The Bhutanatha group of temples are 7th to 12th century Hindu temples to the east of Agastya lake in Badami, Karnataka state, India. It consists of two subgroups – one called the East Bhutanatha group or Bhutanatha main group from 7th to 8th-century mostly in the Dravida architecture style; the other called the North Bhutanatha group or Mallikarjuna group from 11th to 12th-century mostly in the Nagara architecture.[1][2] The former illustrates the Badami Chalukya architects, the latter along with the nearby Yellamma temple the Kalyani Chalukya architects.[3]
Bhutanatha temples complex, floor plan (lake is to the left edge)
The Bhutanatha main group (700–725 CE) is the older set of Hindu shrines to the east of the Agastya Teertha. The oldest temple in this group is the main large temple. It has a gudha-mandapa with four massive central pillars (partly octagonal, cubical and rounded on a lathe). This mandapa connects to a smaller square-plan sanctum with a Shiva linga. On the top of the sanctum is the Dravida-style tritala superstructure (three storeys). The lower part consists of a padabandha and kumbha. The vimana walls has karnas with Brahmakanta-style pilasters. The wall's nasis depict heads of kinnaras and gandharvas. The second storey of the superstructure repeats the lowest larger storey, and the third storey is half of the second in size, and again repeats the same elements in a rhythmic form. A square vedi topped with a short shikhara completes the superstructure.[4]
The image niches on the wall of the shrine and the hall are now empty though some decorative elements like makharas (mythical beast) with long tails still remain.[5] The mandapa has jali (perforated windows for light into the inner mantapa).[1] On either side of the foot of the shrine doorway is an image of goddess Ganga on her vehicle, the makara, on the right, and on the left, that of goddesses Yamuna riding the tortoise. There is no dedicatory block upon the lintel.[1] Other artwork found nearby include Ganesha and Mahisasuramardini. A notable feature here is the inscription on the outer wall of the temple, which announces a gift from a Paingara family to the Sridharbuteswara (likely an epithet of the deity). This inscription can be dated to about the late 9th-century. This suggests the main temple was in active use at the time.[4]
The porch pillars have a square cross section that transforms into an octagonal cross section. Outside, there is a stepped ghat for the devotees and pilgrims.[4] The smaller shrines are ruined and were added later, likely through late 8th-century. To the east of the complex, on a boulder, are four Shaiva reliefs with unusual architectural details – these are impressions of four architectural styles of Shiva sanctum with panchakuta superstructure set on a square plan. These can be dated to the late 7th or early 8th-century, and help establish that this temple complex was a Shaiva complex from its origin.[4]
To the north of the main temple is a small shrine which, proposed Henry Cousens in 1923, was originally consecrated for Vishnu. At some point, the temple was adopted by the followers of Lingayatism who built an outer hall and installed a Nandi (vehicle of Shiva) and a Shiva linga inside the sanctum.[5]
Panoramic view of Bhutanatha group, east of the lake
Mallikarjuna group
Temples in the Mallikarjuna group, also called the north Bhutanatha group.
The Mallikarjuna group is close to the main Bhutanatha group, but located on the north back of the manmade lake. It consists of several temples. These open to the south and are marked by their notable pyramidal superstructure in the 11th to 12th-century phamsana Nagara style. The largest temple likely was a Vishnu temple, saw a period when these ruined temples were in disuse, and was re-consecrated with Shiva linga while preserving the remains of its historic artwork. These temples present the construction ideas explored by the Kalyani Chalukya architects. The largest temple has an open rectangular mandapa with eight pillars, that connects to an inner mandapa, antarala and garbhagriya – all on a square plan. All temples in this group have simpler walls, angled eaves over the open mantapa (hall). The artwork found in this group includes both Vishnu and Shiva.[6]
^Michell, George (2011). Badami, Aihole, Pattadakal, Jaico Books. p. 60. ISBN 978-81-8495-600-9.
Bibliography
Cousens, Henry (1996) [1926]. The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. OCLC 37526233.
M. A. Dhaky; Michael W. Meister (1983). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 1 Part 2 South India Text & Plates. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN978-0-8122-7992-4.
James Fergusson; Richard Phené Spiers (1910). History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. John Murray.
James Fergusson (1967). History of Indian and Eastern Architecture, Volume 2. Munshiram Manoharlal.
James Fergusson (1876). History of Indian and Eastern Architecture Volume 3. J. Murray.
Hardy, Adam (1995). Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries. Abhinav Publications. ISBN81-7017-312-4.
Stella Kramrisch (1996). The Hindu Temple, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass.
Stella Kramrisch (1976). The Hindu Temple, Volume 2. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN978-81-208-0224-7.
George Michell (1977). The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. Harper & Row. ISBN978-0-06-435750-0.
George Michell (1989). The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu. Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-008144-2.
George Michell (2000). Hindu Art and Architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-20337-8.
K. M. Suresh (2003). Temples of Karnataka: Volumes 1 & 2. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. ISBN978-81-8090-013-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami.
