A book lung is a type of respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange that is present in many arachnids, such as scorpions and spiders. Each of these organs is located inside an open ventral abdominal, air-filled cavity (atrium) and connects with its surroundings through a small opening for the purpose of respiration.
In this spider diagram, the position of the book lungs is labelled 1.Spider book lungs (cross section)Internal anatomy of a female spider, book lungs shown in pink
Book lungs are not related to the lungs of modern land-dwelling vertebrates. Their name instead describes their structure and purpose as a case of convergent evolution. Stacks of alternating air pockets and tissue filled with hemolymph[a] give them an appearance similar to a "folded" book.[1]
Their number varies from just one pair in most spiders to four pairs in scorpions. The unfolded "pages" (plates) of the book lung are filled with hemolymph. The folds maximize the surface exposed to air, and thereby maximize the amount of gas exchanged with the environment. In most species, no motion of the plates is needed to facilitate this kind of respiration.
Occasionally absentedit
Many arachnids, such as mites and harvestmen, have no traces of book lungs and breathe through tracheae or through their body-surfaces only. Gas exchange is performed by the thin walls inside the cavity instead, with their surface area increased by branching into the body as thin tubes called tracheae. These tracheae may possibly have evolved directly from book lungs because the tracheae in some spiders have a small number of greatly elongated chambers.
Arachnid taxonomyedit
The absence or presence of book lungs divides the Arachnida into two main groups:
Tetrapulmonata have two pairs of book lungs found on the second and third abdominal segments (Schizomida have lost a pair, and most advanced spiders have replaced at least one of the pairs with trachea). Scorpions have four pairs of book lungs, found on abdominal segments number three, four, five, and six.[2]
The pulmonate arachnids also appears to be the only members of Arachnida where the respiratory pigment hemocyanin is present in their blood.[3]
One of the long-running controversies in arachnid evolution is whether the book lung evolved from book gills just once in a common arachnid ancestor,[4] or whether book lungs evolved separately in several groups of arachnids as they came onto land. While the third abdominal segment in Tetrapulmonata have book lungs, the scorpions have a pair of sensory organs called pectines instead.
The oldest book lungs have been recovered from extinct trigonotarbid arachnids preserved in the 410 million-year-old Rhynie chert of Scotland. These Devonian fossil lungs are almost indistinguishable from the lungs of modern arachnids, fully adapted to a terrestrial existence.[5]
Book gillsedit
Underside of a female horseshoe crab showing the legs and book gills
Book lungs are thought to have evolved from book gills, water-breathing structures among marine chelicerates. Although they have a similar book-like structure, book gills are external, while book lungs are internal.[6] Both are considered appendages rather than conventional internal organs, as they develop from limb buds before the buds flatten into segmented lamellae. [7]
Book gills are still present in the marine arthropod Limulus (horseshoe crabs) which have five pairs of them, the flap in front of them being the genital operculum which lacks gills. Book gills are flap-like appendages that effect gas exchange within water and seem to have their origin as modified legs. On the inside of each appendage, over 100 thin page-like membranes, lamellae, appearing as pages in a book, are where gas exchange takes place. These appendages move rhythmically to drive blood in and out of the lamellae and to circulate water over them. Respiration being their main purpose, they can also be used for swimming in young individuals. If they are kept moist, the horseshoe crab can live on land for many hours.
^Foelix, Rainer F. (1996). Biology of Spiders. Oxford University Press US. pp. 61–64. ISBN0-19-509594-4. book lung.
^The origins of tetrapulmonate book lungs and their significance for chelicerate phylogeny
^The diversity and evolution of chelicerate hemocyanins
^Scholtz, Gerhard; Kamenz, Carsten (2006). "The book lungs of Scorpiones and Tetrapulmonata (Chelicerata, Arachnida): Evidence for homology and a single terrestrialisation event of a common arachnid ancestor". Zoology. 109 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2005.06.003. PMID 16386884.
^Kamenz, Carsten; Dunlop, Jason A.; Scholtz, Gerhard; Kerp, Hans; Hass, Hagen (2008). "Microanatomy of early Devonian book lungs". Biology Letters. 4 (2). London, UK: Royal Society: 212–215. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0597. PMC2429929. PMID 18198139.
^Bhamrah, H. S.; Juneja, Kavita (2002). An Introduction to Arthropoda. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN81-261-0673-5.
