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Bluetooth Low Energy beacon

Bluetooth beacons are hardware transmitters — a class of Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) devices that broadcast their identifier to nearby portable electronic devices. The technology enables smartphones, tablets and other devices to perform actions when in close proximity to a beacon.

Bluetooth beacons use Bluetooth Low Energy proximity sensing to transmit a universally unique identifier[1] picked up by a compatible app or operating system. The identifier and several bytes sent with it can be used to determine the device's physical location,[2] track customers, or trigger a location-based action on the device such as a check-in on social media or a push notification.

One application is distributing messages at a specific point of interest, for example a store, a bus stop, a room or a more specific location like a piece of furniture or a vending machine. This is similar to previously used geopush technology based on GPS, but with a much reduced impact on battery life and much extended precision.

Another application is an indoor positioning system,[3][4][5] which helps smartphones determine their approximate location or context. With the help of a Bluetooth beacon, a smartphone's software can approximately find its relative location to a Bluetooth beacon in a store. Brick and mortar retail stores use the beacons for mobile commerce, offering customers special deals through mobile marketing,[6] and can enable mobile payments through point of sale systems.

Bluetooth beacons differ from some other location-based technologies as the broadcasting device (beacon) is only a 1-way transmitter to the receiving smartphone or receiving device, and necessitates a specific app installed on the device to interact with the beacons. Thus only the installed app, and not the Bluetooth beacon transmitter, can track users.

Bluetooth beacon transmitters come in a variety of form factors, including small coin cell devices, USB sticks, and generic Bluetooth 4.0 capable USB dongles.[7]

History and development edit

The development of the "short-link" radio technology, later named Bluetooth, was initiated in 1989 by Dr. Nils Rydbeck CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund and Dr. Johan Ullman. The purpose was to develop wireless headsets, according to two inventions by Johan Ullman, SE 8902098–6, issued 1989-06-12 and SE 9202239, issued 1992-07-24. Since its creation the Bluetooth standard has gone through many generations each adding different features. Bluetooth 1.2 allowed for faster speed up to ≈700 kbit/s. Bluetooth 2.0 improved on this for speeds up to 3 Mbit/s. Bluetooth 2.1 improved device pairing speed and security. Bluetooth 3.0 again improved transfer speed up to 24 Mbit/s. In 2010 Bluetooth 4.0 (Low Energy) was released with its main focus being reduced power consumption. Before Bluetooth 4.0 the majority of connections using Bluetooth were two way, both devices listen and talk to each other. Although this two way communication is still possible with Bluetooth 4.0, one way communication is also possible. This one way communication allows a bluetooth device to transmit information but not listen for it. These one way "beacons" do not require a paired connection like previous Bluetooth devices so they have new useful applications.

Design edit

Battery powered edit

 
An assortment of iBeacons from different vendors

Bluetooth beacons operate using the Bluetooth 4.0 Low Energy standard so battery powered devices are possible. Battery life of devices varies depending on manufacturer. The Bluetooth LE protocol is significantly more power efficient than Bluetooth Classic. Several chipsets makers, including Texas Instruments[8] and Nordic Semiconductor now supply chipsets optimized for iBeacon use. Power consumption depends on iBeacon configuration parameters of advertising interval and transmit power. Battery life can range between 1–48 months. Apple's recommended setting of 100 ms advertising interval with a coin cell battery provides for 1–3 months of life, which increases to 2–3 years as advertising interval is increased to 900 ms.[9]

Battery consumption of the phones is a factor that must be taken into account when deploying beacon enabled apps. A recent report has shown that older phones tend to draw more battery power in the vicinity of iBeacons, while the newer phones can be more efficient in the same environment.[10] In addition to the time spent by the phone scanning, number of scans and number of beacons in the vicinity are also significant factors for battery drain.

An energy efficient iBeacon application needs to consider these aspects in order to strike a good balance between app responsiveness and battery consumption.

USB powered edit

Bluetooth beacons can also come in the form of USB dongles. These small USB beacons can be powered by a standard USB port which makes them ideal for long term permanent installations.

