. The larvae remain attached and develop for 10–12 months before they are passed out in the feces. Occasionally, horse owners report seeing botfly larvae in horse manure. These larvae are cylindrical in shape and are reddish orange in color. In one to two months, adult botflies emerge from the developing larvae and the cycle repeats itself.[8] Botflies can be controlled with several types of dewormers, including dichlorvos, ivermectin, and trichlorfon.

In cattle, the lesions caused by these flies can become infected by Mannheimia granulomatis, a bacterium that causes lechiguana, characterized by rapid-growing, hard lumps beneath the skin of the animal. Without antibiotics, an affected animal will die within 3–11 months.[9][10]

Philornis botflies often infest nestlings of wild parrots, like scarlet macaws[11] and hyacinth macaws.[12] A method using a reverse syringe design snake bite extractor proved to be suitable for removing larvae from the skin.[11]

Cuterebra fontinella, the mouse botfly, parasitizes small mammals all around North America.[13]

Dermatobia hominis, the human botfly, occasionally uses humans to host its larvae.[14]

As human food edit

 
Dissected head of a deer showing botfly larvae

In cold climates supporting reindeer or caribou-reliant populations, large quantities of Hypoderma tarandi (caribou warble fly) maggots are available to human populations during the butchery of animals.[15]

The sixth episode of season one of the television series Beyond Survival, titled "The Inuit – Survivors of the Future", features survival expert Les Stroud and two Inuit guides hunting caribou on the northern coast of Baffin Island near Pond Inlet, Nunavut, Canada. Upon skinning and butchering of one of the animals, numerous larvae (presumably H. tarandi, although not explicitly stated) are apparent on the inside of the caribou pelt. Stroud and his two Inuit guides eat (albeit somewhat reluctantly) one larva each, with Stroud commenting that the larva "tastes like milk" and was historically commonly consumed by the Inuit.[16]

Copious art dating back to the Pleistocene in Europe confirms their consumption in premodern times, as well.[17]

The Babylonian Talmud Hullin 67b discusses whether the warble fly is kosher.[18]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Inc. Merriam-Webster (2011). Webster's American English dictionary. Springfield, MA: Federal Street Press. ISBN 978-1-59695-114-3.
  2. ^ Mullen G, Durden L, eds. (2009). Medical and veterinary entomology. Amsterdam, NL: Academic. ISBN 978-0-12-372500-4.
  3. ^ Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Western Australia, Volume 9, Pub: Western Australia. Dept. of Agriculture, 1904, p 17
  4. ^ a b Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
  5. ^ Pape T (April 2001). "Phylogeny of Oestridae (Insecta: Diptera)". Systematic Entomology. 26 (2): 133–171. Bibcode:2001SysEn..26..133P. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2001.00143.x. S2CID 83936667.
  6. ^ Dunleavy, Stephen (producer) (2005-10-20). Life In The Undergrowth: Intimate Relations (Programme synopses). BBC. Retrieved 2008-12-17.
  7. ^ Drees B, Jackman J (1999). "Horse Bot Fly". . Houston, Texas: Gulf Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  8. ^ a b Ondrak J. . lambriarvet.com. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
  9. ^ Piper R (2007). "Human Botfly". Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 192–194. ISBN 978-0-313-33922-6. OCLC 191846476. Retrieved 2009-02-13.
  10. ^ Riet-Correa F, S. L. Ladeira, G. B. Andrade, G. R. Carter (December 2000). "Lechiguana (focal proliferative fibrogranulomatous panniculitis) in cattle". Veterinary Research Communications. 24 (8): 557–572. doi:10.1023/A:1006444019819. PMID 11305747. S2CID 19888515.
  11. ^ a b Olah G, Vigo G, Ortiz L, Rozsa L, Brightsmith DJ (2013). "Philornis sp. bot fly larvae in free living scarlet macaw nestlings and a new technique for their extraction". Veterinary Parasitology. 196 (1–2): 245–249. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.12.052. PMID 23384580.
  12. ^ Allgayer MC, Guedes NM, Chiminazzo C, Cziulik M, Weimer TA (2009). "Clinical pathology and parasitologic evaluation of free-living nestlings of the Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus)". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 45 (4): 972–981. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-45.4.972. ISSN 0090-3558. PMID 19901373. S2CID 22897475.
  13. ^ Jennison CA, Rodas LR, Barrett GW (2006). "Cuterebra fontinella parasitism on Peromyscus leucopus and Ochrotomys nuttalli". Southeastern Naturalist. 5 (1): 157–168. doi:10.1656/1528-7092(2006)5[157:CFPOPL]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 87286185.
  14. ^ "Human Bot Fly Myiasis" (PDF). U.S. Army Public Health Command (provisional), formerly U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine. January 2010. Retrieved 2014-08-14.
  15. ^ Felt E (1918). "Caribou warble grubs edible". Journal of Economic Entomology. 11: 482.
  16. ^ . Lesstroud.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2015-11-10.
  17. ^ Guthrie RD (2005). The Nature of Paleolithic Art. University of Chicago Press. pp. 6–. ISBN 978-0-226-31126-5. Retrieved 7 May 2013.
  18. ^ "Chullin 67b:11". www.sefaria.org. Retrieved 2021-01-02.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Oestridae at Wikimedia Commons
  • Encyclopedia.com article
  • Cuterebra emasculator, squirrel bot fly
  • Dermatobia hominis, human bot fly
  • Gasterophilus intestinalis, horse bot fly
  • Hypoderma lineatum, common cattle grub

