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Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River

January 01, 1970

Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River[1]
Part of the Korean War

Chinese forces overrun a UN position.
DateNovember 25 – December 2, 1950[1]
Location
Ch'ongch'on River, North Korea
39°42′N 125°53′E / 39.700°N 125.883°E / 39.700; 125.883 (Kunu-ri)
Result Chinese victory[2]
Territorial
changes		 South Korean and UN forces withdraw/retreat to Seoul and Inchon, KPA regains control of all areas north of the 38th Parallel[3]
Belligerents

United Nations

 South Korea		  China
Commanders and leaders
Douglas MacArthur
Walton H. Walker
John B. Coulter
Laurence B. Keiser
Yu Jae-hung[1]
Paik Sun-yup
Tahsin Yazıcı[1]
Basil Aubrey Coad[4]		 Mao Zedong
Peng Dehuai
Han Xianchu
Units involved
I Corps[1]
IX Corps
II Corps
US Fifth Air Force[1]
38th Corps[1]
39th Corps[1]
40th Corps[1]
42nd Corps[1]
50th Corps[1]
66th Corps[1]
Strength
254,571[5] 230,000[6][7][1]
Casualties and losses

Total:
11,000+[8]
Chinese estimation:
23,000[1]

676 killed
3,034 wounded
2,055 captured[9][1][nb 1]
813 missing
218 killed
455 wounded[10]
94 missing		 Total:
45,000[1]
Chinese estimation:
20,000 battle casualties[1]
class=notpageimage|
Location within North Korea

The Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River (Chinese: 清川江战役; pinyin: Qīngchuānjiāng Zhànyì), also known as the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on, was a decisive battle in the Korean War that took place from November 25 to December 2, 1950, along the Ch'ongch'on River Valley in the northwestern part of North Korea. In response to the successful Chinese First Phase Campaign against the United Nations (UN) forces, General Douglas MacArthur launched the Home-by-Christmas Offensive to expel the Chinese forces from Korea and to end the war. Anticipating this reaction, the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA) Commander Peng Dehuai planned a counteroffensive, dubbed the "Second Phase Campaign", against the advancing UN forces.

Hoping to repeat the success of the earlier First Phase Campaign, the PVA 13th Army[nb 2] first launched a series of surprise attacks along the Ch'ongch'on River Valley on the night of November 25, 1950, at the western half of the Second Phase Campaign[nb 3] (Chinese: 第二次战役西线; pinyin: Dì'èrcì Zhànyì Xīxiàn), effectively destroying the Eighth United States Army's right flank, while allowing PVA forces to move rapidly into UN rear areas. In the subsequent battles and withdrawals from November 26 to December 2, 1950, although the Eighth Army managed to avoid being surrounded by PVA forces, the PVA 13th Army were still able to inflict heavy losses onto the retreating UN forces, which had lost all cohesion. In the aftermath of the battle, the Eighth Army's heavy losses forced all UN forces to retreat from North Korea to the 38th Parallel.

Background edit

 
Map of Chinese First Phase Campaign, October 25 – November 1, 1950

Well, if they go fast enough, maybe some of them can be home by Christmas.

— General Douglas MacArthur[11]

In the wake of the UN forces' successful landing at Inchon, the breakout from the Pusan Perimeter and the subsequent destruction of the Korean People's Army (KPA) during September 1950, the Eighth United States Army crossed the 38th Parallel and advanced rapidly towards the Sino-Korean border.[12] Alarmed by this development, Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong ordered the PVA to intervene in Korea and to launch the First Phase Campaign against the UN forces.[13]

Between October 25 and November 4, 1950, the PVA 13th Army surprised and defeated the Republic of Korea Army (ROK) II Corps and the US 1st Cavalry Division in a series of battles around Onjong and Unsan, destroying the right flank of the US Eighth Army while forcing the UN forces to retreat back to the Ch'ongch'on River.[14] Although PVA forces were able to break through the UN line, logistics difficulties forced the PVA to withdraw on November 5, 1950.[15]

Despite the success of the PVA First Phase Campaign, the UN planners still believed that China had not intervened in Korea on a large scale.[16] The suddenness of the PVA withdrawal in the face of a victory further reinforced this belief.[17] Working on the assumption that only 30,000 PVA troops could remain hidden in the hills,[18] General Douglas MacArthur ordered the bombing of the bridges over the Yalu River in an effort to cut off PVA reinforcements.[19] Confident that the UN air forces could detect and disrupt any troop movements across the Yalu River, MacArthur launched the Home-by-Christmas Offensive on November 24 to rout the remaining PVA and KPA forces and to end the Korean War.[20]

Unknown to the UN planners, however, there were already 180,000 PVA troops stationed in Korea, with more reinforcements infiltrating across the border.[21] Although the PVA was ordered to maintain a defensive posture in North Korea until Soviet weapons could arrive in the spring of 1951,[22] its earlier successes convinced the Chinese leadership that the PVA was capable of turning the tide of UN advance.[23] Encouraged by the fact that the UN did not know their true numbers, PVA Commander Peng Dehuai outlined the Second Phase Campaign, a counteroffensive aimed at pushing the UN forces back to a line halfway between Ch'ongch'on River and Pyongyang.[6] As a part of a deception plan to further reinforce the weak appearance of PVA forces, Peng ordered all units to rapidly retreat north while releasing POWs along the way.[24] With 230,000 troops at his disposal and another 150,000 heading to the Chosin Reservoir,[6] Peng authorized the start of the Second Phase Campaign on November 22, 1950.[25]

Prelude edit

Location, terrain and weather edit

The battle was fought along the UN front line around the Ch'ongch'on River and its tributaries,[26] which is located 50 mi (80 km) south of the Sino-Korean border.[27] The UN front line stretched from the Korean west coast to the Taebaek Mountains in central Korea,[28] while the Ch'ongch'on River crosses into the north of the UN line at the town of Kujang-dong.[29] From west to east, a series of towns, such as Chongju, Yongsan-dong, Ipsok, Kujang-dong, Tokchon, and Yongwon dot the front line,[30] and connecting those towns are a series of road junctions located at Sinanju, Anju, Kunu-ri and Pukchang-ni.[31] A road runs south from Kunu-ri into Sunchon and eventually into Pyongyang, and it would later become the main retreat route for the UN forces stationed at the center of the front line.[32] The hilly terrain on the northern bank of the Ch'ongch'on River formed a defensive barrier that allowed the Chinese to hide their presence while dispersing the advancing UN forces.[33] The battle was also fought during one of the coldest Korean winters in 100 years,[34] with temperatures dropping to as low as −30 °F (−34 °C).[35]

Forces and strategies edit

 
Map of Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, November 25–28, 1950

Acting on MacArthur's instructions, General Walton Walker of the Eighth Army started the Home-by-Christmas Offensive at 10:00 on November 24, 1950.[36] With a reconstituted ROK II Corps placed on the Eighth Army's right flank, the advance was led by US I Corps to the west, US IX Corps in the center and ROK II Corps to the east.[37] The three UN Corps advanced cautiously in a continuous front line in order to prevent more ambushes similar to the PVA First Phase Campaign,[37] but the lack of manpower stretched the UN forces to the limit.[37] Except for the strong PVA resistance against ROK II Corps, the Eighth Army met little opposition, and the line between Chongju to Yongwon was occupied on the night of the November 25.[38]

Despite the lack of manpower, the US Eighth Army had three and half times the firepower of the opposing PVA/KPA forces.[39] The US Fifth Air Force, which was responsible for the air support, also had little opposition due to the lack of anti-aircraft weapons by the PVA/KPA.[40] Boosted by a Thanksgiving feast with roasted turkeys on the eve of the advance, the morale was high among the UN ranks, and home by Christmas and Germany by spring was in everyone's mind.[41] The high morale, however, caused a degradation of troop discipline, and most of the soldiers had discarded their equipment and ammunition supply before the battle. A rifle company from the US IX Corps, for example, started its advance with most of the helmets and bayonets thrown away, and there were on average less than one grenade and 50 rounds of ammunition carried per man.[42] Because the UN planners did not foresee that the war would be dragged into a winter campaign, all elements of the Eighth Army started the offensive with a shortage of winter clothing.[36]

"As a main objective, one of the units must fight its way rapidly around the enemy and cut off their rear.... Route of attack must avoid highways and flat terrain in order to keep tanks and artillery from hindering the attack operations.... Night warfare in mountainous terrain must have a definite plan and liaison between platoon commands. Small leading patrol groups attack and then sound the bugle. A large number will at that time follow in column."
Chinese operation principles for the Second Phase Campaign[43][44]