Uses edit

Advertising edit

Bluetooth beacons can be used to send a packet of information that contains a Universally Unique Identifier (UUID). This UUID is used to trigger events specific to that beacon. In the case of Apple's iBeacon the UUID will be recognized by an app on the user device that will trigger an event. This event is fully customizable by the app developer but in the case of advertising the event might be a push notification with an ad. However, with a UID based system the users device must connect to an online server which is capable of understanding the beacons UUID. Once the UUID is sent to the server the appropriate message action is sent to a users device.

Other methods of advertising are also possible with beacons, URIBeacon and Google's Eddystone allow for a URI transmission mode that unlike iBeacons UID doesn't require an outside server for recognition. The URI beacons transmit a URI which could be a link to a webpage and the user will see that URI directly on their phone.[11]

Notification and interaction edit

Beacons can be associated with the artpieces in a museum to encourage further interaction. For example, a notification can be sent to user's mobile device when user is in the proximity to a particular artpiece. By sending user the notification, user is alerted with the artpiece in his proximity, and if user indicates their further interest, a specific app can be installed to interact with the encountered artpiece.[12] In general, a native app is needed for a mobile device to interact with the beacon if the beacon uses iBeacon protocol; whereas if Eddystone is employed, user can interact with the artpiece through a physical web URL broadcast by the Eddystone.

Indoor navigation edit

Indoor positioning with beacons falls into three categories. Implementations with many beacons per room, implementations with one beacon per room, and implementations with a few beacons per building. Indoor navigation with Bluetooth is still in its infancy but attempts have been made to find a working solution.

Many beacons per room edit

With multiple beacons per room trilateration can be used to estimate a users' position to within about 2 meters.[13] Bluetooth beacons are capable of transmitting their Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) value in addition to other data. This RSSI value is calibrated by the manufacturer of the beacon to be the signal strength of the beacon at a known distance, typically one meter. Using the known output signal strength of the beacon and the signal strength observed by the receiving device an approximation can be made about the distance between the beacon and the device. However this approximation is not very reliable, so for more accurate position tracking other methods are preferred. Since its release in 2010 many studies have been connected using Bluetooth beacons for tracking. A few methods have been tested to find the best way of combining the RSSI values for tracking. Neural networks have been proposed as a good way of reducing the error in estimation.[13] A Stigmergic approach has also been tested, this method uses an intensity map to estimate a users location.[14] Bluetooth LE specification 5.1 added further more precise methods for position determination using multiple beacons.

One beacon per room edit

With only one beacon per room, a user can use their known room position in conjunction with a virtual map of all the rooms in a building to navigate a building. A building with many separate rooms may need a different beacon configuration for navigation. With one beacon in each room a user can use an app to know the room they are in, and a simple shortest path algorithm can be used to give them the best route to the room they are looking for. This configuration requires a digital map of the building but attempts have been made to make this map creation easier.[15]

Few beacons per building edit

Beacons can be used in conjunction with pedestrian dead reckoning techniques to add checkpoints to a large open space.[16] PDR uses a known last location in conjunction with direction and speed information provided by the user to estimate a person's location. This technique can be used to estimate a person's location as they walk through a building. Using Bluetooth beacons as checkpoints the user's location can be recalculated to reduce error. In this way a few Bluetooth beacons can be used to cover a large area like a mall.

Healthcare edit

Using the device tracking capabilities of Bluetooth beacons, in-home patient monitoring is possible. Using bluetooth beacons a person's movements and activities can be tracked in their home.[17] Bluetooth beacons are a good alternative to in house cameras due to their increased level of privacy. Additionally bluetooth beacons can be used in hospitals or other workplaces to ensure workers meet certain standards. For example, a beacon may be placed at a hand sanitizer dispenser in a hospital – the beacons can help ensure employees are using the station regularly.

Tracker edit

One use of beacons is as a "key finder" where a beacon is attached to, for example, a keyring and a smartphone app can be used to track the last time the device came in range.

