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Bohemond IV of Antioch

October 24, 2023

Bohemond IV of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed (French: Bohémond le Borgne; c. 1175–1233), was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233, and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233. He was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch. The dying Raymond III of Tripoli offered his county to Bohemond's elder brother, Raymond, but their father sent Bohemond to Tripoli in late 1187. Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria, conquered the county, save for the capital and two fortresses, in summer 1188.

Bohemond IV
Prince of Antioch
Reign1201–1216
1219–1233
PredecessorBohemond III
Raymond-Roupen
SuccessorRaymond-Roupen
Bohemond V
Count of Tripoli
Reign1187–1233
PredecessorRaymond IV
SuccessorBohemond II
Bornc. 1175
DiedMarch 1233 (aged 57–58)
SpousePlaisance Embriaco
Melisende of Lusignan
IssueRaymond
Bohemond V of Antioch
Philip
Henry
Maria
HouseHouse of Poitiers
FatherBohemond III of Antioch
MotherOrgueilleuse of Harenc
ReligionCatholicism

Raymond died in early 1197, leaving a posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen. Raymond-Roupen's mother, Alice, was the niece of Leo I of Cilicia who persuaded the Antiochene noblemen to acknowledge Raymond-Roupen's right to succeed his grandfather. However, the Latin and Greek burghers proclaimed Bohemond heir to his father. After his father died in April 1201, Bohemond seized Antioch with the support of the burghers, the Knights Templar and Hospitallers, and the Italian merchants.

Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo, and Kaykaus I, the Seljuq sultan of Rum, who often invaded Cilicia during the following years, to prevent Leo I from attacking Antioch. Conflicts between Bohemond and the Latin Patriarchs of Antioch enabled Raymond-Roupen to seize Antioch in 1216, but Bohemond regained the principality in 1219. After Leo I's death, Bohemond tried to secure Cilicia to his younger son, Philip, but Constantine of Baberon, who had administered Cilicia during the previous years, imprisoned Philip in 1224. Bohemond allied with Kayqubad I, sultan of Rum, but he could not prevent Philip's murder in 1225.

Early life Edit

Bohemond was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch by his first wife, Orgueilleuse of Harenc.[1] He was born around 1175.[2] His mother was last mentioned in a charter issued in 1175.[1] Bohemond's widowed father married a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos, Theodora, but he repudiated her shortly after Manuel's death in 1180.[3][4] He married Sybil, an Antiochene noblewoman, described as a prostitute or sorcerer by 12th-century authors.[4][5] She was a spy of Saladin, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria.[6] Aimery of Limoges, Latin Patriarch of Antioch, excommunicated Bohemond's father for his third marriage.[7]

Reign Edit

Count of Tripoli Edit

 
The crusader states around 1190

The childless Raymond III of Tripoli decided to bequeath his county to his godson, Raymond, who was Bohemond's elder brother.[8] Bohemond III of Antioch sent Bohemond to Tripoli, because the union of Antioch and Tripoli under one monarch could jeopardize the defence of both crusader states.[8][9] Raymond III of Tripoli ordered his vassals to do homage to Bohemond.[5][9] The dying count, who was a member of the House of Toulouse, also prescribed that should another member of his family come from Toulouse, Bohemond should cede the County of Tripoli to him.[8] Raymond died in late 1187.[9] Charters issued during the first years of Bohemond's rule imply that his elder brother was regarded a titular count of Tripoli for a while.[5]

After Saladin conquered almost the whole Kingdom of Jerusalem in the second half of 1187, Queen Sibylla sought shelter in Tripoli, which became a center of her supporters.[10] The noblemen who condemned her husband, Guy of Lusignan, for the fall of the kingdom, joined Conrad of Montferrat at Tyros.[10] Saladin decided to invade the crusader states in Syria.[11] He started his military campaign against Tripoli in May 1188, but the arrival of the fleet of William II of Sicily saved the town.[8][12] After Saladin captured Tortosa and Jabala (present-day Tartus and Jableh in Syria) in July, only Tripoli, Krak des Chevaliers, and the citadel at Tortosa remained under Christian rule in the county.[13]

Saladin released Guy of Lusignan who joined his wife.[10][14] Guy, Sybilla, and their supporters left Tripoli and laid siege to Acre in August 1189.[15] The siege was the first sign of a new Christian offensive.[15] Richard I of England could not reoccupy Jerusalem during the Third Crusade, but he ensured the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before leaving the Holy Land on 9 October 1192.[16] Taking advantage of the crusade, Bohemond's father made a ten-year truce with Saladin on 30 October 1192.[17][18] The truce covered both Antioch and Tripoli.[17][18]

Bohemond's stepmother, Sybil, wanted to secure the succession of Antioch to her son, William.[5] Leo, Lord of Armenian Cilicia exploited her ambitions.[5][19] With her assistance, he captured and imprisoned Bohemond III in early 1194.[5][20][21] Leo also forced Bohemond III to surrender Antioch to him, but the Latin and Greek burghers formed a commune and prevented the Armenian soldiers from seizing the town.[21] The commune proclaimed Bohemond III's elder son, Raymond, regent.[21] Bohemond hurried from Tripoli to Antioch at the head of his army to help his brother, compelling the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia.[22] Leo released their father only after Bohemond III renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia.[22]

Raymond died in early 1197.[23] His widow, Alice, was Leo of Cilicia's niece and heir.[22] Bohemond III sent Alice and her posthumous son, Raymond-Roupen, to Leo, implying that he wanted to disinherit his grandson.[24][25] Leo of Cilicia persuaded the papal legate, Conrad of Wittelsbach, Archbishop of Mainz, to visit Antioch.[24] On the archbishop's demand, Bohemond III declared Raymond-Roupen his heir and ordered the Antiochene noblemen to swear fealty to the boy.[24] Raymond-Roupen was the only son of the first-born son of Bohemond III and thus heir by primogeniture, but Bohemond was Bohemond III's closest male relative and so heir by proximity of blood.[25]