While the Eighth Army was advancing, the PVA 13th Army was hiding in the mountains with the 50th and 66th Corps to the west, the 39th and the 40th Corps in the center and the 38th and 42nd Corps to the east.[7] Anticipating the UN advances, the PVA planned a series of counterattacks to catch the Eighth Army off guard.[6] Hoping to repeat the success of the earlier First Phase Campaign, the 38th and 42nd Corps would first attack ROK II Corps and destroy the UN right flank, then cut behind the UN lines.[45] At the same time, the 39th and 40th Corps would hold US IX Corps in place while preventing any reinforcements to ROK II Corps.[46] The 50th and 66th Corps would stay behind and check the advances of the US I Corps.[46]

Although the PVA 13th Army had a nominal strength of 230,000 men,[7] its actual strength during the battle could be as low as 150,000 men.[26] The PVA 66th Corps, for example, had only 6,600 men per division at the start of the battle,[47] as opposed to the expected 10,000 men per division.[48] There was also only one firearm available for every three soldiers, and the rest were employed as grenade throwers.[40] Because most of the Chinese howitzers and guns were left behind in Manchuria, mortars were the only artillery support available for the PVA.[40] For the counteroffensive, the average soldier was issued with only five days worth of rations and ammunition, and resupply could only be obtained by scavenging on the battlefield.[49] To compensate for its shortcomings, the PVA relied extensively on night attacks and infiltrations in order to avoid the UN firepower.[50] The primitive logistics system had also allowed the PVA to maneuver over the rough hilly terrains, thus enabled them to by-pass the UN defenses and to surround the isolated UN positions.[51][52] Because the Chinese had captured large numbers of Nationalist weapons during the Chinese Civil War, most of the PVA men used US-made small arms such as the Thompson submachine gun, the M1 Garand rifle, the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, the bazooka and the M2 mortar.[53]

Battle edit

As the US Eighth Army stopped its advance on the afternoon of November 25, 1950, the PVA 13th Army commenced the Second Phase Campaign.[54] A massive frontal attack was launched against the entire UN line from Yongsan-dong to Yongdong-ni.[55] To the west, the ROK 1st Infantry Division of US I Corps was attacked by the PVA 66th Corps at Yongsan-dong. In the center, strong probing actions by the PVA 39th and 40th Corps were carried out against US IX Corps at Ipsok and Kujang-dong. In the east, the PVA 38th and 42nd Corps broke through ROK II Corps' line at Tokchon and Yongdong-ni. The Home-by-Christmas Offensive was completely stalled on the morning of November 26.[56]

Actions at Tokchon and Yongdong-ni edit

 
Chinese soldiers setting up an ambush against retreating UN forces

In the aftermath of the Battle of Onjong, the Chinese recognized ROK II Corps as the most vulnerable unit of the Eighth Army.[45] Besides lacking the firepower of their US counterpart,[39] the Corps also held the most difficult terrain on the UN right flank.[45] At 10:00 on November 24, the ROK 7th Infantry Division on the II Corps' left flank attacked north from Tokchon.[57] At the same time, the ROK 8th Infantry Division on the II Corps' right flank advanced north from Yongdong-ni,[58] but their advance was halted by the PVA 38th and 42nd Corps' stubborn resistance. The continuous fighting for the next two days failed to create any gains for the ROK.[59] During the advances, the PVA defenses managed to create a wedge in the center of the ROK 7th Infantry Division, forcing the division to commit most of its reserves on the front line.[60] Meanwhile, the ROK 6th Infantry Division in the II Corps' rear could only offer its 2nd Infantry Regiment as the Corps' reserve due to the earlier losses at Onjong.[61]

As the ROK were preparing their defensive positions on the dusk of November 25, the two PVA corps were mobilizing for a decisive counterattack against the Eighth Army's right flank.[54] The PVA 38th Corps planned to attack in full force against the ROK 7th Infantry Division's center and right flank, while two divisions from the 42nd Corps started to march through the hills in order to bypass the ROK 8th Infantry Division's right flank.[62] Given the importance of this assault, Han Xianchu, one of Peng's deputies, personally commanded the 38th and 42nd Corps for the rest of the battle.[63]

The PVA 38th Corps landed the first blow against ROK II Corps at 17:00 on November 25.[64] Aided by total surprise, the PVA 113th Division, 38th Corps first shattered the ROK 7th Infantry Division's Reconnaissance Company on the division's right flank,[65][66] creating a 0.5 mi (800 m) gap between the ROK 7th and 8th Infantry Division.[64] Simultaneously, the PVA 114th Division, 38th Corps attacked the center-right of the ROK 7th Infantry Division, pushing the ROK 5th and 8th Infantry Regiment back in the process.[66][67] When the ROK 7th Infantry Division's center and right were in complete chaos, the PVA 112th and the 113th Division, 38th Corps slipped past the UN lines and advanced towards Tokchon.[63] With only one battalion in reserve to check the PVA divisions, the Tokchon garrison and the ROK 7th Infantry Division headquarters were soon surrounded and attacked by the two PVA divisions at 16:00 on November 26.[63][68] Under heavy pressures from the PVA 114th Division, the ROK 5th and 8th Infantry Regiment tried to fall back to Tokchon, but PVA ambushes in the rear scattered the unsuspecting ROK troops.[68] On the afternoon of November 26, Tokchon was captured by the PVA,[69] and the ROK 3rd Infantry Regiment on the ROK 7th Infantry Division's left flank drifted westward and joined the US 2nd Infantry Division.[58]

While the ROK 7th Infantry Division was being annihilated at Tokchon by the PVA 38th Corps, the ROK 8th Infantry Division was also being routed, at Yongdong-ni by the PVA 42nd Corps. With the PVA 125th Division tying down the ROK 10th and 21st Infantry Regiment at Yongdong-ni,[70] the 124th and the 126th Division tried to infiltrate the ROK 8th Infantry Division's rear by marching through the hills east of Yongdong-ni.[71] At 13:00 on November 25, the ROK 16th Infantry Regiment to the ROK 8th Infantry Division's rear spotted the two PVA divisions at Maengsan, 20 km (12 mi) south of Yongdong-ni.[70] Surprised by this development, the ROK 8th Infantry Division ordered the 16th Infantry Regiment to block the PVA advance while the ROK 10th and 21st Infantry Regiment were retreating from Yongdong-ni.[72] But before the order could be carried out, the PVA struck first after learning their trap had been discovered.[71] As the ROK 10th and 21st Infantry Regiment were retreating from Yongdong-ni early in the morning of November 26, the PVA 125th Division ambushed both ROK regiments, forcing the Koreans to abandon their heavy equipment and to scatter into the hills.[73] Meanwhile, following the bonfires made by the Koreans for the cold weather,[74] the PVA 124th Division overran a battalion from the ROK 16th Infantry Regiment and attacked the ROK 8th Infantry Division's command post at Maengsan.[75] With the entire division dispersed, the ROK 8th Infantry Division headquarters and the ROK 16th Infantry Regiment broke out of Maengsan on November 27 and retreated from the battlefield.[76]

During the chaos of the battle, Major General Yu Jae-hung of ROK II Corps did not receive news from the front line until midnight of November 25 — five hours after the Chinese had entered the ROK rear.[77] Responding to the crisis, Yu committed the ROK 2nd Infantry Regiment, 6th Infantry Division to block the PVA divisions.[65] As the 2nd Infantry Regiment marched towards the front on the morning of November 26, the PVA 113th Division intercepted the regiment and destroyed its command post, scattering the ROK II Corps' entire reserve in the process.[66][78] With most of the ROK II Corps' units destroyed by November 27, the UN right flank had fallen to the PVA.[79]

Although UN aerial reconnaissance observed on November 27 that the PVA forces on the UN right flank were moving rapidly into the Eighth Army's rear,[80] Walker still ordered the rest of the Eighth Army to continue the offensive north.[74][81] Convinced that the collapse of ROK II Corps was merely a small counterattack by the PVA,[74] Walker ordered US I and IX Corps to shift eastward in order to cover ROK II Corps' sector.[82] By that time, however, US I and IX Corps had already suffered heavy losses from the Chinese counteroffensive at Kujang-dong, Ipsok and Yongsan-dong.