Another similar use is to track pets, objects (e.g. baggage) or people. The precision and range of BLE doesn't match GPS, but beacons are significantly less expensive. Several commercial and free solutions exist, which are based on proximity detection, not precise positioning. For example, Nivea launched the "kid-tracker" campaign in Brazil back in 2014.[18]

Beacon protocols edit

iBeacon edit

In mid-2013, Apple introduced iBeacons and experts wrote about how it is designed to help the retail industry by simplifying payments and enabling on-site offers. On December 6, 2013, Apple activated iBeacons across its 254 US retail stores.[19] McDonald's has used the devices to give special offers to consumers in its fast-food stores.[6] As of May 2014, different hardware iBeacons can be purchased for as little as $5 per device to more than $30 per device.[20] Each of these different iBeacons have varying default settings for their default transmit power and iBeacon advertisement frequency. Some hardware iBeacons advertise at as low as 1 Hz while others can be as fast as 10 Hz.[21]

AltBeacon edit

AltBeacon is an open source alternative to iBeacon created by Radius Networks.[22]

URIBeacon edit

URIBeacons are different from iBeacons and AltBeacons because rather than broadcasting an identifier, they send an URL which can be understood immediately.[22]

Eddystone edit

Eddystone is Google's standard for Bluetooth beacons. It supports three types of packets, Eddystone-UID, Eddystone-URL, and Eddystone-TLM.[11] Eddystone-UID functions in a very similar way to Apple's iBeacon, however, it supports additional telemetry data with Eddystone-TLM. The telemetry information is sent along with the UID data. The beacon information available includes battery voltage, beacon temperature, number of packets sent since last startup, and beacon uptime.[11] Using Eddystone protocol, Google had built Google Nearby that allowed Android users to receive beacon notifications without an app.

Comparable technologies edit

Although the near-field communication (NFC) environment is very different and has many non-overlapping applications, it is still compared with iBeacons.

  • NFC range is up to 20 cm (7.87 inches) but the optimal range is < 4 cm (1.57 inches). iBeacons have a significantly larger range.
  • NFC can be either passive or active. When using passive mode, the power is sent from the reader device. Although Passif (bought by Apple Inc.) has worked on reducing the energy consumption, a battery pack is still needed inside iBeacon tags at this time.
  • Most Android smart devices ship with both Bluetooth 4.0 LE and NFC support.[23] On September 19, 2014, also Apple released the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 plus, supporting the NFC standard, but only limited to payments [24]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ . Dave Addey. 2013-09-22. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  2. ^ "Understanding the different types of BLE Beacons". developer.mbed.org. Retrieved 2016-03-25.
  3. ^ "iBeacon Bible" (PDF). Andy Cavallini. Retrieved 2014-01-01.
  4. ^ "Apple iBeacons Explained – Smart Home Occupancy Sensing Solved?". Automated Home. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-11.
  5. ^ . Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  6. ^ a b "Apple iBeacons Find Their Way Into McDonald's". Forbes. 18 Dec 2014.
  7. ^ "Overview piBeacon DIY iBeacon with a Raspberry Pi Adafruit Learning System". Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  8. ^ "TI's support of Apple's iBeacon adds enterprise, IoT heft". ZDNet.
  9. ^ "Best iBeacon hardware crowned following extensive stress tests". 9to5 mac. 2014-11-03. Retrieved 2014-11-03.
  10. ^ . GIGAOM. 2014-07-09. Archived from the original on 2014-07-12. Retrieved 2014-07-09.
  11. ^ a b c "What is Eddystone™? - Estimote Developer". developer.estimote.com. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
  12. ^ P. C. Ng, J. She and S. Park, "Notify-and-interact: A beacon-smartphone interaction for user engagement in galleries," 2017 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Hong Kong, 2017, pp. 1069-1074. doi: 10.1109/ICME.2017.8019467 [1]
  13. ^ a b Mazan, Filip (2015). "A Study of Devising Neural Network Based Indoor Localization Using Beacons: First Results". Computing & Information Systems. 19 (1): 15.
  14. ^ Palumbo Filippo, Barsocchi Paolo (2015). "A stigmergic approach to indoor localization using Bluetooth Low Energy beacons". 2015 12th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance (AVSS). pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/AVSS.2015.7301734. ISBN 978-1-4673-7632-7. S2CID 23533984.
  15. ^ Bobek, Szymon (2015). "Indoor Microlocation with BLE Beacons and Incremental Rule Learning". IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cybernetics.
  16. ^ LI, XI (2015). "A Bluetooth/PDR Integration Algorithm for an Indoor Positioning System". Sensors. 15 (10): 24862–24885. Bibcode:2015Senso..1524862L. doi:10.3390/s151024862. PMC 4634470. PMID 26404277.
  17. ^ De, Debraj (September 2015). "Multimodal Wearable Sensing For Fine-Grained Activity Recognition In Healthcare". IEEE Internet Computing. 19 (5): 26–35. doi:10.1109/MIC.2015.72. S2CID 7600865.
  18. ^ "Nivea Ad That Turns into a Kid-Tracker Wins Mobile Grand Prix". adage.com. Shareen Pathak. June 17, 2014.
  19. ^ "Apple launches iBeacon in 254 stores to streamline shopping experience". ZDNet. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  20. ^ "Building Cross-Platform iBeacon Apps for iOS, Android and Windows with C# and Xamarin". 24 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-14.
  21. ^ "A Short Comparison of BLE Hardware for Commercial Use - IT Craft". IT Craft. 2016-07-11. Retrieved 2017-08-22.
  22. ^ a b "Understanding the different types of BLE Beacons". developer.mbed.org. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
  23. ^ . Pushmote Blog. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  24. ^ "Apple - iPhone - Compare Models". Apple. Retrieved 10 November 2014.

