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Black and White Photography

January 01, 1970

Black and white photography is a form of photography that captures scenes or subjects with a grayscale of brightness, without recording any natural colors. The resulting images, often referred to as monochrome, display a range of shades of gray, from black to white. This style of photography predates color photography and has remained a significant, timeless and versatile artistic and documentary medium for over a century.[1][2]

Classic black and white photograph made by Ansel Adams The Tetons and the Snake River (1942)

History edit

Black and white photography dates back to the early days of photography in the 19th century. The first successful form of photography, known as daguerreotype,[3][4] produced monochromatic images.[5] Throughout the 20th century, black and white photography flourished as the primary form of photographic expression, used extensively in journalism, fine art,[6] and documentary photography.

After the advent of cheap and accessible color photography technologies for the mass public, including instant photography, the share of black and white photography began to decline rapidly,[7][8] by the end of the 1970s being less than half in the world.[4] In the USSR, this process was slower due to the low availability and high cost of color-photosensitive materials, as well as their more complex chemical photographic processing.

However, by the end of the 1990s in the CIS countries, due to the spread of machine processing of photographic materials, the ratio also did not favor black-and-white photography. The spread of digital photography further reinforced this trend, due to the simplicity and improved color reproduction.

In the 2010s, most countries began to see an increased interest in black and white photography, due to the specific expressiveness of photographs devoid of color.[9][10][11]

Techniques edit

There are various techniques for creating black and white photographs, both traditional and modern. Traditional methods involve using black and white film, which is processed using chemical techniques in a darkroom. Silverless monochrome photographic film, suitable for processing by the high-speed C-41 process, has become available, offering alternatives to traditional silver-based processes. Additionally, digital technology allows for the conversion of color photographs into monochrome by adjusting tonality and color components.

One of the most important disadvantages of black-and-white photography is considered to be the increased consumption of silver, even when it is fully regenerated from processing solutions. The reason is that in the gelatin silver process, the black-and-white image consists of metallic silver, whereas the colored image consists only of dyes. Through laboratory processing, the silver from colored chromogenic materials is bleached and can be almost completely recovered from solutions.[12][13] For black-and-white photographic materials, the regeneration rate is no more than 70%.[14][15]

Monochrome photography allows for more abstracted images, emotionally interpreting everyday reality. The effect can be enhanced by toning in sepia tones or cool shades. Special printing techniques such as cyanotype may be used.

Infrared Photography edit

Infrared photography is a specialized technique within black and white photography. By using infrared-sensitive film or digital sensors, photographers can capture unique images where green vegetation appears almost white, while the sky appears almost black.[16] This technique adds another dimension to the expressive possibilities of black and white photography. The effect can be produced either analogically using infrachromatic photographic materials, or digitally by removing the protective screen of the matrix.

Characteristics edit

Black and white photography offers a unique aesthetic that emphasizes contrast, texture, and composition.[8] Without the distraction of color, viewers can focus more on the shapes, lines, and emotions conveyed in the image. Monochrome imagery allows for abstract interpretations of reality, evoking emotions and conveying mood in powerful ways.[8]

Applications edit

Black and white photography finds applications in various fields, including fine art,[17] journalism, documentary, and commercial photography.[2][9] In the digital age, black and white imagery is also widely used on the internet for various purposes, including illustrating articles, creating stylistic effects, and evoking nostalgia. Black and white photographs as illustrations and stylistics are also used digitally by some Internet resources of various subjects - artistic, historical, analytical-news, etc. due to the association of black and white technology with the past time, documentary newspaper photographs, etc.

Preservation edit

One more advantage of black and white photography, particularly silver-based prints, is its durability. Well-processed and thoroughly washed bromosilver photographic prints can last for centuries, making them valuable for archival purposes.[12] In contrast, many color photographic processes produce images that fade over time, highlighting the long-term stability of black and white prints.

