The Battle of Garigliano was fought in 915 between Christian forces and the Saracens. Pope John X personally led the Christian forces into battle. The aim was to destroy the Arab fortress on the Garigliano River,[2] which had threatened central Italy and the outskirts of Rome for nearly 30 years.[3][4]
After a series of ravaging attacks against the main sites of the Lazio in the second half of the 9th century, the Aghlabids established a colony next to the ancient city of Minturnae, near the Garigliano River. Here they even formed alliances with the nearby Christian princes (notably the hypati of Gaeta), taking advantage of the division between them.
In 909, the Aghlabid Dynasty had been overthrown and replaced by the Fatimids, who assumed control over their territories in North Africa and southern Italy.
The first action took place in northern Lazio, where small bands of ravagers were surprised and destroyed. The Christians scored two more significant victories at Campo Baccano, on the Via Cassia, and in the area of Tivoli and Vicovaro. After these defeats, the Muslims occupying Narni and other strongholds moved back to the main Fatimid stronghold on the Garigliano: this was a fortified settlement (kairuan) whose site, however, has not yet been identified with certainty. The siege lasted for three months, from June to August.[5]
After being pushed out of the fortified camp, the Fatimids retired to the nearby hills. Here they resisted many attacks led by Alberic and Landulf. However, deprived of food and noticing their situation was becoming desperate, in August they attempted a sally to reach the coast and escape to the Emirate of Sicily. According to the chronicles, all were captured and executed.
Aftermathedit
Berengar was rewarded with Papal support and eventually the imperial title, while Alberic's prestige after the victorious battle granted him a preeminent role in the future history of Rome. John I of Gaeta was able to expand his duchy to the Garigliano and received the title of patricius from Byzantium, leading his family to proclaim themselves "dukes".
Following the victory, the Byzantines, as the most important force during the battle, became the dominant power in southern Italy.[6]
Referencesedit
^Cfr. Chronicon comitum Capuae in Mon.Germ.hist.Script. III,208
^Roger Collins (1 Jan 2009). Keepers of the Keys of Heaven: A History of the Papacy. Basic Books. p. 175. ISBN9780786744183.
^Gustav Edmund Von Grunebaum. Classical Islam. p. 125. ISBN9780202364858.
^Christopher Kleinhenz (8 Jan 2004). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 813. ISBN9781135948801.
^Peter Partner (1 Jan 1972). The Lands of St. Peter: The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. pp. 81–2. ISBN9780520021815.
battle, garigliano, confused, with, 1503, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, s. Not to be confused with Battle of Garigliano 1503 or Battle of Garigliano 457 This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Battle of Garigliano news newspapers books scholar JSTOR December 2015 Learn how and when to remove this message The Battle of Garigliano was fought in 915 between Christian forces and the Saracens Pope John X personally led the Christian forces into battle The aim was to destroy the Arab fortress on the Garigliano River 2 which had threatened central Italy and the outskirts of Rome for nearly 30 years 3 4 Battle of GariglianoDateJune 915Locationnear the Garigliano River ItalyResultChristian Italian victoryBelligerentsChristian League Papal States Rome Latium and Tuscany Duchy of Benevento Principality of Capua Principality of Salerno Kingdom of Italy Duchy of Spoleto Byzantine Empire Duchy of Gaeta Duchy of Amalfi Duchy of NaplesFatimid CaliphateCommanders and leadersAlberic I of SpoletoNicholas PicingliPope John XAlliku 1 Strength50 00040 000Casualties and lossesMinimalheavy Contents 1 Background 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 ReferencesBackground editAfter a series of ravaging attacks against the main sites of the Lazio in the second half of the 9th century the Aghlabids established a colony next to the ancient city of Minturnae near the Garigliano River Here they even formed alliances with the nearby Christian princes notably the hypati of Gaeta taking advantage of the division between them In 909 the Aghlabid Dynasty had been overthrown and replaced by the Fatimids who assumed control over their territories in North Africa and southern Italy Pope John X however managed to reunite these princes in an alliance in order to oust the Fatimids from their dangerous strongpoint The Christian armies united the pope with several south Italian princes of Lombard or Greek extraction including Guaimar II of Salerno John I of Gaeta and his son Docibilis Gregory IV of Naples and his son John and Landulf I of Benevento and Capua The King of Italy Berengar I sent a support force from Spoleto and the Marche led by Alberic I duke of Spoleto and Camerino The Byzantine Empire participated by sending a strong contingent from Calabria and Apulia under the strategos of Bari Nicholas Picingli John X himself led the milities from the Lazio Tuscany and Rome Battle editThe first action took place in northern Lazio where small bands of ravagers were surprised and destroyed The Christians scored two more significant victories at Campo Baccano on the Via Cassia and in the area of Tivoli and Vicovaro After these defeats the Muslims occupying Narni and other strongholds moved back to the main Fatimid stronghold on the Garigliano this was a fortified settlement kairuan whose site however has not yet been identified with certainty The siege lasted for three months from June to August 5 After being pushed out of the fortified camp the Fatimids retired to the nearby hills Here they resisted many attacks led by Alberic and Landulf However deprived of food and noticing their situation was becoming desperate in August they attempted a sally to reach the coast and escape to the Emirate of Sicily According to the chronicles all were captured and executed Aftermath editBerengar was rewarded with Papal support and eventually the imperial title while Alberic s prestige after the victorious battle granted him a preeminent role in the future history of Rome John I of Gaeta was able to expand his duchy to the Garigliano and received the title of patricius from Byzantium leading his family to proclaim themselves dukes Following the victory the Byzantines as the most important force during the battle became the dominant power in southern Italy 6 References edit Cfr Chronicon comitum Capuae in Mon Germ hist Script III 208 Roger Collins 1 Jan 2009 Keepers of the Keys of Heaven A History of the Papacy Basic Books p 175 ISBN 9780786744183 Gustav Edmund Von Grunebaum Classical Islam p 125 ISBN 9780202364858 Christopher Kleinhenz 8 Jan 2004 Medieval Italy An Encyclopedia Routledge p 813 ISBN 9781135948801 Peter Partner 1 Jan 1972 The Lands of St Peter The Papal State in the Middle Ages and the Early Renaissance illustrated ed University of California Press pp 81 2 ISBN 9780520021815 C W Previte Orton 4 Jul 2013 Outlines of Medieval History Cambridge University Press p 157 ISBN 9781107627116 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Battle of Garigliano amp oldid 1123068348, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