bluetooth, energy, beacon, bluetooth, beacons, hardware, transmitters, class, bluetooth, energy, devices, that, broadcast, their, identifier, nearby, portable, electronic, devices, technology, enables, smartphones, tablets, other, devices, perform, actions, wh. Bluetooth beacons are hardware transmitters a class of Bluetooth Low Energy LE devices that broadcast their identifier to nearby portable electronic devices The technology enables smartphones tablets and other devices to perform actions when in close proximity to a beacon Bluetooth beacons use Bluetooth Low Energy proximity sensing to transmit a universally unique identifier 1 picked up by a compatible app or operating system The identifier and several bytes sent with it can be used to determine the device s physical location 2 track customers or trigger a location based action on the device such as a check in on social media or a push notification One application is distributing messages at a specific point of interest for example a store a bus stop a room or a more specific location like a piece of furniture or a vending machine This is similar to previously used geopush technology based on GPS but with a much reduced impact on battery life and much extended precision Another application is an indoor positioning system 3 4 5 which helps smartphones determine their approximate location or context With the help of a Bluetooth beacon a smartphone s software can approximately find its relative location to a Bluetooth beacon in a store Brick and mortar retail stores use the beacons for mobile commerce offering customers special deals through mobile marketing 6 and can enable mobile payments through point of sale systems Bluetooth beacons differ from some other location based technologies as the broadcasting device beacon is only a 1 way transmitter to the receiving smartphone or receiving device and necessitates a specific app installed on the device to interact with the beacons Thus only the installed app and not the Bluetooth beacon transmitter can track users Bluetooth beacon transmitters come in a variety of form factors including small coin cell devices USB sticks and generic Bluetooth 4 0 capable USB dongles 7 Contents 1 History and development 2 Design 2 1 Battery powered 2 2 USB powered 3 Uses 3 1 Advertising 3 2 Notification and interaction 3 3 Indoor navigation 3 3 1 Many beacons per room 3 3 2 One beacon per room 3 3 3 Few beacons per building 3 4 Healthcare 3 5 Tracker 4 Beacon protocols 4 1 iBeacon 4 2 AltBeacon 4 3 URIBeacon 4 4 Eddystone 5 Comparable technologies 6 See also 7 ReferencesHistory and development editThe development of the short link radio technology later named Bluetooth was initiated in 1989 by Dr Nils Rydbeck CTO at Ericsson Mobile in Lund and Dr Johan Ullman The purpose was to develop wireless headsets according to two inventions by Johan Ullman SE 8902098 6 issued 1989 06 12 and SE 9202239 issued 1992 07 24 Since its creation the Bluetooth standard has gone through many generations each adding different features Bluetooth 1 2 allowed for faster speed up to 700 kbit s Bluetooth 2 0 improved on this for speeds up to 3 Mbit s Bluetooth 2 1 improved device pairing speed and security Bluetooth 3 0 again improved transfer speed up to 24 Mbit s In 2010 Bluetooth 4 0 Low Energy was released with its main focus being reduced power consumption Before Bluetooth 4 0 the majority of connections using Bluetooth were two way both devices listen and talk to each other Although this two way communication is still possible with Bluetooth 4 0 one way communication is also possible This one way communication allows a bluetooth device to transmit information but not listen for it These one way beacons do not require a paired connection like previous Bluetooth devices so they have new useful applications Design editBattery powered edit nbsp An assortment of iBeacons from different vendorsBluetooth beacons operate using the Bluetooth 4 0 Low Energy standard so battery powered devices are possible Battery life of devices varies depending on manufacturer The Bluetooth LE protocol is significantly more