The most common color photo processes are dye-transfer process, ilfochrome, and especially chromogenic — yield an image composed of rapidly fading dyes. The same is true for color photographs produced digitally on most jet or laser printers. At the same time, the preservation of a well-processed and thoroughly washed bromosilver photographic print can reach several centuries, as evidenced by storage experience. An exception is carbon print of both color and black-and-white photographs, which gives images with durability comparable to oil painting. However, due to technological complexity, the cost of a single pigment print exceeds $1,000.[18]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Gernsheim, Helmut (1977). "W. H. Fox Talbot and the history of photography". Endeavour. 1 (1): 18–22. doi:10.1016/0160-9327(77)90005-9.
  2. ^ a b Rosenblum, Naomi (1997). A world history of photography (3rd ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. p. 144.
  3. ^ Graure, Cristian (2014). ""Argint şi soare". Originile fotografiei prin evoluții tehnice între 1800 şi 1900" [“Silver and sunshine”. The Origins of Photography by means of Processes between 1800 and 1900]. Analele Banatului XXII 2014.
  4. ^ a b Edom, Clifton C. (1947). "Photo-Propaganda: The History of Its Development". Journalism Quarterly. 24 (3): 221–238. doi:10.1177/107769904702400305.
  5. ^ Zavagno, D.; Massironi, M. (2006). "Colours in Black and White: The Depiction of Lightness and Brightness in Achromatic Engravings before the Invention of Photography". Perception. 35 (1): 91–100. doi:10.1068/p5346. PMID 16491711.
  6. ^ Hamber, A. (1990). "The Use of Photography by Nineteenth Century Art Historians". Visual Resources. 7 (2–3): 135–161. doi:10.1080/01973762.1990.9658907.
  7. ^ Osterman, Mark (2007). "Introduction to Photographic Equipment, Processes, and Definitions of the 19th Century". In Peres, Michael R. (ed.). Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science. Focal Press. pp. 36–123. doi:10.1016/B978-0-240-80740-9.50013-1. ISBN 9780240807409.
  8. ^ a b c Hunt, R. (1996-01-01). Why is Black-and-White so Important in Color?. Proc. IS&T 4th Color and Imaging Conf. pp. 54–57. doi:10.2352/CIC.1996.4.1.art00015.
  9. ^ a b Grainge, Paul (1999). "TIME's Past in the Present: Nostalgia and the Black and White Image". Journal of American Studies. 33 (3). Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Association for American Studies Stable: 383–392. doi:10.1017/S0021875899006155. JSTOR 27556682. Retrieved 2015-06-29.
  10. ^ Costello, Diarmuid; Iversen, Margaret (2012). "Introduction: Photography between Art History and Philosophy". Critical Inquiry. 38 (4): 679–693. doi:10.1086/667419.
  11. ^ Хеджкоу, Д. (2004). Фотография. Энциклопедия. Росмэн. p. 52. ISBN 0751301108.
  12. ^ a b Collings, T. J.; Young, F. J. (1976). "Improvements in some tests and techniques in photograph conservation". Studies in Conservation. 21 (2): 79–84. doi:10.1179/sic.1976.014.
  13. ^ Hamilton, J.F. (1988). "The silver halide photographic process". Advances in Physics. 37 (4): 359–441. Bibcode:1988AdPhy..37..359H. doi:10.1080/00018738800101399.
  14. ^ Horn, Richard R. (1991-08-01). "History and status of black and white photographic processing chemicals as effluents". Printing Technologies for Images, Gray Scale, and Color. 1458: 69. Bibcode:1991SPIE.1458...69H. doi:10.1117/12.46335.
  15. ^ Иофис, Е. А. (1981). "Фотокинотехника". Советская энциклопедия. Moscow. p. 273.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ^ McCree, K.J. (1968). "Infrared-sensitive colour film for spectral measurements under plant canopies". Agricultural Meteorology. 5 (3): 203–208. Bibcode:1968AgMet...5..203M. doi:10.1016/0002-1571(68)90003-4. ISSN 0002-1571.
  17. ^ Arnheim, R. (1983). Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
  18. ^ Wilhelm, Henry; Brower, Carol (1990). "Color Prints Forever". Popular Photography: 46–49. ISSN 1542-0337.

Bibliography edit

  • Хеджкоу, Джон (2004). Фотография. Энциклопедия. Moscow: РОСМЭН-ИЗДАТ. ISBN 5-8451-0990-6.
  • Wilhelm, Henry; Brower, Carol (1990). "Color Prints Forever". Popular Photography: 46–49. ISSN 1542-0337.
  • Rosenblum, Naomi (1984). A World History of Photography. S2CID 193861728.