In early 1198, Bohemond marched to Antioch and gained the support of the military orders and the Italian merchants, promising new grants to them.[26] The commune also acknowledged his claim to rule, because the burghers feared that the Armenians' influence would increase if Raymond-Roupen succeeded his grandfather.[26][27] Bohemond returned to Tripoli shortly after his claim was confirmed, because Leo of Cilicia broke into the principality to restore Bohemond III.[28] Bohemond styled himself "son of Prince Bohemond of Antioch and by the grace of God count of Tripoli" to emphasize his right to inherit Antioch.[29]

War of Succession Edit

Main article: War of the Antiochene Succession
 
Coat of arms of Poitiers of Antioch

Bohemond hurried to Antioch when his father died in April 1201.[30] The commune confirmed his right to rule.[31] The military orders also supported him, but the noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond-Roupen fled to Cilicia.[31] Leo of Cilicia besieged Antioch to assert Raymond-Roupen's claim.[32] Bohemond made an alliance with Az-Zahir Ghazi, the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo, and Kaykaus I, the Seljuq sultan of Rum, who forced the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia.[32][29]

Leo tried to gain the support of the Holy See against Bohemond, promising to unite the Armenian Church with Rome.[33] Pope Innocent III sent Cardinal Soffred Gaetani to Antioch in late spring 1203.[34] Bohemond declined to meet the papal legate, stating that the patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem had excommunicated him for his debate with the Hospitallers.[34] Gaetani mediated a reconciliation between Bohemond and the Hospitallers, but Bohemond insisted that the papal legate could not be mentioned in the agreement, because the Holy See could not make a judgement about feudal rights in the principality.[34]

In 1203, Renoart of Nephin, Bohemond's vassal, married Isabel the heiress of Gibelcar, without his authorization.[32] The High Court of Tripoli ordered the confiscation of Renoart's fiefs.[32][35] However, he decided to resist and gained the support of Leo and Aimery, the king of Cyprus and Jerusalem.[32][35] Bohemond traveled to Acre in summer 1204 to meet Marie of Champagne.[36] Her husband, Baldwin I, had been recently crowned emperor in Constantinople.[36][37] He did homage to her, acknowledging the suzerainty of the Latin emperors over Antioch.[38][39] Marie tried to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond and Leo of Cilicia, but she died in August.[40]

Renoart of Nephin pillaged the countryside and led his troops to Tripoli in late 1204.[32] Bohemond lost an eye in a battle at the gates of the town.[32] He could only crush the rebellion after Aimery died in April 1205.[32] He captured both Nephin and Gibelcar before the end of the year, forcing Renart to flee to Cyprus.[35] Before long, Bohemond returned to Antioch.[39]

Bohemond had already been on bad terms with the Latin patriarch of Antioch, Peter of Angoulême.[39][34] Taking advantage of a conflict between the patriarch and the papal legate, Peter Capuano, Bohemond restored the Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Antioch, Symeon II, in early 1206 or 1207.[39][37] Peter of Angoulême and the papal legate were reconciled and the patriarch excommunicated Bohemond, Symeon and the commune with the approval of the Holy See.[39] He also imposed an interdict on Antioch, but the burghers ignored his decision and visited the Greek churches.[39][41]

Peter of Angoulême helped Raymond-Roupen's supporters to return from Cilicia to Antioch in late 1207.[39][35] Surprised by the coup, Bohemond sought refuge in the citadel.[35] Although Leo of Cilicia also entered the town, Bohemond was able to muster his troops and defeat his enemies.[35] He captured and imprisoned the Latin patriarch who refused to acknowledge him as the lawful prince.[35][42] After Peter of Angoulême died of thirst, Pope Innocent III ordered Albert Avogadro, the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, to excommunicate Bohemond.[43] Bohemond continued to support the Eastern Orthodox patriarch and did not allow Peter of Ivrea, the new Latin patriarch of Antioch, to visit his see.[43] He also debated the right of the Holy See to make a judgement about the succession in Antioch, stating that the principality was a fief of the Latin emperors of Constantinople.[44]

The Hospitallers made raids against Hama, Homs and Latakia from their castles in Bohemond's realms.[45] Al-Adil I, the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus and Egypt, blamed Bohemond for the knights' actions.[46] Al-Adil broke into the County of Tripoli, forcing Bohemond to pay a compensation in 1208 or 1209.[45]

Az-Zahir Ghazi invaded Cilicia to prevent Leo from attacking Antioch in 1209.[43] Cilician soldiers who tried to seize a caravan wounded the grand master of the Knights Templar Guillaume de Chartres, in a skirmish on the plains near Antioch in 1211.[47] Their action annoyed Pope Innocent who excommunicated Leo of Cilicia.[47] Bohemond expelled the Eastern Orthodox patriarch from Antioch, allowing Peter of Ivrea to take charge of his see.[47] John of Brienne, King of Jerusalem, sent reinforcements to Antioch to fight against the Armenians.[45] Leo dispatched Raymond-Roupen to attack the Templars' domains in Bohemond's principality in 1212.[47][45]

A group of Assassins murdered Bohemond's eldest son, Raymond, in 1213.[45] At the time, the Assassins were tributaries to the Hospitallers and Bohemond suspected the Hospitallers had been involved in the murder.[48] After Bohemond and the Templars laid siege their fortress at Khawabi, the Assassins sought assistance from Bohemond's old ally, Az-Zahir Ghazi.[49] Az-Zahir Ghazi appealed to Al-Adil, although they had been enemies.[49] Their alliance forced Bohemond to lift the siege and to send an apology to Az-Zahir Ghazi.[49]