power efficient than Bluetooth Classic Several chipsets makers including Texas Instruments 8 and Nordic Semiconductor now supply chipsets optimized for iBeacon use Power consumption depends on iBeacon configuration parameters of advertising interval and transmit power Battery life can range between 1 48 months Apple s recommended setting of 100 ms advertising interval with a coin cell battery provides for 1 3 months of life which increases to 2 3 years as advertising interval is increased to 900 ms 9 Battery consumption of the phones is a factor that must be taken into account when deploying beacon enabled apps A recent report has shown that older phones tend to draw more battery power in the vicinity of iBeacons while the newer phones can be more efficient in the same environment 10 In addition to the time spent by the phone scanning number of scans and number of beacons in the vicinity are also significant factors for battery drain An energy efficient iBeacon application needs to consider these aspects in order to strike a good balance between app responsiveness and battery consumption USB powered edit Bluetooth beacons can also come in the form of USB dongles These small USB beacons can be powered by a standard USB port which makes them ideal for long term permanent installations Uses editAdvertising edit Bluetooth beacons can be used to send a packet of information that contains a Universally Unique Identifier UUID This UUID is used to trigger events specific to that beacon In the case of Apple s iBeacon the UUID will be recognized by an app on the user device that will trigger an event This event is fully customizable by the app developer but in the case of advertising the event might be a push notification with an ad However with a UID based system the users device must connect to an online server which is capable of understanding the beacons UUID Once the UUID is sent to the server the appropriate message action is sent to a users device Other methods of advertising are also possible with beacons URIBeacon and Google s Eddystone allow for a URI transmission mode that unlike iBeacons UID doesn t require an outside server for recognition The URI beacons transmit a URI which could be a link to a webpage and the user will see that URI directly on their phone 11 Notification and interaction edit Beacons can be associated with the artpieces in a museum to encourage further interaction For example a notification can be sent to user s mobile device when user is in the proximity to a particular artpiece By sending user the notification user is alerted with the artpiece in his proximity and if user indicates their further interest a specific app can be installed to interact with the encountered artpiece 12 In general a native app is needed for a mobile device to interact with the beacon if the beacon uses iBeacon protocol whereas if Eddystone is employed user can interact with the artpiece through a physical web URL broadcast by the Eddystone Indoor navigation edit Indoor positioning with beacons falls into three categories Implementations with many beacons per room implementations with one beacon per room and implementations with a few beacons per building Indoor navigation with Bluetooth is still in its infancy but attempts have been made to find a working solution Many beacons per room edit With multiple beacons per room trilateration can be used to estimate a users position to within about 2 meters 13 Bluetooth beacons are capable of transmitting their Received Signal Strength Indicator RSSI value in addition to other data This RSSI value is calibrated by the manufacturer of the beacon to be the signal strength of the beacon at a known distance typically one meter Using the known output signal strength of the beacon and the signal strength observed by the receiving device an approximation can be made about the distance between the beacon and the device However this approximation is not very reliable so for more accurate position tracking other methods are preferred Since its release in 2010 many studies have been connected using Bluetooth beacons for tracking