External links edit

  • "Black+White Photography". GMC Publications Ltd.

January 01, 1970
black, white, photography, this, article, currently, being, merged, after, discussion, consensus, merge, this, article, with, monochrome, photography, found, help, implement, merge, following, instructions, help, merging, resolution, discussion, black, white, . This article is currently being merged After a discussion consensus to merge this article with Monochrome photography was found You can help implement the merge by following the instructions at Help Merging and the resolution on the discussion Black and white photography is a form of photography that captures scenes or subjects with a grayscale of brightness without recording any natural colors The resulting images often referred to as monochrome display a range of shades of gray from black to white This style of photography predates color photography and has remained a significant timeless and versatile artistic and documentary medium for over a century 1 2 Classic black and white photograph made by Ansel Adams The Tetons and the Snake River 1942 Contents 1 History 2 Techniques 3 Infrared Photography 4 Characteristics 5 Applications 6 Preservation 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External linksHistory editBlack and white photography dates back to the early days of photography in the 19th century The first successful form of photography known as daguerreotype 3 4 produced monochromatic images 5 Throughout the 20th century black and white photography flourished as the primary form of photographic expression used extensively in journalism fine art 6 and documentary photography After the advent of cheap and accessible color photography technologies for the mass public including instant photography the share of black and white photography began to decline rapidly 7 8 by the end of the 1970s being less than half in the world 4 In the USSR this process was slower due to the low availability and high cost of color photosensitive materials as well as their more complex chemical photographic processing However by the end of the 1990s in the CIS countries due to the spread of machine processing of photographic materials the ratio also did not favor black and white photography The spread of digital photography further reinforced this trend due to the simplicity and improved color reproduction In the 2010s most countries began to see an increased interest in black and white photography due to the specific expressiveness of photographs devoid of color 9 10 11 Techniques editThere are various techniques for creating black and white photographs both traditional and modern Traditional methods involve using black and white film which is processed using chemical techniques in a darkroom Silverless monochrome photographic film suitable for processing by the high speed C 41 process has become available offering alternatives to traditional silver based processes Additionally digital technology allows for the conversion of color photographs into monochrome by adjusting tonality and color components One of the most important disadvantages of black and white photography is considered to be the increased consumption of silver even when it is fully regenerated from processing solutions The reason is that in the gelatin silver process the black and white image consists of metallic silver whereas the colored image consists only of dyes Through laboratory processing the silver from colored chromogenic materials is bleached and can be almost completely recovered from solutions 12 13 For black and white photographic materials the regeneration rate is no more than 70 14 15 Monochrome photography allows for more abstracted images emotionally interpreting everyday reality The effect can be enhanced by toning in sepia tones or cool shades Special printing techniques such as cyanotype may be used Infrared Photography editInfrared photography is a specialized technique within black and white photography By using infrared sensitive film or digital sensors photographers can capture unique images where green vegetation appears almost white while the sky appears almost black 16 This technique adds another dimension to the expressive possibilities of black and white photography The effect can be produced either analogically using infrachromatic photographic materials or digitally by removing the protective screen of the matrix Characteristics editBlack and white photography offers a unique aesthetic that emphasizes contrast texture and composition 8 Without the distraction of color viewers can focus more on the shapes lines and emotions conveyed in the image Monochrome imagery allows for abstract interpretations of reality evoking emotions and conveying mood in powerful ways 8 Applications editBlack and white photography finds applications in various fields including fine art 17 journalism documentary and commercial photography 2 9 In the digital age black and white imagery is also widely used on the internet for various