Bohemond preferred to stay in Tripoli which caused discontent among the citizens of Antioch.[45] Peter of Ivrea, the Hospitallers and Acharie of Sermin, who was the senechal of Antioch and head of the commune, started negotiations with Leo of Cilicia about the surrender of Antioch to Raymond-Roupen.[50] They helped the Cilician troops to enter Antioch on 14 February 1216.[50] The Templars abandoned the citadel without resistance and Raymond-Roupen was installed as prince.[50]

Duke Leopold VI of Austria, who landed at Acre in late summer 1217, invited Bohemond to join the Fifth Crusade.[51][52] Bohemond and his vassals marched to Acre.[51] However, the crusade ended in failure because of the lack of a united command.[53] Bohemond left the Kingdom of Jerusalem together with Andrew II of Hungary and Hugh I of Cyprus in January 1218.[54] Andrew attended at the wedding of Bohemond and Hugh's half-sister Melisende in Tripoli.[54] During the same year, Moslem troops made a plundering raid against the County of Tripoli.[55]

Conflicts Edit

In 1219, a group of Antiochene noblemen rose up against Raymond-Roupen who had lost Leo of Cilicia's support.[55][56] Their leader, William Farabel, urged Bohemond to come to Antioch.[55] Raymond-Roupen sought refuge in the citadel, but he was forced to leave Antioch.[55][56] He entrusted the citadel to the Hospitallers.[57] Bohemond hurried to Antioch and seized the principality.[55][56] The Hospitallers abandoned the citadel without resistance.[57]

Before long, Bohemond granted Jabala (which was still to be conquered) to the Templars although Raymond-Roupen had promised the town to the Hospitallers.[57] The papal legate, Cardinal Pelagius, brokered an agreement between the military orders, dividing the town between them.[57] However, Bohemond remained hostile to the Hospitallers.[57] After he confiscated their property in Antioch, Pelagius excommunicated him.[57]

Constantine of Baberon, the regent for Isabella of Cilicia, offered her hand to Bohemond's son, Philip, because he needed Bohemond's assistance against Kayqubad I, Sultan of Rum.[57][58] Bohemond accepted the offer and his son married Isabella in June 1222.[57][59] Bohemond and Philip repelled a Seldjuq attack against Cilicia.[59] Philip's blatant favoritism towards his Frankish retainers enabled Constantine of Baberon to hatch a plot against him.[59] Philip and his supporters were captured and imprisoned at the end of 1224.[59] Bohemond tried to ensure his son's liberation through negotiations.[59] He appealed to Pope Honorius III, but the pope confirmed his excommunication and forbade the Templars to assist him.[59][57] Bohemond persuaded Kayqubad I to invade Cilicia.[59][60] Although Bohemond's son had already been poisoned, Constantine of Baberon promised that Philip would be released if Bohemond come to Cilicia.[61] Shortly after Bohemond's departure, Shihab ad-Din Toghrul, atabeg of Aleppo, broke into the Principality of Antioch.[61] After learning of his son's death and Toghrul's invasion, Bohemond hurried back.[59][61]

The Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, summoned the Christian rulers of Syria and the Holy Land to Cyprus.[62] Bohemond joined him while Frederick was marching from Limassol to Nicosia in August 1228.[62] Frederick demanded an oath of fealty for Antioch and Tripoli from Bohemond, but Bohemond feigned a nervous breakdown and returned to Nephin.[63][64] Bohemond again met Frederick in Acre in 1229, but Bohemond's realms were not included in the peace treaty between Frederick and Al-Kamil, sultan of Egypt, on 18 February 1229.[64][65]

At the Hospitallers' request, Pope Gregory IX repeated the excommunication of Bohemond in March 1230.[66] He authorized Gerald of Lausanne, Patriarch of Jerusalem, to lift the ban if Bohemond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers.[66] With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins, Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231.[66] Bohemond confirmed the Hospitallers' right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch.[66] The knights renounced the privileges that Raymond-Roupen had granted to them.[66] Before long, Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See.[66]

John of Ibelin, who was the leader of Emperor Frederick's opponents in the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus, tried to convince Bohemond to support their cause.[67] John sent his son, Balian, to Tripoli to negotiate with Bohemond, but the elderly Bohemond remained neutral in the conflict.[68][69] Bohemond died in March 1233, a few weeks before the pope's confirmation of his treaty with the Hospitallers came to Tripoli.[70] He was regarded as a great jurist by his contemporaries.[69]

Family Edit

Bohemond's first wife, Plaisance, was the daughter of Hugh III Embriaco, Lord of Jabala, and Stephanie of Milly.[5][72] The marriage secured Bohemond's position in the County of Tripoli.[5] Raymond, the eldest son of Bohemond and Plaisance, was murdered at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa in 1213 at the age of 18.[73] Bohemond was succeeded by his second son, Bohemond, in both Antioch and Tripoli.[74][75] Bohemond's and Plaisance's third son, Philip, who was the first husband of Isabella of Cilicia, ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1222 and 1224.[76] He died in prison.[58] Bohemond's youngest son, Henry, married Isabella of Cyprus; their son, Hugh, inherited Cyprus in 1267 and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1268.[77]