Actions at Kujang-dong edit

 
Soldiers from the US 2nd Infantry Division in action during late November 1950

On the left of the ROK 7th Infantry Division of ROK II Corps, the US 2nd Infantry Division of IX Corps was placed in the path of a major PVA supply line.[83] During the Home-by-Christmas Offensive, US 9th Infantry Regiment led the division's advance northward along the Ch'ongch'on River, while the US 38th Infantry Regiment was placed on the division's right flank.[84] The offensive started with little resistance, although the 9th Infantry Regiment was stalled by PVA defenses at Hill 219, north of Kujang-dong on November 25.[83] In order to renew the offensive on the next day, the 23rd Infantry Regiment, US 2nd Infantry Division was moved into the rear of the 9th Infantry Regiment.[83] At the same time, the 38th Infantry Regiment had arrived at Somin-dong, a town on the road between Kujang-dong and Tokchon.[85] When the aerial reconnaissance detected an increase in PVA activities, the 38th Infantry Regiment's A Company was sent on a patrol into Chinese territory.[85]

To ensure the success of the counterattack against ROK II Corps, PVA 40th Corps was assigned the mission of protecting the PVA 38th Corps' flank against the US 2nd Infantry Division.[71] To accomplish this mission, the PVA 119th Division, 40th Corps would first attack Somin-dong to prevent the Americans from reinforcing the ROK.[86] The 120th Division would then fight its way across the Ch'ongch'on River and tie down the bulk of the US 2nd Infantry Division.[86] Finally, the 118th Division would flank the Americans from the west and capture Kujang-dong from the rear.[86]

On the night of the counteroffensive, the PVA 120th Division first accidentally stumbled upon the US 9th Infantry Regiment on the northern bank of the Ch'ongch'on River.[86][87] The surprise encounter between the two sides soon left the 9th Infantry Regiment with only three rifle companies combat effective.[88] Unaware that the 1st Battalion of the US 23rd Infantry Regiment had pulled up behind the US 61st Field Artillery Battalion,[89] four Sharp Sword Companies from the PVA 359th Regiment, 120th Division proceeded to cross the river and attacked the US artillery positions.[86] Although the 61st Battalion was routed by surprise,[89] the US 23rd Infantry Regiment quickly knocked out two of the unsuspecting PVA companies.[86][90] The surviving PVA troops drifted eastward and occupied a hill named Chinaman's Hat,[86] enabling them to overlook the entire 23rd Infantry Regiment's positions.[91]

While the PVA 120th Division commenced its attack on the US 2nd Infantry Division's center, the PVA 119th Division was also trying to drive a wedge between Kujang-dong and Tokchon.[86] In a series of confusing battles between the PVA 119th Division and the US 38th Infantry Regiment, the patrolling A Company, 38th Infantry Regiment was first splintered under Chinese attacks.[92] Adding to the confusion, Chinese reconnaissance teams lured the US forces into exposing their positions,[93] and the resulting PVA counter-fire caused the loss of the G Company on the 38th Infantry Regiment's center.[94] The PVA had also penetrated the 38th Infantry Regiment's left flank, blocking the regiment's retreat route in the process.[95] By the morning of November 26, PVA troops were observed all around the 38th Infantry Regiment.[96]

The PVA promptly withdrew as the morning came on November 26, and a counterattack by the 38th Infantry Regiment later reopened the road to the rear.[95] When the ROK 3rd Infantry Regiment, 7th Infantry Division suddenly appeared in the 38th Infantry Regiment's sector, Regimental commander Colonel George B. Peploe realized the right flank of the US 2nd Infantry Division and the entire Eighth Army had collapsed.[97] Under orders from Major General Laurence B. Keiser, commander of the US 2nd Infantry Division, Colonel Peploe immediately took command of the ROK 3rd Infantry Regiment while trying to refuse his right flank.[97] At the same time, Colonel Paul L. Freeman of the 23rd Infantry Regiment had also tried to lead his regiment to capture Chinaman's Hat, but without much success.[98]

The PVA renewed their attacks on the night of November 26. A counterattack from Chinaman's Hat soon captured the 23rd Infantry Regiment's command post.[99] On the 23rd Infantry Regiment's left, the 9th Infantry Regiment's G Company was also overrun by the attacking PVA forces, forcing Colonel Charles C. Sloane Jr. to withdraw the remnants of his regiment across the river.[88] PVA ambushes in the rear then decimated the rest of the 9th Infantry Regiment.[100] To the US 2nd Infantry Division's right, Commander Wen Yuchen of PVA 40th Corps ordered the 119th Division to destroy the 38th Infantry Regiment in order to protect the PVA breakthrough on the UN right flank.[101] The ferocious fighting soon forced the 38th Infantry Regiment to fight its way back to Kujang-dong in order to rejoin the division.[102]

Although Walker did not cancel the Home-by-Christmas Offensive on November 27, Keiser ordered his division to withdraw to Kujang-dong.[81] Before Keiser's order was complete on November 28, Walker instructed Major General John B. Coulter of IX Corps to set up a new defensive line at Kunu-ri — 20 mi (32 km) south of the US 2nd Infantry Division.[103] Full scale retreat of the Division started on the night of November 27, with the PVA attacking everywhere.[104] As the division's convoy tried to move south, they were met with machine gun and mortar fire from numerous PVA roadblocks in the rear.[105] PVA bazooka teams had also knocked out several vehicles while others were trying to swarm the tanks and to lob grenades into their hatches.[106] With some losses, the US 2nd Infantry Division broke through the PVA 118th Division's blockade and arrived at Kunu-ri on the night of November 28.[86][107]

Actions at Ipsok edit

 
Soldiers from the Chinese 39th Corps pursue the US 25th Infantry Division

For the Home-by-Christmas Offensive, US 25th Infantry Division of IX Corps advanced on the left of the US 2nd Infantry Division along the Kuryong River, one of the northern tributaries of the Ch'ongch'on River.[108] On November 24, the 25th Infantry Division started its offensive at the city of Yongbyon, south of Ipsok.[109] To lead the offensive, five companies of infantry, armor and artillery were drawn from the 25th Infantry Division to form a special task force named Task Force Dolvin.[110] With Task Force Dolvin leading the offensive on the eastern bank of the Kuryong River, the US 24th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division was placed on division's right to maintain contact with the 2nd Division,[108] while the US 35th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division was on the western bank of the river advancing from Yongsan-dong to Unsan.[111] The 27th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division was located in the division's rear as reserves.[112]

Because of the earlier UN defeat at the Battle of Unsan, the US 25th Infantry Division expected to encounter heavy PVA resistance during its advance.[108] But the PVA screening forces withdrew with the US forces advance.[113] Aside from the harassing fire, the US 25th Infantry Division did not encounter strong resistance along the way.[114] Ipsok was captured by Task Force Dolvin on November 24, and several American POWs from the Unsan battle were also recovered at the town.[113] When Task Force Dolvin proceeded to capture a series of hills north of Ipsok on the next day,[115] PVA resistance started to stiffen.[116] During the hill battles on the afternoon of November 25, the Eighth Army Ranger Company of Task Force Dolvin suffered heavy losses against the Chinese defenses,[117] and the task force stopped its advance at dusk.[116]

While the US 25th Infantry Division was advancing, the opposing PVA 39th Corps was waiting for instructions from the PVA High Command.[118] But the PVA still conducted a series of probing actions against the American positions on the night of November 25. The PVA patrols soon destroyed the rest of the Ranger Company,[119] while numerous PVA reconnaissance teams disguised as US forces infiltrated Task Force Dolvin's positions.[120] On the right of Task Force Dolvin, the mountainous terrains scattered US 24th Infantry Regiment while blocking most of its radio transmissions.[121] Upon learning of the destruction of the Ranger Company, Major General William B. Kean of the US 25th Infantry Division sent the 2nd Battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment to reinforce Task Force Dolvin.[122] He also sent the assistant division commander Brigadier General Vennard Wilson to command of the task force, renaming the task force Task Force Wilson.[123]

After the successful attack against the Eighth Army's right flank, the PVA High Command gave the go ahead for the 39th Corps to attack the US 25th Infantry Division on November 26.[118] The PVA 115th Division of the 39th Corps was immediately mobilized for an assault against Task Force Wilson and the US 24th Infantry Regiment, while the 116th and 117th Division were moving to attack Ipsok and to cut the American retreat route.[124] The crushing attack soon left the task force decimated and reeling.[125] The PVA 347th Regiment of the 115th Division first met the C Company on the task force's center,[124] and after the sharp encounter most of the C Company's men were missing in action.[126][nb 4] On the right flank, the 115th Division attacked the task force's B Company.[124] Met with waves of PVA suicide bombers, the B Company was reduced to 26 soldiers out of the original 200.[126] Some PVA snipers and infiltrators even managed to reach Task Force Wilson's command post, resulting in the death of the task force's executive officer.[127] As the entire task force's line collapsing, the E Company sleeping at the task force's rear was pushed to the front line.[126] Although the tank fire from the E Company stopped the Chinese advance,[128] the company was reduced to just one platoon after the battle.[129] PVA forces in the rear had also attacked the task force's artillery at Ipsok, preventing fire support during the night.[130] In the aftermath of the night battle, the task force found itself surrounded, and the PVA troops were chanting in all directions against the US forces.[131] When Wilson tried to evacuate the wounded, PVA roadblocks ambushed the medical convoy just south of the 2nd Battalion's perimeter.[132]

With only the 2nd Battalion of Task Force Wilson remaining combat effective on the morning of November 27, Wilson ordered the task force to withdraw to Ipsok.[129] Under heavy air cover,[133] the 2nd Battalion broke through PVA 348th Regiment's roadblock and reached Ipsok on the afternoon.[124][133] Meanwhile, the US 24th Infantry Regiment had lost contact with most of its units, and the regiment commander Colonel John T. Corley could only collect one battalion from his regiment on the morning of November 27.[112][nb 5] On November 28, Walker shifted US I Corps eastward by attaching the US 25th Infantry Division to US I Corps, while ordering the 25th Infantry Division to withdraw to the Ch'ongch'on River.[82][134] With the US 35th Infantry Regiment rejoining the 25th Infantry Division after the battle at Yongsan-dong,[135] the 25th Infantry Division withdrew south and Task Force Wilson was dissolved by Kean on November 28.[134]

Actions at Yongsan-dong edit

 
US tanks and infantry attack toward the Yalu River in November 1950.

