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Bedok-class mine countermeasures vessel

March 12, 2023

The Bedok class are mine countermeasures vessels of the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). They play an important role in the maritime security of Singapore, ensuring that the Singapore Strait and the sea lanes surrounding Singapore remain mine-free and open to international shipping. It is estimated that closure of Singapore's ports would result in direct trade losses amounting to more than US$1.2 billion daily, posing a serious threat to Singapore's economy.[1][2] The four ships form the Sixth Flotilla of the RSN.

Bedok-class
Bedok-class MCMVs berthed at Changi Naval Base during the Navy Open House 2007
Class overview
NameBedok
BuildersKockums, ST Engineering (Marine)
Operators Republic of Singapore Navy
Completed4
Active4
General characteristics
TypeMine countermeasures vessel
Displacement
Length47.5 m (155 ft 10 in)
Beam9.6 m (31 ft 6 in)
Draught2.3 m (7 ft 7 in)
Installed power4 × Saab-Scania DSI 14 diesel engines, each producing 1,440 bhp (1,070 kW)
Propulsion
Speed15 kn (28 km/h; 17 mph)
Range2,000 nmi (3,700 km; 2,300 mi) at 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Complement33 (5 officers and 28 men)
Sensors and
processing systems
Armament

Planning and acquisition

The RSN first acquired mine countermeasures capabilities in 1975, when the United States Navy's USS Whippoorwill and USS Thrasher were re-activated by the RSN's engineers and technicians in California. These Bluebird-class minesweepers were commissioned as RSS Jupiter and RSS Mercury respectively.[3][4] RSS Jupiter was scrapped on 15 August 1986 and RSS Mercury was decommissioned on 31 March 1993. The need for modern minehunting vessels saw Singapore entering into an agreement with Sweden in 1991 to purchase four Landsort-class mine countermeasures vessels.[5]

Bedok-class ships
Name Pennant number Launched Launched by Commissioned
RSS Bedok M105 24 June 1993 Mrs Yeo Ning Hong 7 October 1995
RSS Kallang M106 29 January 1994 Mrs Lee Boon Yang 7 October 1995
RSS Katong M107 8 April 1994 Mrs Lim Siong Guan 7 October 1995
RSS Punggol M108 16 July 1994 Mrs Ng Jui Ping 7 October 1995

The ships were named after coastal areas in Singapore, and were selected from a name-the-ship contest held in 1993.[6]

Design and construction

Platform

The ship's design incorporates a number of features important for mine countermeasures – low acoustic and magnetic signatures, as well as shock resistance to underwater explosions.

The Bedok class is made of glass-reinforced plastic, designed by the Swedish Navy and Kockums (then known as Karlskronavarvet). Its low magnetic and acoustic signatures reduces the possibility of setting off mines. It is highly durable, fire- and shock-resistant, easy to repair and is maintained only by painting.[7] The ship's bridge, major combat equipment and engines are also shock-mounted to cushion against underwater explosions.[8]

Each Bedok-class MCMV is powered by two independent vertical Voith Schneider Propellers, designed specifically to ensure excellent manoeuvrability and low noise signature.[9]

The first ship, RSS Bedok, was built by Kockums in Sweden based on the Landsort-class design. The hulls of the remaining three ships were prefabricated in Sweden and transferred to Singapore for final assembly by Singapore Technologies (ST) Marine.[10]

Mine countermeasures

Each ship operates the ECA K-STER expendable mine disposal system from France, for the identification and destruction of mines. The MCMVs also work closely with the explosive ordnance disposal divers from the Naval Diving Unit for mine disposal.[1]

The Bedok class is equipped to operate the Kockums remote-controlled catamaran minesweepers, and are also capable of laying a defensive minefield.[11][12]

It has also been reported that the Bedok class operate two REMUS unmanned underwater vehicles as part of their mine countermeasures suite.[13][14]

Sensors

The Bedok class is equipped with a Thales Underwater Systems TSM 2022 MkIII hull-mounted minehunting sonar. The sonar has a detection range of 2 km (6,600 ft) for submarines and 500 m (1,600 ft) for mines. The classification range for a mine is typically 200 to 300 m (660 to 980 ft).[7]

The ships are also equipped with a Thales Underwater Systems towed synthetic aperture sonar.