Bohemond's second wife, Melisende, was the youngest daughter of King Aimery of Cyprus and Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem.[78] Their daughter, Maria, laid claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem against her nephew, Hugh, in 1268.[79] She died after 1307.[80]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 418.
  2. ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2016). "Bohemond IV Prince of Antioch". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  3. ^ Burgtorf 2016, pp. 197–198.
  4. ^ a b Barber 2012, pp. 277, 418.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Burgtorf 2016, p. 198.
  6. ^ Runciman 1989a, pp. 429–430.
  7. ^ Barber 2012, p. 277.
  8. ^ a b c d Runciman 1989a, p. 470.
  9. ^ a b c Lock 2006, p. 72.
  10. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 20.
  11. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 307–311, 316.
  12. ^ Barber 2012, p. 316.
  13. ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 471.
  14. ^ Barber 2012, p. 317.
  15. ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 22.
  16. ^ Barber 2012, pp. 353–354.
  17. ^ a b Barber 2012, p. 354.
  18. ^ a b Lock 2006, p. 76.
  19. ^ Der Nersessian 1969, p. 646.
  20. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 87.
  21. ^ a b c Lock 2006, p. 79.
  22. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 89.
  23. ^ Lock 2006, p. 80.
  24. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 99.
  25. ^ a b Burgtorf 2016, p. 199.
  26. ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 100.
  27. ^ Lock 2006, p. 81.
  28. ^ Burgtorf 2016, pp. 199–200.
  29. ^ a b Burgtorf 2016, p. 200.
  30. ^ Lock 2006, p. 83.
  31. ^ a b Hardwicke 1969, p. 533.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h Hardwicke 1969, p. 534.
  33. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 135.
  34. ^ a b c d Burgtorf 2016, p. 204.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g Burgtorf 2016, p. 201.
  36. ^ a b Van Tricht 2011, p. 434.
  37. ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 136.
  38. ^ Van Tricht 2011, pp. 434–435.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g Hardwicke 1969, p. 535.
  40. ^ Van Tricht 2011, pp. 435–436.
  41. ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 136–137.
  42. ^ Hardwicke 1969, pp. 535–536.
  43. ^ a b c Hardwicke 1969, p. 536.
  44. ^ Van Tricht 2011, p. 436.
  45. ^ a b c d e f Burgtorf 2016, p. 202.
  46. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 137.
  47. ^ a b c d Hardwicke 1969, p. 537.
  48. ^ Riley-Smith, J. (2014). Knights hospitaller in the levant c.1070-1309. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-349-33162-8. OCLC 951512444.
  49. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 138.
  50. ^ a b c Hardwicke 1969, p. 538.
  51. ^ a b Van Cleve 1969, p. 388.
  52. ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 147–148.
  53. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 148.
  54. ^ a b Van Cleve 1969, p. 393.
  55. ^ a b c d e Hardwicke 1969, p. 540.
  56. ^ a b c Burgtorf 2016, p. 203.
  57. ^ a b c d e f g h i Runciman 1989b, p. 172.
  58. ^ a b Der Nersessian 1969, p. 651.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h Hardwicke 1969, p. 541.
  60. ^ Der Nersessian 1969, p. 651 (note 25).
  61. ^ a b c Runciman 1989b, p. 173.
  62. ^ a b Runciman 1989b, p. 182.
  63. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 183.
  64. ^ a b Hardwicke 1969, p. 545.
  65. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 187.
  66. ^ a b c d e f Hardwicke 1969, p. 547.
  67. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 197.
  68. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 198.
  69. ^ a b Hardwicke 1969, p. 549.
  70. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 206.
  71. ^ Runciman 1989a, p. 88, Appendix III (Genealogical trees No. 1-2.).
  72. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 149, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 3.).
  73. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 138, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 3.).
  74. ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 138, 207, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 3.).
  75. ^ Hardwicke 1969, pp. 549–550.
  76. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 172, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 3.).
  77. ^ Runciman 1989b, pp. 206, 327–328, Appendix III (Genealogical trees No. 1, 3.).
  78. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 95, Appendix III (Genealogical tree No. 1.).
  79. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 95, Appendix III (Genealogical trees No. 1., 3.).
  80. ^ Runciman 1989b, p. 329.

Sources Edit

  • Barber, Malcolm (2012). The Crusader States. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11312-9.
  • Burgtorf, Jochen (2016). "The Antiochene war of succession". In Boas, Adrian J. (ed.). The Crusader World. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 196–211. ISBN 978-0-415-82494-1.
  • Der Nersessian, Sirarpie (1969). "The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Wolff, Robert Lee; Hazard, Harry (eds.). A History of the Crusades, Volume II: The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 630–659. ISBN 0-299-04844-6.
  • Dunbabin, Jean (2000). France in the Making, 843-1180. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820846-4.
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  • Lock, Peter (2006). The Routladge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39312-6.
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  • Van Tricht, Filip (2011). The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium: The Empire of Constantinople (1204–1228). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-20323-5.

Further reading Edit

Bohemond IV of Antioch
Born: c. 1175 Died: March 1233
Regnal titles
Preceded by Count of Tripoli
1187–1233 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Antioch
1201–1216 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prince of Antioch
1219–1233 		Succeeded by