A few methods have been tested to find the best way of combining the RSSI values for tracking Neural networks have been proposed as a good way of reducing the error in estimation 13 A Stigmergic approach has also been tested this method uses an intensity map to estimate a users location 14 Bluetooth LE specification 5 1 added further more precise methods for position determination using multiple beacons One beacon per room edit With only one beacon per room a user can use their known room position in conjunction with a virtual map of all the rooms in a building to navigate a building A building with many separate rooms may need a different beacon configuration for navigation With one beacon in each room a user can use an app to know the room they are in and a simple shortest path algorithm can be used to give them the best route to the room they are looking for This configuration requires a digital map of the building but attempts have been made to make this map creation easier 15 Few beacons per building edit Beacons can be used in conjunction with pedestrian dead reckoning techniques to add checkpoints to a large open space 16 PDR uses a known last location in conjunction with direction and speed information provided by the user to estimate a person s location This technique can be used to estimate a person s location as they walk through a building Using Bluetooth beacons as checkpoints the user s location can be recalculated to reduce error In this way a few Bluetooth beacons can be used to cover a large area like a mall Healthcare edit Using the device tracking capabilities of Bluetooth beacons in home patient monitoring is possible Using bluetooth beacons a person s movements and activities can be tracked in their home 17 Bluetooth beacons are a good alternative to in house cameras due to their increased level of privacy Additionally bluetooth beacons can be used in hospitals or other workplaces to ensure workers meet certain standards For example a beacon may be placed at a hand sanitizer dispenser in a hospital the beacons can help ensure employees are using the station regularly Tracker edit One use of beacons is as a key finder where a beacon is attached to for example a keyring and a smartphone app can be used to track the last time the device came in range Another similar use is to track pets objects e g baggage or people The precision and range of BLE doesn t match GPS but beacons are significantly less expensive Several commercial and free solutions exist which are based on proximity detection not precise positioning For example Nivea launched the kid tracker campaign in Brazil back in 2014 18 Beacon protocols editiBeacon edit In mid 2013 Apple introduced iBeacons and experts wrote about how it is designed to help the retail industry by simplifying payments and enabling on site offers On December 6 2013 Apple activated iBeacons across its 254 US retail stores 19 McDonald s has used the devices to give special offers to consumers in its fast food stores 6 As of May 2014 different hardware iBeacons can be purchased for as little as 5 per device to more than 30 per device 20 Each of these different iBeacons have varying default settings for their default transmit power and iBeacon advertisement frequency Some hardware iBeacons advertise at as low as 1 Hz while others can be as fast as 10 Hz 21 AltBeacon edit AltBeacon is an open source alternative to iBeacon created by Radius Networks 22 URIBeacon edit URIBeacons are different from iBeacons and AltBeacons because rather than broadcasting an identifier they send an URL which can be understood immediately 22 Eddystone edit Eddystone is Google s standard for Bluetooth beacons It supports three types of packets Eddystone UID Eddystone URL and Eddystone TLM 11 Eddystone UID functions in a very similar way to Apple s iBeacon however it supports additional telemetry data with Eddystone TLM The telemetry information is sent along with the UID data The beacon information available includes battery voltage beacon temperature number of packets sent since last startup and beacon uptime 11 Using Eddystone protocol