The ship's navigation radar is the Norcontrol DB2000 operating at I band.

Upgrade

In November 2007, it was reported that three companies were shortlisted to compete for the supply of a new one-shot mine disposal system to equip the Bedok class. Atlas Elektronik, ECA and Gaymarine were selected for detailed technical and commercial evaluation following an initial assessment of five candidate systems. Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace and L-3 Ocean Systems, offering their Minesniper system and Mk 8x Expendable Mine Destructor respectively, were eliminated from consideration. BAE Systems was unable to provide its Archerfish system for evaluation within the required timescale.[15]

In November 2008, the Bedok-class upgrade programme was revealed. Of the four vessels, two are planned to be fully refitted with modifications to the hulls and mine-hunting systems, while the other two will receive partial refits. A decision between two competing European bids was expected to be made by April 2009, with completion of the first platform expected 18 months later.[16]

On 12 May 2009, Thales announced that the Defence Science and Technology Agency of Singapore awarded it as the prime contractor for the Bedok-class Life Extension Programme.[17] Thales will provide an integrated mine countermeasure combat system, including the mine information system, a hull-mounted sonar, a towed synthetic aperture sonar and expendable mine disposal systems. The towed synthetic sonar array is the DUBM 44, an unmanned underwater vehicle that uses onboard processing of digital signals to provide high-resolution imagery. The DUBM 44 is not autonomous and is connected by cable to the surface ship.[18] Thales will also be in charge of making any structural alterations to the vessels in relation to the integration of new systems and equipment.

Operational history

After the crash of SilkAir Flight 185 on 19 December 1997 in the Musi River near Palembang, RSS Bedok, RSS Kallang and RSS Punggol were deployed as part of a Singapore Armed Forces contingent to assist Indonesian authorities in their search and recovery operations near the crash site.[19]

The RSN was the first navy invited by the Indonesian Navy to conduct mine countermeasure operations to clear World War II mines off Tanjung Awar Awar, 70 km (38 nmi) north-east of Surabaya in February 1997. RSS Bedok and RSS Kallang, together with two Indonesian Navy vessels, successfully neutralised eight buried mines.[20]

The ships were also involved in search and rescue operations after a Royal Navy Westland Lynx helicopter crashed into the South China Sea together with its two personnel on board during a training exercise on 23 September 1998.[21]

The RSN was the first navy in the world to fire a deployed expendable mine disposal vehicle, during a live firing on 23 April 2012.[22]

In December 2014, RSS Kallang was deployed in the search for Airasia Flight QZ8501 after it crashed into the Java Sea on 28 December 2014; along with RSS Supreme, RSS Valour, RSS Persistence, MV Swift Rescue, and two Lockheed C-130H Hercules.[23]