^Pechmann, Matthias; Khadjeh, Sara; Sprenger, Frederik; Prpic, Nikola-Michael (November 2010). "Patterning mechanisms and morphological diversity of spider appendages and their importance for spider evolution". Arthropod Structure & Development. 39 (6): 453–67. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2010.07.007. PMID 20696272. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
January 01, 1970
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A book lung is a type of respiration organ used for atmospheric gas exchange that is present in many arachnids such as scorpions and spiders Each of these organs is located inside an open ventral abdominal air filled cavity atrium and connects with its surroundings through a small opening for the purpose of respiration In this spider diagram the position of the book lungs is labelled 1 Spider book lungs cross section Internal anatomy of a female spider book lungs shown in pink Contents 1 Structure and function 1 1 Occasionally absent 2 Arachnid taxonomy 3 Book gills 4 Footnotes 5 ReferencesStructure and function editFurther information Spider anatomy Book lungs are not related to the lungs of modern land dwelling vertebrates Their name instead describes their structure and purpose as a case of convergent evolution Stacks of alternating air pockets and tissue filled with hemolymph a give them an appearance similar to a folded book 1 Their number varies from just one pair in most spiders to four pairs in scorpions The unfolded pages plates of the book lung are filled with hemolymph The folds maximize the surface exposed to air and thereby maximize the amount of gas exchanged with the environment In most species no motion of the plates is needed to facilitate this kind of respiration Occasionally absent edit Many arachnids such as mites and harvestmen have no traces of book lungs and breathe through tracheae or through their body surfaces only Gas exchange is performed by the thin walls inside the cavity instead with their surface area increased by branching into the body as thin tubes called tracheae These tracheae may possibly have evolved directly from book lungs because the tracheae in some spiders have a small number of greatly elongated chambers Arachnid taxonomy editThe absence or presence of book lungs divides the Arachnida into two main groups The pulmonate arachnids book lungs present Tetrapulmonata whip scorpions Schizomida Amblypygi and spiders and scorpions The a pulmonate arachnids book lungs absent microwhip scorpions harvestmen Acarina pseudoscorpions Ricinulei and sunspiders Tetrapulmonata have two pairs of book lungs found on the second and third abdominal segments Schizomida have lost a pair and most advanced spiders have replaced at least one of the pairs with trachea Scorpions have four pairs of book lungs found on abdominal segments number three four five and six 2 The pulmonate arachnids also appears to be the only members of Arachnida where the respiratory pigment hemocyanin is present in their blood 3 One of the long running controversies in arachnid evolution is whether the book lung evolved from book gills just once in a common arachnid ancestor 4 or whether book lungs evolved separately in several groups of arachnids as they came onto land While the third abdominal segment in Tetrapulmonata have book lungs the scorpions have a pair of sensory organs called pectines instead The oldest book lungs have been recovered from extinct trigonotarbid arachnids preserved in the 410 million year old Rhynie chert of Scotland These Devonian fossil lungs are almost indistinguishable from the lungs of modern arachnids fully adapted to a terrestrial existence 5 Book gills edit nbsp Underside of a female horseshoe crab showing the legs and book gills Book lungs are thought to have evolved from book gills water breathing structures among marine chelicerates Although they have a similar book like structure book gills are external while book lungs are internal 6 Both are considered appendages rather than conventional internal organs as they develop from limb buds before the buds flatten into segmented lamellae 7 Book gills are still present in the marine arthropod Limulus horseshoe crabs which have five pairs of them the flap in front of them being the genital operculum which lacks gills Book gills are flap like appendages that effect gas exchange within water and seem to have their origin as modified legs On the inside of each appendage over 100 thin page like membranes lamellae appearing as pages in a book are where gas exchange takes place These appendages move rhythmically to drive blood in and out of the lamellae and to circulate water over them Respiration being their main purpose they can also be used for swimming in young individuals If they are kept moist the horseshoe crab can live on land for many hours Footnotes edit Hemolymph is the arthropod equivalent of blood References edit Foelix Rainer F 1996 Biology of Spiders Oxford University Press US pp 61 64 ISBN 0 19 509594 4 book lung The origins of tetrapulmonate book lungs and their significance for chelicerate phylogeny The diversity and evolution of chelicerate hemocyanins Scholtz Gerhard Kamenz Carsten 2006 The book lungs of Scorpiones and Tetrapulmonata Chelicerata Arachnida Evidence for homology and a single terrestrialisation event of a common arachnid ancestor Zoology 109 1 2 13 doi 10 1016 j zool 2005 06 003 PMID 16386884 Kamenz Carsten Dunlop Jason A Scholtz Gerhard Kerp Hans Hass Hagen 2008 Microanatomy of early Devonian book lungs Biology Letters 4 2 London UK Royal Society 212 215 doi 10 1098 rsbl 2007 0597 PMC 2429929 PMID 18198139 Bhamrah H S Juneja Kavita 2002 An Introduction to Arthropoda Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd ISBN 81 261 0673 5 Pechmann Matthias Khadjeh Sara Sprenger Frederik Prpic Nikola Michael November 2010 Patterning mechanisms and morphological diversity of spider appendages and their importance for spider evolution Arthropod Structure amp Development 39 6 453 67 doi 10 1016 j asd 2010 07 007 PMID 20696272 Retrieved 20 August 2020 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Book lung amp oldid 1221678579 Book gills, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