After an extensive refit in the aftermath of the Unsan battle, the ROK 1st Infantry Division was placed on the US I Corps right flank at Yongsan-dong on November 20.[136] As part of the Home-by-Christmas Offensive, the Division was to advance north and to capture the town of Taechon[137] while the US 35th Infantry Regiment, 25th Infantry Division was advancing north from Yongsan-dong on the Korean right flank.[138] At the same time, the US 24th Infantry Division of US I Corps would advance towards Chongju on the ROK 1st Infantry Division's left flank.[137]

On the morning of November 24, the ROK 1st Infantry Division advanced towards the town of Taechon with its 11th and 12th Infantry Regiment on point.[137] Although PVA booby traps and mortar fire tried to delay the ROK forces along the way, the 1st Infantry Division still managed to envelop the town by the dusk of November 24.[137] But unknown to the ROK forces, the 1st Infantry Division was marching into a PVA assembly area, and the resistance around Taechon immediately increased as the result.[139] On the night of November 24, the defending PVA 66th Corps counterattacked the ROK forces with infantry and cavalry charges,[137][139] and the PVA and ROK troops were soon locked in a seesaw battle from November 25 to 26.[139]

As the battle around Taechon dragged into the night of November 26, the ROK 11th Infantry Regiment on the division's right became disorganized.[139] Brigadier General Paik Sun-yup of the ROK 1st Infantry Division soon brought up the 15th Infantry Regiment from his reserve to relieve the 11th Infantry Regiment.[139] After receiving news of the PVA attack against the 25th Division across the Kuryong River, Paik had also directed his division to defend against the PVA counteroffensive.[137] As the morning came on November 27, the PVA troops around Taechon did not stop their assault even under punishing UN air strikes, and some of the attacks spilled into US 24th Infantry Division's area.[140] Upon noticing their flank was buckling, the US 24th Infantry Division and the US 35th Infantry Regiment started the retreat southward to the Ch'ongch'on River.[141]

At 1 p.m. on November 27, Peng ordered the PVA 66th Corps to destroy the ROK 1st Infantry Division before they could retreat to the Ch'ongch'on River.[142] On the evening of November 27, the PVA 66th Corps launched a massive attack against the ROK 1st Infantry Division, the US 5th Regimental Combat Team of the 24th Infantry Division and the US 35th Infantry Regiment.[143] After midnight, the PVA attacks broke through the ROK lines and captured Yongsan-dong, resulting in the loss of the ROK 11th, 15th and US 35th Infantry Regiment's command posts.[144] The ROK 11th and 15th Infantry Regiment were soon scattered[145] while the retreating US 35th Infantry Regiment was blocked at Yongsan-dong with PVA forces attacking from behind.[146] Under heavy pressure, the US 35th Infantry Regiment fought its way through the town and rejoined the US 25th Division on the afternoon of November 28.[146] At the same time, Paik rallied the broken ROK regiments and recaptured Yongsan-dong.[145] The ROK 1st Infantry Division held the town against the subsequent PVA attacks until it withdrew from the battle on November 29.[147]

Actions at Kunu-ri edit

See also: Battle of Wawon
 
Map of Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River, November 28 – December 1, 1950

Kunu-ri is a crossroad village on the northern bank of the Kaechon River, one of Ch'ongch'on River's southern tributaries.[32] As the PVA counteroffensive grew in strength against the Eighth Army's center, Kunu-ri had become a major bottleneck for US IX Corps' retreat.[32] In an effort to stabilize the front on November 28, Walker ordered the US 2nd Infantry Division to retreat from Kujang-dong and to set up a new defensive line at Kunu-ri.[148] The importance of Kunu-ri was also noted by the Chinese, and on November 27, Peng instructed the PVA 38th Corps to cut the US IX Corps retreat route.[142] The PVA 114th Division of 38th Corps would capture Kunu-ri by marching westward on the road from Tokchon, while the PVA 112th Division would follow on a parallel route through the hills north of the road.[149]

With the US 2nd Infantry Division still engaged at Kujang-dong, Coulter ordered the Turkish Brigade in the IX Corps reserve to block the PVA advance.[150] On the night of November 27, the Turks took up defensive position at Wawon to the east of Kunu-ri.[151] They were soon met with the PVA 342nd Regiment, 114th Division.[149] The ensuing battle between the Chinese regiment and the brigade's advance battalion continued for much of the November 28, resulting in 400 Turkish casualties.[152][153] As dusk came on November 28, the Turkish Brigade tried to retreat 5 km (3.1 mi) west to Sinim-ri to set up stronger defensive positions, but the PVA 342nd Regiment caught up with the brigade and attacked its rear, completely surrounding the brigade.[152][154] With communications cut between the brigade and the Turkish headquarters,[152] the PVA 340th and the 342nd Regiment, 114th Division then fragmented the brigade during the night battle.[154][155] The trapped Turks broke out of the PVA encirclement on the morning of November 29 and the brigade was attached to the US 2nd Infantry Division.[156]

Although the Turkish Brigade was crippled by the PVA, its delaying action allowed the US 2nd Infantry Division to secure Kunu-ri on the night of November 28.[157] With the US 23rd Infantry Regiment setting up defensive positions to the north of Kunu-ri on the morning of November 29, the US 38th Infantry Regiment tried to occupy the hills to the northeast of Kunu-ri.[158] But the American soon found the PVA 112th Division had already occupied the hills.[158][159] The 38th Infantry Regiment was then forced to occupy a lower position at 1 mi (1.6 km) away from the Chinese.[158] At the same time, the remnants of the Turkish Brigade joined up with the US 38th Infantry Regiment, covering the regiment's right flank on the northern bank of the Kaechon River.[160]

 
Elements of the US 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion, part of the 2nd Infantry Division, fighting a rear-guard action at Kuni-ri

On the afternoon of November 28, MacArthur started to recognize that a crisis was growing in Korea.[161] With the start of the Battle of Chosin Reservoir on November 27, MacArthur gathered his field commanders, including Walker, for a conference in Tokyo.[162] During the conference, MacArthur learned about the situation on the Eighth Army's right flank and judged that the Eighth Army was in great danger.[163] He instructed Walker to withdraw from the battle before the Chinese could surround the Eighth Army.[164] After the conference at November 29, Walker ordered all Eighth Army units to retreat to a new line around Sunchon, 30 mi (48 km) south of Kunu-ri.[33]

Following Walker's orders, most of the Eighth Army's major units promptly broke contact with the Chinese and withdrew,[165] but the US 2nd Infantry Division was forced to stay at Kunu-ri in order to hold off the Chinese forces on the Eighth Army's right flank.[166] By the time the 2nd Infantry Division tried to withdraw on the night of November 29, the two PVA divisions attacked the US 38th Infantry Regiment. The PVA 112th Division first struck the 38th Infantry Regiment on the left flank,[167] but the American defenses held firm,[167] forcing the PVA to go on the defensive.[159] Meanwhile, the PVA 114th Division attacked the Turkish Brigade and the right flank of the 38th Infantry Regiment.[154] The Chinese outflanked the Turks by attacking along the southern bank of the Kaechon River, then crossed the river in the UN rear areas.[168] Upon noticing this development, Brigadier General Tahsin Yazıcı of the Turkish Brigade ordered a withdrawal,[168] leaving the right flank of the 38th Infantry Regiment completely uncovered.[167] By the dusk of November 29, the PVA had cut the road between the 38th Infantry Regiment and Kunu-ri,[169] and the Americans had to retreat by infiltrating the PVA lines.[170] At 04:00 on November 30, the 38th Infantry Regiment crossed the Kaechon River under the cover of the 23rd Infantry Regiment and Kunu-ri was under PVA control.[171]