Major exercises

The ships frequently participate in military exercises with various countries. These include:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Republic of Singapore Navy (2007). Chan, Candice (ed.). Onwards and Upwards. Singapore: SNP International. ISBN 978-981-248-147-4.
  2. ^ Kaplan, George. . Navy League of Australia. Navy League of Australia - Federal Council. Archived from the original on 15 January 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  3. ^ "Thrasher". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
  4. ^ "Whippoorwill". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 29 August 2009.
  5. ^ . MINDEF. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  6. ^ "Local flavour for navy ships". The Straits Times. Singapore Press Holdings. 28 June 1993.
  7. ^ a b . Naval Technology. Archived from the original on 1 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  8. ^ MINDEF. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  9. ^ . Kockums. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  10. ^ Todd, Daniel; Lindberg, Michael (1996). Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 26. ISBN 0-275-95310-6.
  11. ^ . Kockums. Archived from the original on 30 March 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  12. ^ "Coastal Defence Forces (Singapore)". Jane's Amphibious and Special Forces. May 2007.
  13. ^ . Hydroid Inc (Press release). Archived from the original on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  14. ^ (PDF). MINDEF. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
  15. ^ "Singapore searches for new one-shot mine system". Jane's International Defence Review. November 2007.
  16. ^ Karniol, Robert (3 November 2008). "Defusing the threat posed by sea mines". The Straits Times.
  17. ^ "Thales Appointed Prime Contractor for Modernisation of Singapore's Mine Countermeasures Vessels" (Press release). from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  18. ^ "Harbour Security - DUBM-44 New Generation Mine Hunting Sonar". www.defense-aerospace.com. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  19. ^ Yuankai, Lin. "COSCOM Muscles Up For Challenges Ahead" (PDF). Navy News. 2005 (2): 8–9. (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  20. ^ "GPC-DFA Members Given Insight into Mine Hunting Operations". MINDEF. October 1997. Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  21. ^ "UK navy co-pilot missing after helicopter crashes". Turkish Daily News. Associated Press. 25 September 1998.
  22. ^ Tan, Clement. (PDF). Navy News. 2013 (1): 44. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2016.
  23. ^ . CNA. 31 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015.
  24. ^ Ng, Joel. "Always Safe in our Wake" (PDF). Navy News. 2006 (4): 4–5. (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  25. ^ "Singapore and Indonesian Navies Co-Host Multilateral Exercises". MINDEF. Singapore Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  26. ^ Chen, Wei Li (25 March 2011). "WPNS exercises advance mutual cooperation and info-sharing". Cyberpioneer. Singapore Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012.
  27. ^ Cheong, Ben Chester. "Information sharing – Enhancing WPNS Cooperation in MCM Operations" (PDF). Navy News. 2011 (2): 13. (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  28. ^ "Ex Bersama Padu 06" (PDF). Royal New Zealand Navy - Navy Today. August 2006. (PDF) from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  29. ^ Boyd, Marc, LT USN (8 July 2002). "Squadron Exercise to Test Mine Warfare Training". Navy News Service. United States Navy. NNS020708-13. from the original on 13 September 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  30. ^ . MINDEF. June 2007. Archived from the original on 12 June 2007. Retrieved 16 April 2008.
  31. ^ "Singapore and Indonesia Navies conclude bilateral mine exercise at Batam". 26 August 2017. from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
  32. ^ Mazumdar, Mrityunjoy (January 2008). (PDF). Indian Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 7 June 2009.