October 24, 2023
bohemond, antioch, also, known, bohemond, eyed, french, bohémond, borgne, 1175, 1233, count, tripoli, from, 1187, 1233, prince, antioch, from, 1201, 1216, from, 1219, 1233, younger, bohemond, antioch, dying, raymond, tripoli, offered, county, bohemond, elder, . Bohemond IV of Antioch also known as Bohemond the One Eyed French Bohemond le Borgne c 1175 1233 was Count of Tripoli from 1187 to 1233 and Prince of Antioch from 1201 to 1216 and from 1219 to 1233 He was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch The dying Raymond III of Tripoli offered his county to Bohemond s elder brother Raymond but their father sent Bohemond to Tripoli in late 1187 Saladin the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria conquered the county save for the capital and two fortresses in summer 1188 Bohemond IVPrince of AntiochReign1201 12161219 1233PredecessorBohemond IIIRaymond RoupenSuccessorRaymond RoupenBohemond VCount of TripoliReign1187 1233PredecessorRaymond IVSuccessorBohemond IIBornc 1175DiedMarch 1233 aged 57 58 SpousePlaisance EmbriacoMelisende of LusignanIssueRaymondBohemond V of AntiochPhilipHenryMariaHouseHouse of PoitiersFatherBohemond III of AntiochMotherOrgueilleuse of HarencReligionCatholicismRaymond died in early 1197 leaving a posthumous son Raymond Roupen Raymond Roupen s mother Alice was the niece of Leo I of Cilicia who persuaded the Antiochene noblemen to acknowledge Raymond Roupen s right to succeed his grandfather However the Latin and Greek burghers proclaimed Bohemond heir to his father After his father died in April 1201 Bohemond seized Antioch with the support of the burghers the Knights Templar and Hospitallers and the Italian merchants Bohemond made an alliance with Az Zahir Ghazi the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo and Kaykaus I the Seljuq sultan of Rum who often invaded Cilicia during the following years to prevent Leo I from attacking Antioch Conflicts between Bohemond and the Latin Patriarchs of Antioch enabled Raymond Roupen to seize Antioch in 1216 but Bohemond regained the principality in 1219 After Leo I s death Bohemond tried to secure Cilicia to his younger son Philip but Constantine of Baberon who had administered Cilicia during the previous years imprisoned Philip in 1224 Bohemond allied with Kayqubad I sultan of Rum but he could not prevent Philip s murder in 1225 Contents 1 Early life 2 Reign 2 1 Count of Tripoli 2 2 War of Succession 2 3 Conflicts 3 Family 4 References 5 Sources 6 Further readingEarly life EditBohemond was the younger son of Bohemond III of Antioch by his first wife Orgueilleuse of Harenc 1 He was born around 1175 2 His mother was last mentioned in a charter issued in 1175 1 Bohemond s widowed father married a relative of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos Theodora but he repudiated her shortly after Manuel s death in 1180 3 4 He married Sybil an Antiochene noblewoman described as a prostitute or sorcerer by 12th century authors 4 5 She was a spy of Saladin the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt and Syria 6 Aimery of Limoges Latin Patriarch of Antioch excommunicated Bohemond s father for his third marriage 7 Reign EditCount of Tripoli Edit nbsp The crusader states around 1190The childless Raymond III of Tripoli decided to bequeath his county to his godson Raymond who was Bohemond s elder brother 8 Bohemond III of Antioch sent Bohemond to Tripoli because the union of Antioch and Tripoli under one monarch could jeopardize the defence of both crusader states 8 9 Raymond III of Tripoli ordered his vassals to do homage to Bohemond 5 9 The dying count who was a member of the House of Toulouse also prescribed that should another member of his family come from Toulouse Bohemond should cede the County of Tripoli to him 8 Raymond died in late 1187 9 Charters issued during the first years of Bohemond s rule imply that his elder brother was regarded a titular count of Tripoli for a while 5 After Saladin conquered almost the whole Kingdom of Jerusalem in the second half of 1187 Queen Sibylla sought shelter in Tripoli which became a center of her supporters 10 The noblemen who condemned her husband Guy of Lusignan for the fall of the kingdom joined Conrad of Montferrat at Tyros 10 Saladin decided to invade the crusader states in Syria 11 He started his military campaign against Tripoli in May 1188 but the arrival of the fleet of William II of Sicily saved the town 8 12 After Saladin captured Tortosa and Jabala present day Tartus and Jableh in Syria in July only Tripoli Krak des Chevaliers and the citadel at Tortosa remained under Christian rule in the county 13 Saladin released Guy of Lusignan who joined his wife 10 14 Guy Sybilla and their supporters left Tripoli and laid siege to Acre in August 1189 15 The siege was the first sign of a new Christian offensive 15 Richard I of England could not reoccupy Jerusalem during the Third Crusade but he ensured the survival of the Kingdom of Jerusalem before leaving the Holy Land on 9 October 1192 16 Taking advantage of the crusade Bohemond s father made a ten year truce with Saladin on 30 October 1192 17 18 The truce covered both Antioch and Tripoli 17 18 Bohemond s stepmother Sybil wanted to secure the succession of Antioch to her son William 5 Leo Lord of Armenian Cilicia exploited her ambitions 5 19 With her assistance he captured and imprisoned Bohemond III in early 1194 5 20 21 Leo also forced Bohemond III to surrender Antioch to him but the Latin and Greek burghers formed a commune and prevented the Armenian soldiers from seizing the town 21 The commune proclaimed Bohemond III s elder son Raymond regent 21 Bohemond hurried from Tripoli to Antioch at the head of his army to help his brother compelling the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia 22 Leo released