The Gauntlet edit

 
Map of the retreat by US 2nd Infantry Division

In the aftermath of ROK II Corps' collapse on November 27, Peng immediately ordered the PVA 38th Corps to cut the road between Kunu-ri and Sunchon in the US IX Corps rear, while the PVA 42nd Corps would surround the entire Eighth Army by rushing south through Pukchang-ni and capture Sunchon.[142] At the same day, Walker shifted the Eighth Army's line eastward by attaching the US 1st Cavalry Division and the Anglo-Australian 27th Commonwealth Infantry Brigade to US IX Corps.[82] The US 1st Cavalry Division would contain the PVA breakthrough at Pukchang-ni,[172] while the 27th Commonwealth Brigade secured the road between Kunu-ri and Sunchon.[173]

With the new orders on November 28, the US 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division left Kunu-ri to rejoin the division to the northeast of Sunchon.[74] With the US 5th Cavalry Regiment absent and the 8th Cavalry Regiment still recovering from devastating losses from the battle at Unsan, Major General Hobart Gay of the US 1st Cavalry Division placed the US 7th Cavalry Regiment to the south of Pukchang-ni, behind the remnants of the ROK 6th Infantry Division.[174][175] Lacking reinforcements, the ROK 6th Infantry Division was quickly routed by the PVA 42nd Corps on the night of November 28.[154][176] PVA forces then attacked the 7th Cavalry Regiment under the cover of the fleeing Korean soldiers and refugees pouring into the American front.[177] Under Gay's order, the 7th Cavalry Regiment withdrew southwest to the town of Sinchang-ni on the morning of November 29, and the PVA resumed the drive southward.[178] A fierce battle between the PVA 125th Division and the 7th Cavalry Regiment broke out during the night of November 29, but by the morning of November 30 the PVA 42nd Corps' advance was halted.[179]

The PVA 38th Corps, on the other hand, was marching towards the Kunu-ri—Sunchon road virtually unopposed.[149] On 7 a.m. at November 28, the PVA 113th Division, 38th Corps occupied the town of Samso-ri,[149] placing it right in the path of the 5th Cavalry Regiment and besides the Kunu-ri—Sunchon road.[180] An hour and half later, the advance platoon from the 5th Cavalry Regiment was ambushed and destroyed.[172] With its advance blocked, the 5th Cavalry Regiment tried to dislodge the PVA garrison, but it was forced to turn back by the afternoon.[181]

The 113th Division then occupied the valley containing the Kunu-ri—Sunchon road at that night and blocked the retreat route of the US 2nd Infantry Division.[32][154] Upon receiving the news on November 29, 1st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment, part of 27th Brigade, tried to clear the valley from the south, but the attack was halted due to the lack of heavy weapons.[182]

One of the first victims of the new PVA roadblock was a convoy from the Turkish Brigade, and it was ambushed on the night of November 28.[183] A military police patrol was sent to investigate, but most of its members were killed by the morning.[184] With the battle still raging at Kunu-ri, the news of the PVA roadblock reached the US 2nd Infantry Division on November 29.[184] Keiser sent the Reconnaissance Company and the remnants of the 9th Infantry Regiment to dislodge the Chinese, but the roadblock held firm even with a platoon of tanks attacking it.[183] With the battle at Kunu-ri ended by the night of November 29, the PVA 112th Division joined the 113th Division[185] and the roadblock grew to 6 mi (9.7 km) in depth.[186]

"For the next 500 yards the road was temporarily impassable because of the numerous burning vehicles and the pile up of the dead men, coupled with the rush of the wounded from the ditches, struggling to get aboard anything that rolled...either there would be bodies in our way, or we would almost borne down by wounded men who literally throw themselves upon us...I squeezed [a wounded ROK soldier] into our trailer. But as I put him aboard, other wounded men piled on the trailer in such number that the Jeep couldn't pull ahead. It was necessary to beat them off."
Lieutenant Colonel William Kelleher of the US 1st Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment describing the carnage at the Gauntlet[187]

The 2nd Infantry Division, however, did not know the strength of the roadblock on the night of November 29.[166] At the same time, the US 25th Infantry Division Military Police mistakenly reported that the alternative retreat route from Kunu-ri to Anju was also blocked by PVA.[186] Later, Coulter ordered Keiser to withdraw by breaking the roadblock with the 27th Commonwealth Brigade.[188] On the early morning of November 30, Keiser made the decision to withdraw through the valley.[189]

On the morning of November 30, the 9th Infantry Regiment led the withdrawal by attacking the roadblock. Four tanks were first sent down the road and the PVA held their fire.[190] Encouraged by this development, Colonel Sloane ordered the 9th Infantry Regiment to press forward, but PVA machine gun and mortar fire immediately stopped the advance at 9 a.m.[190] The ROK 3rd Infantry Regiment attached to the 2nd Infantry Division was sent to reinforce the US 9th Infantry Regiment, but it was routed by friendly fire.[191][192] With no contacts between the American commands and the British units,[193] the Middlesex Regiment advanced to the south end of the valley without attacking the roadblock.[194] Believing that the roadblock was short and the British were attacking up the road,[195] Keiser ordered the 2nd Infantry Division to run through the blockade at 10:00.[196]

As the 2nd Infantry Division entered the valley, later known as the "Gauntlet",[2] the PVA machine guns delivered punishing fire while mortar shells saturated the road.[197] The length of the roadblock caught the 2nd Infantry Division by surprise,[198] and the road was soon filled with wrecked vehicles and wounded and dead soldiers.[199] Those who tried to take cover in the ditches were promptly left behind by the convoy rushing south, and unit cohesion instantly evaporated.[198] During the day, the air cover tried to suppress the PVA positions with some success, but with no air cover at night, the PVA attack intensified.[198] Finally, the PVA blocked the road completely by destroying the US 38th and 503rd Artillery Battalion of the 2nd Infantry Division,[200] and the immobilized artillery pieces forced the rest of the division to abandon all vehicles and to retreat by hiking through the hills.[198][200] At the rear of the division, Colonel Freeman attempted to save his 23rd Infantry Regiment by retreating through the Kunu-ri—Anju road.[201] In one of the last acts of the battle, the 23rd Infantry Regiment fired off its stock of 3,206 artillery shells within 20 minutes,[199] and the massive barrage shocked the PVA troops from following the regiment.[202] The last stragglers from the US 2nd Infantry Division finally arrived at Sunchon on December 1, and by December 2 the Eighth Army had completely lost contact with the Chinese.[203]

Aftermath edit

 
Map of US Eighth Army retreat, December 1–23, 1950.

In the aftermath of the battle, US Eighth Army's casualty number exceeded 11,000 in the first count.[8] A large number of documents, including all records from the US 2nd Infantry Division and the US 24th Infantry Regiment, were lost during the battle, and this made it difficult for historians to either analyze the events in detail or to assess the exact battle damage and losses incurred.[204] However, it was later approximated that the US 2nd Infantry Division had suffered 4,037 casualties, and most of its artillery pieces, 40 percent of its signal equipment, 45 percent of its crew-served weapons, and 30 percent of its vehicles were lost during the battle.[205] Another figure even demonstrated a much worse situation for the 2nd Infantry Division; a count rendered on 1 December listed 2nd Division battle casualties at 4,940 for the last half of November; of these, 90 percent had been incurred since November 25. When reconciled with non-battle casualties, replacements, and returnees, the battle losses left the division 8,662 men short of authorized strength, or 4,731 men short of the Division's actual strength on 15 November. The 1st Cavalry took over the line originally assigned to the 2nd Division.[3] Thus, the US 2nd Infantry Division was deemed to be crippled,[206] and Keiser was relieved from command by the end of the battle.[207] The other US unit that had reported significant losses was the US 25th Infantry Division with 1,313 casualties.[208] The Turkish Brigade had also reported 936 casualties with 90 percent equipment, 90 percent vehicle and 50 percent artillery losses,[209] and the brigade was rendered combat ineffective.[172] The ROK casualties could not be estimated due to the complete absence of South Korean records during the first half of the Korean War,[210] but according to Paik, the ROK II Corps' headquarters was forced to disband in the aftermath of the battle.[211] As for PVA losses, Peng estimated 45,000 casualties by the end of the battle,[212] and the official Chinese history attributed approximately 20,000 casualties to combat, while the rest were attributed to the lack of adequate winter clothing and the lack of food.[213] For its role in setting up the Gauntlet against the US 2nd Infantry Division, the PVA 38th Corps was awarded the title "Ten Thousand Years Corps" by Peng on December 1, 1950.[214]

With the US 2nd Infantry Division, the Turkish Brigade and ROK II Corps out of action, the US Eighth Army was reduced to just two corps, composed of four divisions and two brigades.[215] Meanwhile, the over-extended Chinese logistics system had also left the victorious PVA 13th Army half-starved and incapable of any further offensive operations.[216][217] But during the chaotic UN retreats, no reconnaissance was conducted to determine the state of the Chinese forces.[3] As a result, Walker ordered the Eighth Army to abandon North Korea on December 3,[215][218] much to the surprise of the PVA commanders.[219] The following 120 mi (190 km) withdrawal to the 38th Parallel is often referred to as "the longest retreat in US military history."[220][221][222] Aside from extremely low morale after the battle, the entire Eighth Army was also gripped with "bug out fever" during the retreat,[223] and a song called the "Bug-Out Boogie" was composed to commemorate the Eighth Army's defeat.[224] Walker died two days before the Christmas of 1950 when a truck driven by a ROK soldier collided with his jeep, and Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway assumed the command of the US Eighth Army.[225] At the UN, all hopes for a unified Korea were abandoned, and a ceasefire at the 38th Parallel was proposed to China on December 11, 1950.[226]