External links

  • Bedok-class mine countermeasures vessel

March 12, 2023
bedok, class, mine, countermeasures, vessel, bedok, class, mine, countermeasures, vessels, republic, singapore, navy, they, play, important, role, maritime, security, singapore, ensuring, that, singapore, strait, lanes, surrounding, singapore, remain, mine, fr. The Bedok class are mine countermeasures vessels of the Republic of Singapore Navy RSN They play an important role in the maritime security of Singapore ensuring that the Singapore Strait and the sea lanes surrounding Singapore remain mine free and open to international shipping It is estimated that closure of Singapore s ports would result in direct trade losses amounting to more than US 1 2 billion daily posing a serious threat to Singapore s economy 1 2 The four ships form the Sixth Flotilla of the RSN Bedok class Bedok class MCMVs berthed at Changi Naval Base during the Navy Open House 2007Class overviewNameBedokBuildersKockums ST Engineering Marine Operators Republic of Singapore NavyCompleted4Active4General characteristicsTypeMine countermeasures vesselDisplacementStandard 360 t 350 long tons 400 short tons Full load 380 t 370 long tons 420 short tons Length47 5 m 155 ft 10 in Beam9 6 m 31 ft 6 in Draught2 3 m 7 ft 7 in Installed power4 Saab Scania DSI 14 diesel engines each producing 1 440 bhp 1 070 kW Propulsion2 Voith Schneider Propellers Total output 5 760 bhp 4 300 kW Speed15 kn 28 km h 17 mph Range2 000 nmi 3 700 km 2 300 mi at 12 kn 22 km h 14 mph Complement33 5 officers and 28 men Sensors and processing systemsNavigation radar Norcontrol DB2000 I band Sonar Thales Underwater Systems TSM 2022 MkIII hull mounted mine hunting sonar DAPS SIREHNA DAPS Dynamic Auto pilot Positioning System Thales Underwater Systems towed synthetic aperture sonarArmamentMain gun 1 Bofors 40 mm gun before 2009 refit 1 25mm M242 Bushmaster Mk 38 Mod 2 with stabilised Typhoon weapon sighting system after 2009 refit Machine guns 4 STK 50MG 12 7 mm 0 50 in HMG Mine disposal ECA K STER expendable mine disposal system Contents 1 Planning and acquisition 2 Design and construction 2 1 Platform 2 2 Mine countermeasures 2 3 Sensors 2 4 Upgrade 3 Operational history 3 1 Major exercises 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksPlanning and acquisition EditThe RSN first acquired mine countermeasures capabilities in 1975 when the United States Navy s USS Whippoorwill and USS Thrasher were re activated by the RSN s engineers and technicians in California These Bluebird class minesweepers were commissioned as RSS Jupiter and RSS Mercury respectively 3 4 RSS Jupiter was scrapped on 15 August 1986 and RSS Mercury was decommissioned on 31 March 1993 The need for modern minehunting vessels saw Singapore entering into an agreement with Sweden in 1991 to purchase four Landsort class mine countermeasures vessels 5 Bedok class ships Name Pennant number Launched Launched by CommissionedRSS Bedok M105 24 June 1993 Mrs Yeo Ning Hong 7 October 1995RSS Kallang M106 29 January 1994 Mrs Lee Boon Yang 7 October 1995RSS Katong M107 8 April 1994 Mrs Lim Siong Guan 7 October 1995RSS Punggol M108 16 July 1994 Mrs Ng Jui Ping 7 October 1995The ships were named after coastal areas in Singapore and were selected from a name the ship contest held in 1993 6 Design and construction EditPlatform Edit The ship s design incorporates a number of features important for mine countermeasures low acoustic and magnetic signatures as well as shock resistance to underwater explosions The Bedok class is made of glass reinforced plastic designed by the Swedish Navy and Kockums then known as Karlskronavarvet Its low magnetic and acoustic signatures reduces the possibility of setting off mines It is highly durable fire and shock resistant easy to repair and is maintained only by painting 7 The ship s bridge major combat equipment and engines are also shock mounted to cushion against underwater explosions 8 Each Bedok class MCMV is powered by two independent vertical Voith Schneider Propellers designed specifically to ensure excellent manoeuvrability and low noise signature 9 The first ship RSS Bedok was built by Kockums in Sweden based on the Landsort class design The hulls of the remaining three ships were prefabricated in Sweden and transferred to Singapore for final assembly by Singapore Technologies ST Marine 10 Mine countermeasures Edit Each ship operates the ECA K STER expendable mine disposal system from France for the identification and destruction of mines The MCMVs also work closely with the explosive ordnance disposal divers from