their father only after Bohemond III renounced his claim to suzerainty over Cilicia 22 Raymond died in early 1197 23 His widow Alice was Leo of Cilicia s niece and heir 22 Bohemond III sent Alice and her posthumous son Raymond Roupen to Leo implying that he wanted to disinherit his grandson 24 25 Leo of Cilicia persuaded the papal legate Conrad of Wittelsbach Archbishop of Mainz to visit Antioch 24 On the archbishop s demand Bohemond III declared Raymond Roupen his heir and ordered the Antiochene noblemen to swear fealty to the boy 24 Raymond Roupen was the only son of the first born son of Bohemond III and thus heir by primogeniture but Bohemond was Bohemond III s closest male relative and so heir by proximity of blood 25 In early 1198 Bohemond marched to Antioch and gained the support of the military orders and the Italian merchants promising new grants to them 26 The commune also acknowledged his claim to rule because the burghers feared that the Armenians influence would increase if Raymond Roupen succeeded his grandfather 26 27 Bohemond returned to Tripoli shortly after his claim was confirmed because Leo of Cilicia broke into the principality to restore Bohemond III 28 Bohemond styled himself son of Prince Bohemond of Antioch and by the grace of God count of Tripoli to emphasize his right to inherit Antioch 29 War of Succession Edit Main article War of the Antiochene Succession nbsp Coat of arms of Poitiers of AntiochBohemond hurried to Antioch when his father died in April 1201 30 The commune confirmed his right to rule 31 The military orders also supported him but the noblemen who remained loyal to Raymond Roupen fled to Cilicia 31 Leo of Cilicia besieged Antioch to assert Raymond Roupen s claim 32 Bohemond made an alliance with Az Zahir Ghazi the Ayyubid emir of Aleppo and Kaykaus I the Seljuq sultan of Rum who forced the Armenian troops to return to Cilicia 32 29 Leo tried to gain the support of the Holy See against Bohemond promising to unite the Armenian Church with Rome 33 Pope Innocent III sent Cardinal Soffred Gaetani to Antioch in late spring 1203 34 Bohemond declined to meet the papal legate stating that the patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem had excommunicated him for his debate with the Hospitallers 34 Gaetani mediated a reconciliation between Bohemond and the Hospitallers but Bohemond insisted that the papal legate could not be mentioned in the agreement because the Holy See could not make a judgement about feudal rights in the principality 34 In 1203 Renoart of Nephin Bohemond s vassal married Isabel the heiress of Gibelcar without his authorization 32 The High Court of Tripoli ordered the confiscation of Renoart s fiefs 32 35 However he decided to resist and gained the support of Leo and Aimery the king of Cyprus and Jerusalem 32 35 Bohemond traveled to Acre in summer 1204 to meet Marie of Champagne 36 Her husband Baldwin I had been recently crowned emperor in Constantinople 36 37 He did homage to her acknowledging the suzerainty of the Latin emperors over Antioch 38 39 Marie tried to mediate a reconciliation between Bohemond and Leo of Cilicia but she died in August 40 Renoart of Nephin pillaged the countryside and led his troops to Tripoli in late 1204 32 Bohemond lost an eye in a battle at the gates of the town 32 He could only crush the rebellion after Aimery died in April 1205 32 He captured both Nephin and Gibelcar before the end of the year forcing Renart to flee to Cyprus 35 Before long Bohemond returned to Antioch 39 Bohemond had already been on bad terms with the Latin patriarch of Antioch Peter of Angouleme 39 34 Taking advantage of a conflict between the patriarch and the papal legate Peter Capuano Bohemond restored the Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Antioch Symeon II in early 1206 or 1207 39 37 Peter of Angouleme and the papal legate were reconciled and the patriarch excommunicated Bohemond Symeon and the commune with the approval of the Holy See 39 He also imposed an interdict on Antioch but the burghers ignored his decision and visited the Greek churches 39 41 Peter of Angouleme helped Raymond Roupen s supporters to return from Cilicia to Antioch in late 1207 39 35 Surprised by the coup Bohemond sought refuge in the citadel 35 Although Leo of Cilicia also entered the town Bohemond was able to muster his troops and defeat his enemies 35 He captured and imprisoned the Latin patriarch who refused to acknowledge him as the lawful prince 35 42 After Peter of Angouleme died of thirst Pope Innocent III ordered Albert Avogadro the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem to excommunicate Bohemond 43 Bohemond continued to support the Eastern Orthodox patriarch and did not allow Peter of Ivrea the new Latin patriarch of Antioch to visit his see 43 He also debated the right of the Holy See to make a judgement about the succession in Antioch stating that the principality was a fief of the Latin emperors of Constantinople 44 The Hospitallers made raids against Hama Homs and Latakia from their castles in Bohemond s realms 45 Al Adil I the Ayyubid ruler of Damascus and Egypt blamed Bohemond for the knights actions 46 Al Adil broke into the County of Tripoli forcing Bohemond to pay a compensation in 1208 or 1209 45 Az Zahir Ghazi invaded Cilicia to prevent Leo from attacking Antioch in 1209 43 Cilician soldiers who tried to seize a caravan wounded the grand master of the Knights Templar Guillaume de Chartres in a skirmish on the plains near Antioch in 1211 47 Their action annoyed Pope Innocent who excommunicated Leo of Cilicia 47 Bohemond expelled the Eastern Orthodox patriarch from Antioch allowing Peter of Ivrea to take charge of his see 47 John of Brienne King of Jerusalem sent reinforcements to Antioch to fight against the Armenians 45 Leo dispatched Raymond Roupen to