January 01, 1970
botfly, botflies, also, known, warble, flies, heel, flies, gadflies, family, flies, known, oestridae, their, larvae, internal, parasites, mammals, some, species, growing, host, flesh, others, within, dermatobia, hominis, only, species, botfly, known, parasitiz. Botflies also known as warble flies heel flies and gadflies are a family of flies known as the Oestridae Their larvae are internal parasites of mammals some species growing in the host s flesh and others within the gut Dermatobia hominis is the only species of botfly known to parasitize humans routinely though other species of flies cause myiasis in humans Botfly Deer botfly Cephenemyia stimulator Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Diptera unranked Eremoneura unranked Cyclorrhapha Section Schizophora Subsection Calyptratae Superfamily Oestroidea Family OestridaeLeach 1815 Subfamilies Cuterebrinae Gasterophilinae Hypodermatinae Oestrinae Juvenile male Ecuadorian mantled howler Alouatta palliata aequatorialis with botfly parasites Contents 1 General 2 Family Oestridae 3 Infestation 4 As human food 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksGeneral editA botfly 1 also written bot fly 2 bott fly 3 or bot fly 4 in various combinations is any fly in the family Oestridae Their life cycles vary greatly according to species but the larvae of all species are internal parasites of mammals Largely according to species they also are known variously as warble flies heel flies and gadflies The larvae of some species grow in the flesh of their hosts while others grow within the hosts alimentary tracts The word bot in this sense means a maggot 4 A warble is a skin lump or callus such as might be caused by an ill fitting harness or by the presence of a warble fly maggot under the skin The human botfly Dermatobia hominis is the only species of botfly whose larvae ordinarily parasitise humans though flies in some other families episodically cause human myiasis and are sometimes more harmful Family Oestridae editThe Oestridae now are generally defined as including the former families Oestridae Cuterebridae Gasterophilidae and Hypodermatidae as subfamilies The Oestridae in turn are a family within the superfamily Oestroidea together with the families Calliphoridae Mesembrinellidae Mystacinobiidae Polleniidae Rhiniidae Rhinophoridae Sarcophagidae Tachinidae and Ulurumyiidae Of families of flies causing myiasis the Oestridae include the highest proportion of species whose larvae live as obligate parasites within the bodies of mammals Roughly 150 species are known worldwide 5 Most other species of flies implicated in myiasis are members of related families such as blow flies Infestation edit nbsp Larval stage of Gasterophilus intestinalis Botflies deposit eggs on a host or sometimes use an intermediate vector such as the common housefly mosquitoes and in the case of D hominis a species of tick After mating the female botfly captures the phoretic insect by holding onto its wings with her legs She then makes the slip attaching 15 to 30 eggs onto the insect or arachnid s abdomen where they incubate The fertilized female does this over and over again to distribute the 100 to 400 eggs she produces in her short adult stage of life of only 8 9 days Larvae from these eggs stimulated by the warmth and proximity of a large mammal host drop onto its skin and burrow underneath 6 Intermediate vectors are often used since a number of animal hosts recognize the approach of a botfly and flee 7 Eggs are deposited on larger animals skin directly or the larvae hatch