purposes including illustrating articles creating stylistic effects and evoking nostalgia Black and white photographs as illustrations and stylistics are also used digitally by some Internet resources of various subjects artistic historical analytical news etc due to the association of black and white technology with the past time documentary newspaper photographs etc Preservation editOne more advantage of black and white photography particularly silver based prints is its durability Well processed and thoroughly washed bromosilver photographic prints can last for centuries making them valuable for archival purposes 12 In contrast many color photographic processes produce images that fade over time highlighting the long term stability of black and white prints The most common color photo processes are dye transfer process ilfochrome and especially chromogenic yield an image composed of rapidly fading dyes The same is true for color photographs produced digitally on most jet or laser printers At the same time the preservation of a well processed and thoroughly washed bromosilver photographic print can reach several centuries as evidenced by storage experience An exception is carbon print of both color and black and white photographs which gives images with durability comparable to oil painting However due to technological complexity the cost of a single pigment print exceeds 1 000 18 See also editMonochrome photography Color photography Infrared photography CyanotypeReferences edit Gernsheim Helmut 1977 W H Fox Talbot and the history of photography Endeavour 1 1 18 22 doi 10 1016 0160 9327 77 90005 9 a b Rosenblum Naomi 1997 A world history of photography 3rd ed New York Abbeville Press p 144 Graure Cristian 2014 Argint si soare Originile fotografiei prin evoluții tehnice intre 1800 si 1900 Silver and sunshine The Origins of Photography by means of Processes between 1800 and 1900 Analele Banatului XXII 2014 a b Edom Clifton C 1947 Photo Propaganda The History of Its Development Journalism Quarterly 24 3 221 238 doi 10 1177 107769904702400305 Zavagno D Massironi M 2006 Colours in Black and White The Depiction of Lightness and Brightness in Achromatic Engravings before the Invention of Photography Perception 35 1 91 100 doi 10 1068 p5346 PMID 16491711 Hamber A 1990 The Use of Photography by Nineteenth Century Art Historians Visual Resources 7 2 3 135 161 doi 10 1080 01973762 1990 9658907 Osterman Mark 2007 Introduction to Photographic Equipment Processes and Definitions of the 19th Century In Peres Michael R ed Digital Imaging Theory and Applications History and Science Focal Press pp 36 123 doi 10 1016 B978 0 240 80740 9 50013 1 ISBN 9780240807409 a b c Hunt R 1996 01 01 Why is Black and White so Important in Color Proc IS amp T 4th Color and Imaging Conf pp 54 57 doi 10 2352 CIC 1996 4 1 art00015 a b Grainge Paul 1999 TIME s Past in the Present Nostalgia and the Black and White Image Journal of American Studies 33 3 Cambridge University Press on behalf of the British Association for American Studies Stable 383 392 doi 10 1017 S0021875899006155 JSTOR 27556682 Retrieved 2015 06 29 Costello Diarmuid Iversen Margaret 2012 Introduction Photography between Art History and Philosophy Critical Inquiry 38 4 679 693 doi 10 1086 667419 Hedzhkou D 2004 Fotografiya Enciklopediya Rosmen p 52 ISBN 0751301108 a b Collings T J Young F J 1976 Improvements in some tests and techniques in photograph conservation Studies in Conservation 21 2 79 84 doi 10 1179 sic 1976 014 Hamilton J F 1988 The silver halide photographic process Advances in Physics 37 4 359 441 Bibcode 1988AdPhy 37 359H doi 10 1080 00018738800101399 Horn Richard R 1991 08 01 History and status of black and white photographic processing chemicals as effluents Printing Technologies for Images Gray Scale and Color 1458 69 Bibcode 1991SPIE 1458 69H doi 10 1117 12 46335 Iofis E A 1981 Fotokinotehnika Sovetskaya enciklopediya Moscow p 273 a href Template Cite encyclopedia html title Template Cite encyclopedia cite encyclopedia a CS1 maint location missing publisher link McCree K J 1968 Infrared sensitive colour film for spectral measurements under plant canopies Agricultural Meteorology 5 3 203 208 Bibcode 1968AgMet 5 203M doi 10 1016 0002 1571 68 90003 4 ISSN 0002 1571 Arnheim R 1983 Art and Visual Perception A Psychology of the Creative Eye Los Angeles CA University of California Press Wilhelm Henry Brower Carol 1990 Color Prints Forever Popular Photography 46 49 ISSN 1542 0337 Bibliography editHedzhkou Dzhon 2004 Fotografiya Enciklopediya Moscow ROSMEN IZDAT ISBN 5 8451 0990 6 Wilhelm Henry Brower Carol 1990 Color Prints Forever Popular Photography 46 49 ISSN 1542 0337 Rosenblum Naomi 1984 A World History of Photography S2CID 193861728 External links edit Black White Photography GMC Publications Ltd Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Black and White Photography amp oldid 1217804880, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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