attack the Templars domains in Bohemond s principality in 1212 47 45 A group of Assassins murdered Bohemond s eldest son Raymond in 1213 45 At the time the Assassins were tributaries to the Hospitallers and Bohemond suspected the Hospitallers had been involved in the murder 48 After Bohemond and the Templars laid siege their fortress at Khawabi the Assassins sought assistance from Bohemond s old ally Az Zahir Ghazi 49 Az Zahir Ghazi appealed to Al Adil although they had been enemies 49 Their alliance forced Bohemond to lift the siege and to send an apology to Az Zahir Ghazi 49 Bohemond preferred to stay in Tripoli which caused discontent among the citizens of Antioch 45 Peter of Ivrea the Hospitallers and Acharie of Sermin who was the senechal of Antioch and head of the commune started negotiations with Leo of Cilicia about the surrender of Antioch to Raymond Roupen 50 They helped the Cilician troops to enter Antioch on 14 February 1216 50 The Templars abandoned the citadel without resistance and Raymond Roupen was installed as prince 50 Duke Leopold VI of Austria who landed at Acre in late summer 1217 invited Bohemond to join the Fifth Crusade 51 52 Bohemond and his vassals marched to Acre 51 However the crusade ended in failure because of the lack of a united command 53 Bohemond left the Kingdom of Jerusalem together with Andrew II of Hungary and Hugh I of Cyprus in January 1218 54 Andrew attended at the wedding of Bohemond and Hugh s half sister Melisende in Tripoli 54 During the same year Moslem troops made a plundering raid against the County of Tripoli 55 Conflicts Edit In 1219 a group of Antiochene noblemen rose up against Raymond Roupen who had lost Leo of Cilicia s support 55 56 Their leader William Farabel urged Bohemond to come to Antioch 55 Raymond Roupen sought refuge in the citadel but he was forced to leave Antioch 55 56 He entrusted the citadel to the Hospitallers 57 Bohemond hurried to Antioch and seized the principality 55 56 The Hospitallers abandoned the citadel without resistance 57 Before long Bohemond granted Jabala which was still to be conquered to the Templars although Raymond Roupen had promised the town to the Hospitallers 57 The papal legate Cardinal Pelagius brokered an agreement between the military orders dividing the town between them 57 However Bohemond remained hostile to the Hospitallers 57 After he confiscated their property in Antioch Pelagius excommunicated him 57 Constantine of Baberon the regent for Isabella of Cilicia offered her hand to Bohemond s son Philip because he needed Bohemond s assistance against Kayqubad I Sultan of Rum 57 58 Bohemond accepted the offer and his son married Isabella in June 1222 57 59 Bohemond and Philip repelled a Seldjuq attack against Cilicia 59 Philip s blatant favoritism towards his Frankish retainers enabled Constantine of Baberon to hatch a plot against him 59 Philip and his supporters were captured and imprisoned at the end of 1224 59 Bohemond tried to ensure his son s liberation through negotiations 59 He appealed to Pope Honorius III but the pope confirmed his excommunication and forbade the Templars to assist him 59 57 Bohemond persuaded Kayqubad I to invade Cilicia 59 60 Although Bohemond s son had already been poisoned Constantine of Baberon promised that Philip would be released if Bohemond come to Cilicia 61 Shortly after Bohemond s departure Shihab ad Din Toghrul atabeg of Aleppo broke into the Principality of Antioch 61 After learning of his son s death and Toghrul s invasion Bohemond hurried back 59 61 The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II summoned the Christian rulers of Syria and the Holy Land to Cyprus 62 Bohemond joined him while Frederick was marching from Limassol to Nicosia in August 1228 62 Frederick demanded an oath of fealty for Antioch and Tripoli from Bohemond but Bohemond feigned a nervous breakdown and returned to Nephin 63 64 Bohemond again met Frederick in Acre in 1229 but Bohemond s realms were not included in the peace treaty between Frederick and Al Kamil sultan of Egypt on 18 February 1229 64 65 At the Hospitallers request Pope Gregory IX repeated the excommunication of Bohemond in March 1230 66 He authorized Gerald of Lausanne Patriarch of Jerusalem to lift the ban if Bohemond agreed to make peace with the Hospitallers 66 With the mediation of Gerald and the Ibelins Bohemond and the Hospitallers made a treaty which was signed on 26 October 1231 66 Bohemond confirmed the Hospitallers right to hold Jabala and a nearby fortress and granted them money fiefs in both Tripoli and Antioch 66 The knights renounced the privileges that Raymond Roupen had granted to them 66 Before long Gerald of Lausanne lifted the excommunication and sent the treaty to Rome to be confirmed by the Holy See 66 John of Ibelin who was the leader of Emperor Frederick s opponents in the kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus tried to convince Bohemond to support their cause 67 John sent his son Balian to Tripoli to negotiate with Bohemond but the elderly Bohemond remained neutral in the conflict 68 69 Bohemond died in March 1233 a few weeks before the pope s confirmation of his treaty with the Hospitallers came to Tripoli 70 He was regarded as a great jurist by his contemporaries 69 Family EditBohemond s family selective chart 71 Raymond of PoitiersConstance of AntiochRaynald of ChatillonOrgueilleuseBohemond III of AntiochSybilPhilippaMariaBaldwinAgnesRaymond IV of TripoliBohemond IV of AntiochWilliamAliceAlexios II KomnenosAndrew II of HungaryRaymond RoupenRaymondBohemond V of AntiochPhilipHenryMariaBohemond VI of AntiochHugh III of CyprusBohemond s first wife Plaisance was the daughter of Hugh III Embriaco Lord of Jabala and Stephanie of Milly 5 72 The marriage secured Bohemond s position in the County of Tripoli 5 Raymond the eldest