and drop from the eggs attached to the intermediate vector the body heat of the host animal induces hatching upon contact or immediate proximity Some forms of botfly also occur in the digestive tract after ingestion by licking nbsp Ox warble fly Hypoderma bovis Myiasis can be caused by larvae burrowing into the skin or tissue lining of the host animal Mature larvae drop from the host and complete the pupal stage in soil They do not kill the host animal thus they are true parasites The equine botflies present seasonal difficulties to equestrian caretakers as they lay eggs on the insides of horses front legs on the cannon or metacarpal bone below the knee and knees and sometimes on the throat or nose depending on the species These eggs which look like small yellow drops of paint must be carefully removed during the laying season late summer and early fall to prevent infestation in the horse When a horse rubs its nose on its legs the eggs are transferred to the mouth and from there to the intestines where the larvae grow and attach themselves to the stomach lining or the small intestine The attachment of the larvae to the tissue produces a mild irritation which results in erosions and ulcerations at the site 8 Removal of the eggs which adhere to the host s hair is difficult since the bone and tendons are directly under the skin on the cannon bones eggs must be removed with a sharp knife often a razor blade or rough sandpaper and caught before they reach the ground The larvae remain attached and develop for 10 12 months before they are passed out in the feces Occasionally horse owners report seeing botfly larvae in horse manure These larvae are cylindrical in shape and are reddish orange in color In one to two months adult botflies emerge from the developing larvae and the cycle repeats itself 8 Botflies can be controlled with several types of dewormers including dichlorvos ivermectin and trichlorfon In cattle the lesions caused by these flies can become infected by Mannheimia granulomatis a bacterium that causes lechiguana characterized by rapid growing hard lumps beneath the skin of the animal Without antibiotics an affected animal will die within 3 11 months 9 10 Philornis botflies often infest nestlings of wild parrots like scarlet macaws 11 and hyacinth macaws 12 A method using a reverse syringe design snake bite extractor proved to be suitable for removing larvae from the skin 11 Cuterebra fontinella the mouse botfly parasitizes small mammals all around North America 13 Dermatobia hominis the human botfly occasionally uses humans to host its larvae 14 As human food edit nbsp Dissected head of a deer showing botfly larvae In cold climates supporting reindeer or caribou reliant populations large quantities of Hypoderma tarandi caribou warble fly maggots are available to human populations during the butchery of animals 15 The sixth episode of season one of the television series Beyond Survival titled The Inuit Survivors of the Future features survival expert Les Stroud and two Inuit guides hunting caribou on the northern coast of Baffin Island near Pond Inlet Nunavut Canada Upon skinning and butchering of one of the animals numerous larvae presumably H tarandi although not explicitly stated are apparent on the inside of the caribou pelt Stroud and his two Inuit guides eat albeit somewhat reluctantly one larva each with Stroud commenting that the larva tastes like milk and was historically commonly consumed by the Inuit 16 Copious art dating back to the Pleistocene in Europe confirms their consumption in premodern times as