the Naval Diving Unit for mine disposal 1 The Bedok class is equipped to operate the Kockums remote controlled catamaran minesweepers and are also capable of laying a defensive minefield 11 12 It has also been reported that the Bedok class operate two REMUS unmanned underwater vehicles as part of their mine countermeasures suite 13 14 Sensors Edit The Bedok class is equipped with a Thales Underwater Systems TSM 2022 MkIII hull mounted minehunting sonar The sonar has a detection range of 2 km 6 600 ft for submarines and 500 m 1 600 ft for mines The classification range for a mine is typically 200 to 300 m 660 to 980 ft 7 The ships are also equipped with a Thales Underwater Systems towed synthetic aperture sonar The ship s navigation radar is the Norcontrol DB2000 operating at I band Upgrade Edit In November 2007 it was reported that three companies were shortlisted to compete for the supply of a new one shot mine disposal system to equip the Bedok class Atlas Elektronik ECA and Gaymarine were selected for detailed technical and commercial evaluation following an initial assessment of five candidate systems Kongsberg Defence amp Aerospace and L 3 Ocean Systems offering their Minesniper system and Mk 8x Expendable Mine Destructor respectively were eliminated from consideration BAE Systems was unable to provide its Archerfish system for evaluation within the required timescale 15 In November 2008 the Bedok class upgrade programme was revealed Of the four vessels two are planned to be fully refitted with modifications to the hulls and mine hunting systems while the other two will receive partial refits A decision between two competing European bids was expected to be made by April 2009 with completion of the first platform expected 18 months later 16 On 12 May 2009 Thales announced that the Defence Science and Technology Agency of Singapore awarded it as the prime contractor for the Bedok class Life Extension Programme 17 Thales will provide an integrated mine countermeasure combat system including the mine information system a hull mounted sonar a towed synthetic aperture sonar and expendable mine disposal systems The towed synthetic sonar array is the DUBM 44 an unmanned underwater vehicle that uses onboard processing of digital signals to provide high resolution imagery The DUBM 44 is not autonomous and is connected by cable to the surface ship 18 Thales will also be in charge of making any structural alterations to the vessels in relation to the integration of new systems and equipment Operational history EditAfter the crash of SilkAir Flight 185 on 19 December 1997 in the Musi River near Palembang RSS Bedok RSS Kallang and RSS Punggol were deployed as part of a Singapore Armed Forces contingent to assist Indonesian authorities in their search and recovery operations near the crash site 19 The RSN was the first navy invited by the Indonesian Navy to conduct mine countermeasure operations to clear World War II mines off Tanjung Awar Awar 70 km 38 nmi north east of Surabaya in February 1997 RSS Bedok and RSS Kallang together with two Indonesian Navy vessels successfully neutralised eight buried mines 20 The ships were also involved in search and rescue operations after a Royal Navy Westland Lynx helicopter crashed into the South China Sea together with its two personnel on board during a training exercise on 23 September 1998 21 The RSN was the first navy in the world to fire a deployed expendable mine disposal vehicle during a live firing on 23 April 2012 22 In December 2014 RSS Kallang was deployed in the search for Airasia Flight QZ8501 after it crashed into the Java Sea on 28 December 2014 along with RSS Supreme RSS Valour RSS Persistence MV Swift Rescue and two Lockheed C 130H Hercules 23 Major exercises Edit The ships frequently participate in military exercises with various countries These include Western Pacific Naval Symposium MCMEX DIVEX a multinational exercise involving 21 countries 24 25 26 27 International Mine Countermeasure Exercise IMCMEX a multilateral defence exercise hosted by United States Naval Forces Central Command Exercise Bersama Padu a Five Power Defence Arrangements exercise 28 Exercise Mercury an annual exercise with the United States Navy 29 Exercise Lejon Singa an annual exercise with the Swedish Navy 30 Joint MINEX an annual exercise with the Indonesian Navy 31 Exercise Milan a multilateral exercise hosted by the Indian Navy 32 See also EditKoster class mine countermeasures vessel Landsort class mine countermeasures vesselReferences Edit a b Republic of Singapore Navy 2007 Chan Candice