Having decisively won the battle and once again turned the tide of the war in favor of the Communists,[2] the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River represented the peak of the Chinese military's performance in Korea.[227] However, Mao interpreted the UN ceasefire as a weakness that China should further exploit.[228] Against advice from Peng and other senior military leaders,[228] Mao ordered the PVA to invade South Korea—a mission that was beyond the Chinese military's abilities while breaking the fragile Chinese supply lines.[227] Recognizing the Chinese difficulties,[217] Ridgway then led the Eighth Army to inflict severe losses on the PVA during the Chinese offensives of 1951.[12]

See also edit

Notes edit

Footnotes
  1. ^ This is the total US army casualty number between November 25 to December 15, 1950, minus the numbers from the 3rd and the 7th Infantry Division at the Chosin Reservoir. See Ecker 2005, p. 62.
  2. ^ In Chinese military nomenclature, the term "Army" (军) means Corps, while the term "Army Group" (集团军) means Army.
  3. ^ The eastern half of the offensive was the Battle of Chosin Reservoir.
  4. ^ Official Chinese history claimed that 115 black soldiers from Task Force Wilson's C Company were captured intact as a unit, but military historian Roy Appleman believed that those soldiers were from the missing C Company of the US 24th Infantry Regiment. See Appleman 1989, p. 139.
  5. ^ The other two battalions of the US 24th Infantry Regiment drifted into the US 9th and 27th Infantry Regiment's sectors after heavy PVA attacks, and both battalions were attached to other regiments for the rest of the battle. How those two battalions became separated from the 24th Infantry Regiment is unclear due to the communication breakdown and the loss of all records. See Appleman 1989, p 142.
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References edit

  • Alexander, Bevin R. (1986), Korea: The First War We Lost, New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc, ISBN 978-0-87052-135-5
  • Appleman, Roy (1989), Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront MacArthur, vol. 11, College Station: Texas A and M University Military History Series, ISBN 978-1-60344-128-5
  • Appleman, Roy (1992), , Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, ISBN 0-16-035958-9, archived from the original on 2019-10-18, retrieved 2010-04-24   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  • Chae, Han Kook; Chung, Suk Kyun; Yang, Yong Cho (2001), Yang, Hee Wan; Lim, Won Hyok; Sims, Thomas Lee; Sims, Laura Marie; Kim, Chong Gu; Millett, Allan R. (eds.), The Korean War, vol. II, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-7795-3
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Further reading edit

  • Marshall, S.L.A. (1982). The River and the Gauntlet: Defeat of the Eighth Army by the Chinese Communist forces, November, 1950, in the Battle of the Chongchon River, Korea. Des Moines, IA: Time-Life Books. ISBN 0-8094-3845-3.
  • Spurr, Russell (1988). Enter the Dragon: China's Undeclared War Against the U.S. in Korea 1950–51. New York: Newmarket Press. ISBN 1-55704-008-7.