Bhutanath group of temples, Badami, ASI Dharwad
January 28, 2023
bhutanatha, group, temples, badami, bhutanatha, group, temples, 12th, century, hindu, temples, east, agastya, lake, badami, karnataka, state, india, consists, subgroups, called, east, bhutanatha, group, bhutanatha, main, group, from, century, mostly, dravida, . The Bhutanatha group of temples are 7th to 12th century Hindu temples to the east of Agastya lake in Badami Karnataka state India It consists of two subgroups one called the East Bhutanatha group or Bhutanatha main group from 7th to 8th century mostly in the Dravida architecture style the other called the North Bhutanatha group or Mallikarjuna group from 11th to 12th century mostly in the Nagara architecture 1 2 The former illustrates the Badami Chalukya architects the latter along with the nearby Yellamma temple the Kalyani Chalukya architects 3 Bhutanatha group of temples Badami7th to 8th century Hindu temples complexReligionAffiliationHinduismDeityShivaGoverning bodyArchaeological Survey of IndiaLocationLocationBadami KarnatakaShown within IndiaGeographic coordinates15 55 15 N 75 41 16 E 15 92083 N 75 68778 E 15 92083 75 68778 Coordinates 15 55 15 N 75 41 16 E 15 92083 N 75 68778 E 15 92083 75 68778ArchitectureStyleDravida Early ChalukyaDate established7th to 12th century CETemple s 3 Contents 1 Bhutanatha main group 2 Mallikarjuna group 3 References 3 1 Bibliography 4 External linksBhutanatha main group Edit Bhutanatha temples complex floor plan lake is to the left edge The Bhutanatha main group 700 725 CE is the older set of Hindu shrines to the east of the Agastya Teertha The oldest temple in this group is the main large temple It has a gudha mandapa with four massive central pillars partly octagonal cubical and rounded on a lathe This mandapa connects to a smaller square plan sanctum with a Shiva linga On the top of the sanctum is the Dravida style tritala superstructure three storeys The lower part consists of a padabandha and kumbha The vimana walls has karnas with Brahmakanta style pilasters The wall s nasis depict heads of kinnaras and gandharvas The second storey of the superstructure repeats the lowest larger storey and the third storey is half of the second in size and again repeats the same elements in a rhythmic form A square vedi topped with a short shikhara completes the superstructure 4 The image niches on the wall of the shrine and the hall are now empty though some decorative elements like makharas mythical beast with long tails still remain 5 The mandapa has jali perforated windows for light into the inner mantapa 1 On either side of the foot of the shrine doorway is an image of goddess Ganga on her vehicle the makara on the right and on the left that of goddesses Yamuna riding the tortoise There is no dedicatory block upon the lintel 1 Other artwork found nearby include Ganesha and Mahisasuramardini A notable feature here is the inscription on the outer wall of the temple which announces a gift from a Paingara family to the Sridharbuteswara likely an epithet of the deity This inscription can be dated to about the late 9th century This suggests the main temple was in active use at the time 4 The porch pillars have a square cross section that transforms into an octagonal cross section Outside there is a stepped ghat for the devotees and pilgrims 4 The smaller shrines are ruined and were added later likely through late 8th century To the east of the complex on a boulder are four Shaiva reliefs with unusual architectural details these are impressions of four architectural styles of Shiva sanctum with panchakuta superstructure set on a square plan These can be dated to the late 7th or early 8th century and help establish that this temple complex was a Shaiva complex from its origin 4 To the north of the main temple is a small shrine which proposed Henry Cousens in 1923 was originally consecrated for Vishnu At some point the temple was adopted by the followers of Lingayatism who built an outer hall and installed a Nandi vehicle of Shiva and a Shiva linga inside the sanctum 5 Panoramic view of Bhutanatha group east of the lakeMallikarjuna group Edit Temples in the Mallikarjuna group also called the north Bhutanatha group The Mallikarjuna group is close to the main Bhutanatha group but located on the north back of the manmade lake It consists of several temples These open to the south and are marked by their notable pyramidal superstructure in the 11th to 12th century phamsana Nagara style The largest temple likely was a Vishnu temple saw a period when these ruined temples were in disuse and was re consecrated with Shiva linga while preserving the remains of its historic artwork These temples present the construction ideas explored by the Kalyani Chalukya architects The largest temple has an open rectangular mandapa with eight pillars that connects to an inner mandapa antarala and garbhagriya all on a square plan All temples in this group have simpler walls angled eaves over the open mantapa hall The artwork found in this group includes both Vishnu and Shiva 6 References Edit a b c Cousens 1926 p 55 Hardy 1995 p 321 Hardy 1995 p 322 a b c d M A Dhaky amp Michael W Meister 1983 pp 57 59 a b Cousens 1926 p 56 Michell George 2011 Badami Aihole Pattadakal Jaico Books p 60 ISBN 978 81 8495 600 9 Bibliography Edit Cousens Henry 1996 1926 The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts New Delhi Archaeological Survey of India OCLC 37526233 M A Dhaky Michael W Meister 1983 Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture Volume 1 Part 2 South India Text amp Plates University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 978 0 8122 7992 4 James Fergusson Richard Phene Spiers 1910 History of Indian and Eastern Architecture John Murray James Fergusson 1967 History of Indian and Eastern Architecture Volume 2 Munshiram Manoharlal James Fergusson 1876 History of Indian and Eastern Architecture Volume 3 J Murray Hardy Adam 1995 Indian Temple Architecture Form and Transformation The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries Abhinav Publications ISBN 81 7017 312 4 Stella Kramrisch 1996 The Hindu Temple Volume 1 Motilal Banarsidass Stella Kramrisch 1976 The Hindu Temple Volume 2 Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 978 81 208 0224 7 George Michell 1977 The Hindu Temple An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms Harper amp Row ISBN 978 0 06 435750 0 George Michell 1989 The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India Buddhist Jain Hindu Penguin Books ISBN 978 0 14 008144 2 George Michell 2000 Hindu Art and Architecture Thames amp Hudson ISBN 978 0 500 20337 8 K M Suresh 2003 Temples of Karnataka Volumes 1 amp 2 Bharatiya Kala Prakashan ISBN 978 81 8090 013 6 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bhutanatha group of temples Badami Bhutanath group of temples Badami ASI Dharwad Bagalkot district info about Badami Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bhutanatha group of temples Badami amp oldid 1119296866, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