son of Bohemond and Plaisance was murdered at the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa in 1213 at the age of 18 73 Bohemond was succeeded by his second son Bohemond in both Antioch and Tripoli 74 75 Bohemond s and Plaisance s third son Philip who was the first husband of Isabella of Cilicia ruled the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia between 1222 and 1224 76 He died in prison 58 Bohemond s youngest son Henry married Isabella of Cyprus their son Hugh inherited Cyprus in 1267 and the Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1268 77 Bohemond s second wife Melisende was the youngest daughter of King Aimery of Cyprus and Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem 78 Their daughter Maria laid claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem against her nephew Hugh in 1268 79 She died after 1307 80 References Edit a b Barber 2012 p 418 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2016 Bohemond IV Prince of Antioch Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc Retrieved 1 May 2016 Burgtorf 2016 pp 197 198 a b Barber 2012 pp 277 418 a b c d e f g h Burgtorf 2016 p 198 Runciman 1989a pp 429 430 Barber 2012 p 277 a b c d Runciman 1989a p 470 a b c Lock 2006 p 72 a b c Runciman 1989b p 20 Barber 2012 pp 307 311 316 Barber 2012 p 316 Runciman 1989a p 471 Barber 2012 p 317 a b Runciman 1989b p 22 Barber 2012 pp 353 354 a b Barber 2012 p 354 a b Lock 2006 p 76 Der Nersessian 1969 p 646 Runciman 1989b p 87 a b c Lock 2006 p 79 a b c Runciman 1989b p 89 Lock 2006 p 80 a b c Runciman 1989b p 99 a b Burgtorf 2016 p 199 a b Runciman 1989b p 100 Lock 2006 p 81 Burgtorf 2016 pp 199 200 a b Burgtorf 2016 p 200 Lock 2006 p 83 a b Hardwicke 1969 p 533 a b c d e f g h Hardwicke 1969 p 534 Runciman 1989b p 135 a b c d Burgtorf 2016 p 204 a b c d e f g Burgtorf 2016 p 201 a b Van Tricht 2011 p 434 a b Runciman 1989b p 136 Van Tricht 2011 pp 434 435 a b c d e f g Hardwicke 1969 p 535 Van Tricht 2011 pp 435 436 Runciman 1989b pp 136 137 Hardwicke 1969 pp 535 536 a b c Hardwicke 1969 p 536 Van Tricht 2011 p 436 a b c d e f Burgtorf 2016 p 202 Runciman 1989b p 137 a b c d Hardwicke 1969 p 537 Riley Smith J 2014 Knights hospitaller in the levant c 1070 1309 Palgrave Macmillan p 91 ISBN 978 1 349 33162 8 OCLC 951512444 a b c Runciman 1989b p 138 a b c Hardwicke 1969 p 538 a b Van Cleve 1969 p 388 Runciman 1989b pp 147 148 Runciman 1989b p 148 a b Van Cleve 1969 p 393 a b c d e Hardwicke 1969 p 540 a b c Burgtorf 2016 p 203 a b c d e f g h i Runciman 1989b p 172 a b Der Nersessian 1969 p 651 a b c d e f g h Hardwicke 1969 p 541 Der Nersessian 1969 p 651 note 25 a b c Runciman 1989b p 173 a b Runciman 1989b p 182 Runciman 1989b p 183 a b Hardwicke 1969 p 545 Runciman 1989b p 187 a b c d e f Hardwicke 1969 p 547 Runciman 1989b p 197 Runciman 1989b p 198 a b Hardwicke 1969 p 549 Runciman 1989b p 206 Runciman 1989a p 88 Appendix III Genealogical trees No 1 2 Runciman 1989b p 149 Appendix III Genealogical tree No 3 Runciman 1989b p 138 Appendix III Genealogical tree No 3 Runciman 1989b pp 138 207 Appendix III Genealogical tree No 3 Hardwicke 1969 pp 549 550 Runciman 1989b p 172 Appendix III Genealogical tree No 3 Runciman 1989b pp 206 327 328 Appendix III Genealogical trees No 1 3 Runciman 1989b p 95 Appendix III Genealogical tree No 1 Runciman 1989b p 95 Appendix III Genealogical trees No 1 3 Runciman 1989b p 329 Sources EditBarber Malcolm 2012 The Crusader States Yale University Press ISBN 978 0 300 11312 9 Burgtorf Jochen 2016 The Antiochene war of succession In Boas Adrian J ed The Crusader World The University of Wisconsin Press pp 196 211 ISBN 978 0 415 82494 1 Der Nersessian Sirarpie 1969 The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia In Setton Kenneth M Wolff Robert Lee Hazard Harry eds A History of the Crusades Volume II The Later Crusades 1189 1311 The University of Wisconsin Press pp 630 659 ISBN 0 299 04844 6 Dunbabin Jean 2000 France in the Making 843 1180 Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 820846 4 Hardwicke Mary Nickerson 1969 The Crusader States 1192 1243 In Setton Kenneth M Wolff Robert Lee Hazard Harry eds A History of the Crusades Volume II The Later Crusades 1189 1311 The University of Wisconsin Press pp 522 554 ISBN 0 299 04844 6 Lock Peter 2006 The Routladge Companion to the Crusades Routledge ISBN 978 0 415 39312 6 Runciman Steven 1989a A History of the Crusades Volume II The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East 1100 1187 Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 06163 6 Runciman Steven 1989b A History of the Crusades Volume III The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades Cambridge University Press ISBN 0 521 06163 6 Van Cleve Thomas C 1969 The Fifth Crusade In Setton Kenneth M Wolff Robert Lee Hazard Harry eds A History of the Crusades Volume II The Later Crusades 1189 1311 The University of Wisconsin Press pp 377 428 ISBN 0 299 04844 6 Van Tricht Filip 2011 The LatinRenovatioof Byzantium The Empire of Constantinople 1204 1228 BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 20323 5 Further reading EditRichard Jean 1999 The Crusades c 1071 c 1291 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 62566 1 Riley Smith Jonathan Simon Christopher 2005 The Crusades A History Continuum ISBN 0 8264 7269 9 Bohemond IV of AntiochHouse of PoitiersBorn c 1175 Died March 1233Regnal titlesPreceded byRaymond IV Count of Tripoli1187 1233 Succeeded byBohemond IIPreceded byBohemond III Prince of Antioch1201 1216 Succeeded byRaymond RoupenPreceded byRaymond Roupen Prince of Antioch1219 1233 Succeeded byBohemond V Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bohemond IV of Antioch amp oldid 1168862889, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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