Google had built Google Nearby that allowed Android users to receive beacon notifications without an app Comparable technologies editAlthough the near field communication NFC environment is very different and has many non overlapping applications it is still compared with iBeacons NFC range is up to 20 cm 7 87 inches but the optimal range is lt 4 cm 1 57 inches iBeacons have a significantly larger range NFC can be either passive or active When using passive mode the power is sent from the reader device Although Passif bought by Apple Inc has worked on reducing the energy consumption a battery pack is still needed inside iBeacon tags at this time Most Android smart devices ship with both Bluetooth 4 0 LE and NFC support 23 On September 19 2014 also Apple released the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 plus supporting the NFC standard but only limited to payments 24 See also editEddystone Facebook Bluetooth Beacon Electric beacon Pseudolite Nearables iBeaconReferences edit iBeacons Dave Addey 2013 09 22 Archived from the original on 2013 12 03 Retrieved 2013 12 11 Understanding the different types of BLE Beacons developer mbed org Retrieved 2016 03 25 iBeacon Bible PDF Andy Cavallini Retrieved 2014 01 01 Apple iBeacons Explained Smart Home Occupancy Sensing Solved Automated Home 3 October 2013 Retrieved 2013 12 11 iBeacon The game changer in InStore Navigation Archived from the original on 2014 10 31 Retrieved 2016 04 09 a b Apple iBeacons Find Their Way Into McDonald s Forbes 18 Dec 2014 Overview piBeacon DIY iBeacon with a Raspberry Pi Adafruit Learning System Retrieved 2014 05 14 TI s support of Apple s iBeacon adds enterprise IoT heft ZDNet Best iBeacon hardware crowned following extensive stress tests 9to5 mac 2014 11 03 Retrieved 2014 11 03 Retailers are excited about beacons but how fast will they drain your smartphone battery GIGAOM 2014 07 09 Archived from the original on 2014 07 12 Retrieved 2014 07 09 a b c What is Eddystone Estimote Developer developer estimote com Retrieved 2016 04 01 P C Ng J She and S Park Notify and interact A beacon smartphone interaction for user engagement in galleries 2017 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo ICME Hong Kong 2017 pp 1069 1074 doi 10 1109 ICME 2017 8019467 1 a b Mazan Filip 2015 A Study of Devising Neural Network Based Indoor Localization Using Beacons First Results Computing amp Information Systems 19 1 15 Palumbo Filippo Barsocchi Paolo 2015 A stigmergic approach to indoor localization using Bluetooth Low Energy beacons 2015 12th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance AVSS pp 1 6 doi 10 1109 AVSS 2015 7301734 ISBN 978 1 4673 7632 7 S2CID 23533984 Bobek Szymon 2015 Indoor Microlocation with BLE Beacons and Incremental Rule Learning IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cybernetics LI XI 2015 A Bluetooth PDR Integration Algorithm for an Indoor Positioning System Sensors 15 10 24862 24885 Bibcode 2015Senso 1524862L doi 10 3390 s151024862 PMC 4634470 PMID 26404277 De Debraj September 2015 Multimodal Wearable Sensing For Fine Grained Activity Recognition In Healthcare IEEE Internet Computing 19 5 26 35 doi 10 1109 MIC 2015 72 S2CID 7600865 Nivea Ad That Turns into a Kid Tracker Wins Mobile Grand Prix adage com Shareen Pathak June 17 2014 Apple launches iBeacon in 254 stores to streamline shopping experience ZDNet Retrieved 2013 12 18 Building Cross Platform iBeacon Apps for iOS Android and Windows with C and Xamarin 24 April 2014 Retrieved 2014 05 14 A Short Comparison of BLE Hardware for Commercial Use IT Craft IT Craft 2016 07 11 Retrieved 2017 08 22 a b Understanding the different types of BLE Beacons developer mbed org Retrieved 2016 04 01 10 most frequently asked questions about iBeacons Pushmote Blog Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 Retrieved 10 November 2014 Apple iPhone Compare Models Apple Retrieved 10 November 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bluetooth Low Energy beacon amp oldid 1170228944, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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