ed Onwards and Upwards Singapore SNP International ISBN 978 981 248 147 4 Kaplan George The Republic of Singapore Navy Navy League of Australia Navy League of Australia Federal Council Archived from the original on 15 January 2010 Retrieved 28 September 2010 Thrasher Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Navy Department Naval History and Heritage Command Retrieved 29 August 2009 Whippoorwill Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships Navy Department Naval History and Heritage Command Retrieved 29 August 2009 Keeping our waters safe The MCMVs of 194 Squadron MINDEF Archived from the original on 7 October 2007 Retrieved 16 April 2008 Local flavour for navy ships The Straits Times Singapore Press Holdings 28 June 1993 a b Landsort Class Mine Countermeasures Vessel Sweden Naval Technology Archived from the original on 1 April 2008 Retrieved 16 April 2008 Safe in my wake MINDEF Archived from the original on 25 June 2007 Retrieved 16 April 2008 Landsort class an outstanding MCMV Kockums Archived from the original on 30 March 2008 Retrieved 16 April 2008 Todd Daniel Lindberg Michael 1996 Navies and Shipbuilding Industries The Strained Symbiosis Greenwood Publishing Group p 26 ISBN 0 275 95310 6 The SAM concept safe MCM in the most hazardous environments Kockums Archived from the original on 30 March 2008 Retrieved 16 April 2008 Coastal Defence Forces Singapore Jane s Amphibious and Special Forces May 2007 Hydroid receives order from the Singapore Navy for two REMUS Autonomous Underwater Vehicle systems Hydroid Inc Press release Archived from the original on 10 September 2008 Retrieved 6 April 2010 Always Safe in Our Wake PDF MINDEF Archived from the original PDF on 28 October 2007 Retrieved 27 August 2009 Singapore searches for new one shot mine system Jane s International Defence Review November 2007 Karniol Robert 3 November 2008 Defusing the threat posed by sea mines The Straits Times Thales Appointed Prime Contractor for Modernisation of Singapore s Mine Countermeasures Vessels Press release Archived from the original on 25 March 2019 Retrieved 25 March 2019 Harbour Security DUBM 44 New Generation Mine Hunting Sonar www defense aerospace com Retrieved 6 July 2021 Yuankai Lin COSCOM Muscles Up For Challenges Ahead PDF Navy News 2005 2 8 9 Archived PDF from the original on 13 August 2014 Retrieved 8 July 2013 GPC DFA Members Given Insight into Mine Hunting Operations MINDEF October 1997 Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 Retrieved 16 April 2008 UK navy co pilot missing after helicopter crashes Turkish Daily News Associated Press 25 September 1998 Tan Clement Fully Operational PDF Navy News 2013 1 44 Archived from the original PDF on 23 January 2016 Singapore sends 5th navy ship for AirAsia QZ8501 search CNA 31 December 2014 Archived from the original on 6 January 2015 Ng Joel Always Safe in our Wake PDF Navy News 2006 4 4 5 Archived PDF from the original on 4 August 2014 Retrieved 8 July 2013 Singapore and Indonesian Navies Co Host Multilateral Exercises MINDEF Singapore Ministry of Defence Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 Retrieved 14 August 2011 Chen Wei Li 25 March 2011 WPNS exercises advance mutual cooperation and info sharing Cyberpioneer Singapore Ministry of Defence Archived from the original on 4 August 2012 Cheong Ben Chester Information sharing Enhancing WPNS Cooperation in MCM Operations PDF Navy News 2011 2 13 Archived PDF from the original on 14 July 2014 Retrieved 8 July 2013 Ex Bersama Padu 06 PDF Royal New Zealand Navy Navy Today August 2006 Archived PDF from the original on 21 May 2010 Retrieved 16 April 2008 Boyd Marc LT USN 8 July 2002 Squadron Exercise to Test Mine Warfare Training Navy News Service United States Navy NNS020708 13 Archived from the original on 13 September 2007 Retrieved 16 April 2008 Republic of Singapore Navy and Royal Swedish Navy Conduct Annual Exchange Program Ex Lejon Singa MINDEF June 2007 Archived from the original on 12 June 2007 Retrieved 16 April 2008 Singapore and Indonesia Navies conclude bilateral mine exercise at Batam 26 August 2017 Archived from the original on 25 March 2019 Retrieved 25 March 2019 Mazumdar Mrityunjoy January 2008 Exercise Milan 08 PDF Indian Navy Archived from the original PDF on 4 July 2009 Retrieved 7 June 2009 External links EditBedok class mine countermeasures vessel Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Bedok class mine countermeasures vessel amp oldid 1126689075, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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