January 01, 1970
battle, ongch, river, part, korean, warchinese, forces, overrun, position, datenovember, december, 1950, locationch, ongch, river, north, korea39, kunu, resultchinese, victory, territorialchangessouth, korean, forces, withdraw, retreat, seoul, inchon, regains,. Battle of the Ch ongch on River 1 Part of the Korean WarChinese forces overrun a UN position DateNovember 25 December 2 1950 1 LocationCh ongch on River North Korea39 42 N 125 53 E 39 700 N 125 883 E 39 700 125 883 Kunu ri ResultChinese victory 2 TerritorialchangesSouth Korean and UN forces withdraw retreat to Seoul and Inchon KPA regains control of all areas north of the 38th Parallel 3 BelligerentsUnited Nations United States Turkey United Kingdom South Korea ChinaCommanders and leadersDouglas MacArthur Walton H Walker John B Coulter Laurence B Keiser Yu Jae hung 1 Paik Sun yup Tahsin Yazici 1 Basil Aubrey Coad 4 Mao Zedong Peng Dehuai Han XianchuUnits involvedI Corps 1 1st Cavalry Division 1st ROK Infantry Division 24th Infantry Division IX Corps 2nd Infantry Division 25th Infantry Division 27th Commonwealth Brigade Turkish Brigade II Corps 6th ROK Infantry Division 7th ROK Infantry Division 8th ROK Infantry Division US Fifth Air Force 1 38th Corps 1 112th Division 1 113th Division 1 114th Division 1 39th Corps 1 115th Division 1 116th Division 1 117th Division 1 40th Corps 1 118th Division 1 119th Division 1 120th Division 1 42nd Corps 1 124th Division 1 125th Division 1 126th Division 1 50th Corps 1 148th Division 1 149th Division 1 150th Division 1 66th Corps 1 196th Division 1 197th Division 1 198th Division 1 Strength254 571 5 230 000 6 7 1 Casualties and lossesTotal 11 000 8 Chinese estimation 23 000 1 676 killed3 034 wounded2 055 captured 9 1 nb 1 813 missing 218 killed455 wounded 10 94 missingTotal 45 000 1 Chinese estimation 20 000 battle casualties 1 class notpageimage Location within North Korea The Battle of the Ch ongch on River Chinese 清川江战役 pinyin Qingchuanjiang Zhanyi also known as the Battle of the Ch ongch on was a decisive battle in the Korean War that took place from November 25 to December 2 1950 along the Ch ongch on River Valley in the northwestern part of North Korea In response to the successful Chinese First Phase Campaign against the United Nations UN forces General Douglas MacArthur launched the Home by Christmas Offensive to expel the Chinese forces from Korea and to end the war Anticipating this reaction the Chinese People s Volunteer Army PVA Commander Peng Dehuai planned a counteroffensive dubbed the Second Phase Campaign against the advancing UN forces Hoping to repeat the success of the earlier First Phase Campaign the PVA 13th Army nb 2 first launched a series of surprise attacks along the Ch ongch on River Valley on the night of November 25 1950 at the western half of the Second Phase Campaign nb 3 Chinese 第二次战役西线 pinyin Di erci Zhanyi Xixian effectively destroying the Eighth United States Army s right flank while allowing PVA forces to move rapidly into UN rear areas In the subsequent battles and withdrawals from November 26 to December 2 1950 although the Eighth Army managed to avoid being surrounded by PVA forces the PVA 13th Army were still able to inflict heavy losses onto the retreating UN forces which had lost all cohesion In the aftermath of the battle the Eighth Army s heavy losses forced all UN forces to retreat from North Korea to the 38th Parallel Contents 1 Background 2 Prelude 2 1 Location terrain and weather 2 2 Forces and strategies 3 Battle 3 1 Actions at Tokchon and Yongdong ni 3 2 Actions at Kujang dong 3 3 Actions at Ipsok 3 4 Actions at Yongsan dong 3 5 Actions at Kunu ri 3 6 The Gauntlet 4 Aftermath 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further readingBackground edit nbsp Map of Chinese First Phase Campaign October 25 November 1 1950 Well if they go fast enough maybe some of them can be home by Christmas General Douglas MacArthur 11 In the wake of the UN forces successful landing at Inchon the breakout from the Pusan Perimeter and the subsequent destruction of the Korean People s Army KPA during September 1950 the Eighth United States Army crossed the 38th Parallel and advanced rapidly towards the Sino Korean border 12 Alarmed by this development Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong ordered the PVA to intervene in Korea and to launch the First Phase Campaign against the UN forces 13 Between October 25 and November 4 1950 the PVA 13th Army surprised and defeated the Republic of Korea Army ROK II Corps and the US 1st Cavalry Division in a series of battles around Onjong and Unsan destroying the right flank of the US Eighth Army while forcing the UN forces to retreat back to the Ch ongch on River 14 Although PVA forces were able to break through the UN line logistics difficulties forced the PVA to withdraw on November 5 1950 15 Despite the success of the PVA First Phase Campaign the UN planners still believed that China had not intervened in Korea on a large scale 16 The suddenness of the PVA withdrawal in the face of a victory further reinforced this belief 17 Working on the assumption that only 30 000 PVA troops could remain hidden in the hills 18 General Douglas MacArthur ordered the bombing of the bridges over the Yalu River in an effort to cut off PVA reinforcements 19 Confident that the UN air forces could detect and disrupt any troop movements across the Yalu River MacArthur launched the Home by Christmas Offensive on November 24 to rout the remaining PVA and KPA forces and to end the Korean War 20 Unknown to the UN planners however there were already 180 000 PVA troops stationed in Korea with more reinforcements infiltrating across the border 21 Although the PVA was ordered to maintain a defensive posture in North Korea until Soviet weapons could arrive in the spring of 1951 22 its earlier successes convinced the Chinese leadership that the PVA was capable of turning the tide of UN advance 23 Encouraged by the fact that the UN did not know their true numbers PVA Commander Peng Dehuai outlined the Second Phase Campaign a counteroffensive aimed at pushing the UN forces back to a line halfway between Ch ongch on River and Pyongyang 6 As a part of a deception plan to further reinforce the weak appearance of PVA forces Peng ordered all units to rapidly retreat north while releasing POWs along the way 24 With 230 000 troops at his disposal and another 150 000 heading to the Chosin Reservoir 6 Peng authorized the start of the Second Phase Campaign on November 22 1950 25 Prelude editLocation terrain and weather edit The battle was fought along the UN front line around the Ch ongch on River and its tributaries 26 which is located 50 mi 80 km south of the Sino Korean border 27 The UN front line stretched from the Korean west coast to the Taebaek Mountains in central Korea 28 while the Ch ongch on River crosses into the north of the UN line at the town of Kujang dong 29 From west to east a series of towns such as Chongju Yongsan dong Ipsok Kujang dong Tokchon and Yongwon dot the front line 30 and connecting those towns are a series of road junctions located at Sinanju Anju Kunu ri and Pukchang ni 31 A road runs south from Kunu ri into Sunchon and eventually into Pyongyang and it would later become the main retreat route for the UN forces stationed at the center of the front line 32 The hilly terrain on the northern bank of the Ch ongch on River formed a defensive barrier that allowed the Chinese to hide their presence while dispersing the advancing UN forces 33 The battle was also fought during one of the coldest Korean winters in 100 years 34 with temperatures dropping to as low as 30 F 34 C 35 Forces and strategies edit nbsp Map of Battle of the Ch ongch on River November 25 28 1950 Acting on MacArthur s instructions General Walton Walker of the Eighth Army started the Home by Christmas Offensive at 10 00 on November 24 1950 36 With a reconstituted ROK II Corps placed on the Eighth Army s right flank the advance was led by US I Corps to the west US IX Corps in the center and ROK II Corps to the east 37 The three UN Corps advanced cautiously in a continuous front line in order to prevent more ambushes similar to the PVA First Phase Campaign 37 but the lack of manpower stretched the UN forces to the limit 37 Except for the strong PVA resistance against ROK II Corps the Eighth Army met little opposition and the line between Chongju to Yongwon was occupied on the night of the November 25 38 Despite the lack of manpower the US Eighth Army had three and half times the firepower of the opposing PVA KPA forces 39 The US Fifth Air Force which was responsible for the air support also had little opposition due to the lack of anti aircraft weapons by the PVA KPA 40 Boosted by a Thanksgiving feast with roasted turkeys on the eve of the advance the morale was high among the UN ranks and home by Christmas and Germany by spring was in everyone s mind 41 The high morale however caused a degradation of troop discipline and most of the soldiers had discarded their equipment and ammunition supply before the battle A rifle company from the US IX Corps for example started its advance with most of the helmets and bayonets thrown away and there were on average less than one grenade and 50 rounds of ammunition carried per man 42 Because the UN planners did not foresee that the war would be dragged into a winter campaign all elements of the Eighth Army started the offensive with a shortage of winter clothing 36 As a main objective one of the units must fight its way rapidly around the enemy and cut off their rear Route of attack must avoid highways and flat terrain in order to keep tanks and artillery from hindering the attack operations Night warfare in mountainous terrain must have a definite plan and liaison between platoon commands Small leading patrol groups attack and then sound the bugle A large number will at that time follow in column Chinese operation principles for the Second Phase Campaign 43 44 While the Eighth Army was advancing the PVA 13th Army was hiding in the mountains with the 50th and 66th Corps to the west the 39th and the 40th Corps in the center and the 38th and 42nd Corps to the east 7 Anticipating the UN advances the PVA planned a series of counterattacks to catch the Eighth Army off guard 6 Hoping to repeat the success of the earlier First Phase Campaign the 38th and 42nd Corps would first attack ROK II Corps and destroy the UN right flank then cut behind the UN lines 45 At the same time the 39th and 40th Corps would hold US IX Corps in place while preventing any reinforcements to ROK II Corps 46 The 50th and 66th Corps would stay behind and check the advances of the US I Corps 46 Although the PVA 13th Army had a nominal strength of 230 000 men 7 its actual strength during the battle could be as low as 150 000 men 26 The PVA 66th Corps for example had only 6 600 men per division at the start of the battle 47 as opposed to the expected 10 000 men per division 48 There was also only one firearm available for every three soldiers and the rest were employed as grenade throwers 40 Because most of the Chinese howitzers and guns were left behind in Manchuria mortars were the only artillery support available for the PVA 40 For the counteroffensive the average soldier was issued with only five days worth of rations and ammunition and resupply could only be obtained by scavenging on the battlefield 49 To compensate for its shortcomings the PVA relied extensively on night attacks and infiltrations in order to avoid the UN firepower 50 The primitive logistics system had also allowed the PVA to maneuver over the rough hilly terrains thus enabled them to by pass the UN defenses and to surround the isolated UN positions 51 52 Because the Chinese had captured large numbers of Nationalist weapons during the Chinese Civil War most of the PVA men used US made small arms such as the Thompson submachine gun the M1 Garand rifle the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle the bazooka and the M2 mortar 53 Battle editAs the US Eighth Army stopped its advance on the afternoon of November 25 1950 the PVA 13th Army commenced the Second Phase Campaign 54 A massive frontal attack was launched against the entire UN line from Yongsan dong to Yongdong ni 55 To the west the ROK 1st Infantry Division of US I Corps was attacked by the PVA 66th Corps at Yongsan dong In the center strong probing actions by the PVA 39th and 40th Corps were carried