well 17 The Babylonian Talmud Hullin 67b discusses whether the warble fly is kosher 18 See also editCochliomyia hominivorax the screwworm Cordylobia anthropophaga the tumbu fly Philornis a genus of flies that are subcutaneous parasites of birds sometimes referred to as bot flies References edit Inc Merriam Webster 2011 Webster s American English dictionary Springfield MA Federal Street Press ISBN 978 1 59695 114 3 Mullen G Durden L eds 2009 Medical and veterinary entomology Amsterdam NL Academic ISBN 978 0 12 372500 4 Journal of the Department of Agriculture of Western Australia Volume 9 Pub Western Australia Dept of Agriculture 1904 p 17 a b Brown Lesley 1993 The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles Oxford Eng Clarendon ISBN 0 19 861271 0 Pape T April 2001 Phylogeny of Oestridae Insecta Diptera Systematic Entomology 26 2 133 171 Bibcode 2001SysEn 26 133P doi 10 1046 j 1365 3113 2001 00143 x S2CID 83936667 Dunleavy Stephen producer 2005 10 20 Life In The Undergrowth Intimate Relations Programme synopses BBC Retrieved 2008 12 17 Drees B Jackman J 1999 Horse Bot Fly Field Guide to Texas Insects Houston Texas Gulf Publishing Company Archived from the original on 2012 11 14 Retrieved 12 June 2013 a b Ondrak J Ask The Vet Treating Bot Infestations In Horses lambriarvet com Archived from the original on 2009 08 22 Retrieved 2009 09 10 Piper R 2007 Human Botfly Extraordinary Animals An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals Westport Connecticut Greenwood Publishing Group pp 192 194 ISBN 978 0 313 33922 6 OCLC 191846476 Retrieved 2009 02 13 Riet Correa F S L Ladeira G B Andrade G R Carter December 2000 Lechiguana focal proliferative fibrogranulomatous panniculitis in cattle Veterinary Research Communications 24 8 557 572 doi 10 1023 A 1006444019819 PMID 11305747 S2CID 19888515 a b Olah G Vigo G Ortiz L Rozsa L Brightsmith DJ 2013 Philornis sp bot fly larvae in free living scarlet macaw nestlings and a new technique for their extraction Veterinary Parasitology 196 1 2 245 249 doi 10 1016 j vetpar 2012 12 052 PMID 23384580 Allgayer MC Guedes NM Chiminazzo C Cziulik M Weimer TA 2009 Clinical pathology and parasitologic evaluation of free living nestlings of the Hyacinth Macaw Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45 4 972 981 doi 10 7589 0090 3558 45 4 972 ISSN 0090 3558 PMID 19901373 S2CID 22897475 Jennison CA Rodas LR Barrett GW 2006 Cuterebra fontinella parasitism on Peromyscus leucopus and Ochrotomys nuttalli Southeastern Naturalist 5 1 157 168 doi 10 1656 1528 7092 2006 5 157 CFPOPL 2 0 CO 2 S2CID 87286185 Human Bot Fly Myiasis PDF U S Army Public Health Command provisional formerly U S Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine January 2010 Retrieved 2014 08 14 Felt E 1918 Caribou warble grubs edible Journal of Economic Entomology 11 482 Les Stroud Beyond Survival The Inuit Survivors of the Future Lesstroud ca Archived from the original on 2016 03 02 Retrieved 2015 11 10 Guthrie RD 2005 The Nature of Paleolithic Art University of Chicago Press pp 6 ISBN 978 0 226 31126 5 Retrieved 7 May 2013 Chullin 67b 11 www sefaria org Retrieved 2021 01 02 External links edit nbsp Media related to Oestridae at Wikimedia Commons Encyclopedia com article Cuterebra emasculator squirrel bot fly Dermatobia hominis human bot fly Gasterophilus intestinalis horse bot fly Hypoderma lineatum common cattle grub Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Botfly amp oldid 1215783130, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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