out against US IX Corps at Ipsok and Kujang dong In the east the PVA 38th and 42nd Corps broke through ROK II Corps line at Tokchon and Yongdong ni The Home by Christmas Offensive was completely stalled on the morning of November 26 56 Actions at Tokchon and Yongdong ni edit nbsp Chinese soldiers setting up an ambush against retreating UN forces In the aftermath of the Battle of Onjong the Chinese recognized ROK II Corps as the most vulnerable unit of the Eighth Army 45 Besides lacking the firepower of their US counterpart 39 the Corps also held the most difficult terrain on the UN right flank 45 At 10 00 on November 24 the ROK 7th Infantry Division on the II Corps left flank attacked north from Tokchon 57 At the same time the ROK 8th Infantry Division on the II Corps right flank advanced north from Yongdong ni 58 but their advance was halted by the PVA 38th and 42nd Corps stubborn resistance The continuous fighting for the next two days failed to create any gains for the ROK 59 During the advances the PVA defenses managed to create a wedge in the center of the ROK 7th Infantry Division forcing the division to commit most of its reserves on the front line 60 Meanwhile the ROK 6th Infantry Division in the II Corps rear could only offer its 2nd Infantry Regiment as the Corps reserve due to the earlier losses at Onjong 61 As the ROK were preparing their defensive positions on the dusk of November 25 the two PVA corps were mobilizing for a decisive counterattack against the Eighth Army s right flank 54 The PVA 38th Corps planned to attack in full force against the ROK 7th Infantry Division s center and right flank while two divisions from the 42nd Corps started to march through the hills in order to bypass the ROK 8th Infantry Division s right flank 62 Given the importance of this assault Han Xianchu one of Peng s deputies personally commanded the 38th and 42nd Corps for the rest of the battle 63 The PVA 38th Corps landed the first blow against ROK II Corps at 17 00 on November 25 64 Aided by total surprise the PVA 113th Division 38th Corps first shattered the ROK 7th Infantry Division s Reconnaissance Company on the division s right flank 65 66 creating a 0 5 mi 800 m gap between the ROK 7th and 8th Infantry Division 64 Simultaneously the PVA 114th Division 38th Corps attacked the center right of the ROK 7th Infantry Division pushing the ROK 5th and 8th Infantry Regiment back in the process 66 67 When the ROK 7th Infantry Division s center and right were in complete chaos the PVA 112th and the 113th Division 38th Corps slipped past the UN lines and advanced towards Tokchon 63 With only one battalion in reserve to check the PVA divisions the Tokchon garrison and the ROK 7th Infantry Division headquarters were soon surrounded and attacked by the two PVA divisions at 16 00 on November 26 63 68 Under heavy pressures from the PVA 114th Division the ROK 5th and 8th Infantry Regiment tried to fall back to Tokchon but PVA ambushes in the rear scattered the unsuspecting ROK troops 68 On the afternoon of November 26 Tokchon was captured by the PVA 69 and the ROK 3rd Infantry Regiment on the ROK 7th Infantry Division s left flank drifted westward and joined the US 2nd Infantry Division 58 While the ROK 7th Infantry Division was being annihilated at Tokchon by the PVA 38th Corps the ROK 8th Infantry Division was also being routed at Yongdong ni by the PVA 42nd Corps With the PVA 125th Division tying down the ROK 10th and 21st Infantry Regiment at Yongdong ni 70 the 124th and the 126th Division tried to infiltrate the ROK 8th Infantry Division s rear by marching through the hills east of Yongdong ni 71 At 13 00 on November 25 the ROK 16th Infantry Regiment to the ROK 8th Infantry Division s rear spotted the two PVA divisions at Maengsan 20 km 12 mi south of Yongdong ni 70 Surprised by this development the ROK 8th Infantry Division ordered the 16th Infantry Regiment to block the PVA advance while the ROK 10th and 21st Infantry Regiment were retreating from Yongdong ni 72 But before the order could be carried out the PVA struck first after learning their trap had been discovered 71 As the ROK 10th and 21st Infantry Regiment were retreating from Yongdong ni early in the morning of November 26 the PVA 125th Division ambushed both ROK regiments forcing the Koreans to abandon their heavy equipment and to scatter into the hills 73 Meanwhile following the bonfires made by the Koreans for the cold weather 74 the PVA 124th Division overran a battalion from the ROK 16th Infantry Regiment and attacked the ROK 8th Infantry Division s command post at Maengsan 75 With the entire division dispersed the ROK 8th Infantry Division headquarters and the ROK 16th Infantry Regiment broke out of Maengsan on November 27 and retreated from the battlefield 76 During the chaos of the battle Major General Yu Jae hung of ROK II Corps did not receive news from the front line until midnight of November 25 five hours after the Chinese had entered the ROK rear 77 Responding to the crisis Yu committed the ROK 2nd Infantry Regiment 6th Infantry Division to block the PVA divisions 65 As the 2nd Infantry Regiment marched towards the front on the morning of November 26 the PVA 113th Division intercepted the regiment and destroyed its command post scattering the ROK II Corps entire reserve in the process 66 78 With most of the ROK II Corps units destroyed by November 27 the UN right flank had fallen to the PVA 79 Although UN aerial reconnaissance observed on November 27 that the PVA forces on the UN right flank were moving rapidly into the Eighth Army s rear 80 Walker still ordered the rest of the Eighth Army to continue the offensive north 74 81 Convinced that the collapse of ROK II Corps was merely a small counterattack by the PVA 74 Walker ordered US I and IX Corps to shift eastward in order to cover ROK II Corps sector 82 By that time however US I and IX Corps had already suffered heavy losses from the Chinese counteroffensive at Kujang dong Ipsok and Yongsan dong Actions at Kujang dong edit nbsp Soldiers from the US 2nd Infantry Division in action during late November 1950 On the left of the ROK 7th Infantry Division of ROK II Corps the US 2nd Infantry Division of IX Corps was placed in the path of a major PVA supply line 83 During the Home by Christmas Offensive US 9th Infantry Regiment led the division s advance northward along the Ch ongch on River while the US 38th Infantry Regiment was placed on the division s right flank 84 The offensive started with little resistance although the 9th Infantry Regiment was stalled by PVA defenses at Hill 219 north of Kujang dong on November 25 83 In order to renew the offensive on the next day the 23rd Infantry Regiment US 2nd Infantry Division was moved into the rear of the 9th Infantry Regiment 83 At the same time the 38th Infantry Regiment had arrived at Somin dong a town on the road between Kujang dong and Tokchon 85 When the aerial reconnaissance detected an increase in PVA activities the 38th Infantry Regiment s A Company was sent on a patrol into Chinese territory 85 To ensure the success of the counterattack against ROK II Corps PVA 40th Corps was assigned the mission of protecting the PVA 38th Corps flank against the US 2nd Infantry Division 71 To accomplish this mission the PVA 119th Division 40th Corps would first attack Somin dong to prevent the Americans from reinforcing the ROK 86 The 120th Division would then fight its way across the Ch ongch on River and tie down the bulk of the US 2nd Infantry Division 86 Finally the 118th Division would flank the Americans from the west and capture Kujang dong from the rear 86 On the night of the counteroffensive the PVA 120th Division first accidentally stumbled upon the US 9th Infantry Regiment on the northern bank of the Ch ongch on River 86 87 The surprise encounter between the two sides soon left the 9th Infantry Regiment with only three rifle companies combat effective 88 Unaware that the 1st Battalion of the US 23rd Infantry Regiment had pulled up behind the US 61st Field Artillery Battalion 89 four Sharp Sword Companies from the PVA 359th Regiment 120th Division proceeded to cross the river and attacked the US artillery positions 86 Although the 61st Battalion was routed by surprise 89 the US 23rd Infantry Regiment quickly knocked out two of the unsuspecting PVA companies 86 90 The surviving PVA troops drifted eastward and occupied a hill named Chinaman s Hat 86 enabling them to overlook the entire 23rd Infantry Regiment s positions 91 While the PVA 120th Division commenced its attack on the US 2nd Infantry Division s center the PVA 119th Division was also trying to drive a wedge between Kujang dong and Tokchon 86 In a series of confusing battles between the PVA 119th Division and the US 38th Infantry Regiment the patrolling A Company 38th Infantry Regiment was first splintered under Chinese attacks 92 Adding to the confusion Chinese reconnaissance teams lured the US forces into exposing their positions 93 and the resulting PVA counter fire caused the loss of the G Company on the 38th Infantry Regiment s center 94 The PVA had also penetrated the 38th Infantry Regiment s left flank blocking the regiment s retreat route in the process 95 By the morning of November 26 PVA troops were observed all around the 38th Infantry Regiment 96 The PVA promptly withdrew as the morning came on November 26 and a counterattack by the 38th Infantry Regiment later reopened the road to the rear 95 When the ROK 3rd Infantry Regiment 7th Infantry Division suddenly appeared in the 38th Infantry Regiment s sector Regimental commander Colonel George B Peploe realized the right flank of the US 2nd Infantry Division and the entire Eighth Army had collapsed 97 Under orders from Major General Laurence B Keiser commander of the US 2nd Infantry Division Colonel Peploe immediately took command of the ROK 3rd Infantry Regiment while trying to refuse his right flank 97 At the same time Colonel Paul L Freeman of the 23rd Infantry Regiment had also tried to lead his regiment to capture Chinaman s Hat but without much success 98 The PVA renewed their attacks on the night of November 26 A counterattack from Chinaman s Hat soon captured the 23rd Infantry Regiment s command post 99 On the 23rd Infantry Regiment s left the 9th Infantry Regiment s G Company was also overrun by the attacking PVA forces forcing Colonel Charles C Sloane Jr to withdraw the remnants of his regiment across the river 88 PVA ambushes in the rear then decimated the rest of the 9th Infantry Regiment 100 To the US 2nd Infantry Division s right Commander Wen Yuchen of PVA 40th Corps ordered the 119th Division to destroy the 38th Infantry Regiment in order to protect the PVA breakthrough on the UN right flank 101 The ferocious fighting soon forced the 38th Infantry Regiment to fight its way back to Kujang dong in order to rejoin the division 102 Although Walker did not cancel the Home by Christmas Offensive on November 27 Keiser ordered his division to withdraw to Kujang dong 81 Before Keiser s order was complete on November 28 Walker instructed Major General John B Coulter of IX Corps to set up a new defensive line at Kunu ri 20 mi 32 km south of the US 2nd Infantry Division 103 Full scale retreat of the Division started on the night of November 27 with the PVA attacking everywhere 104 As the division s convoy tried to move south they were met with machine gun and mortar fire from numerous PVA roadblocks in the rear 105 PVA bazooka teams had also knocked out several vehicles while others were trying to swarm the tanks and to lob grenades into their hatches 106 With some losses the US 2nd Infantry Division broke through the PVA 118th Division s blockade and arrived at Kunu ri on the night of November 28 86 107 Actions at Ipsok edit nbsp Soldiers from the Chinese 39th Corps pursue the US 25th Infantry Division For the Home by Christmas Offensive US 25th Infantry Division of IX Corps advanced on the left of the US 2nd Infantry Division along the Kuryong River one of the northern tributaries of the Ch ongch on River 108 On November 24 the 25th Infantry Division started its offensive at the city of Yongbyon south of Ipsok 109 To lead the offensive five companies of infantry armor and artillery were drawn from the 25th Infantry Division to form a special task force named Task Force Dolvin 110 With Task Force Dolvin leading the offensive on the eastern bank of the Kuryong River the US 24th Infantry Regiment 25th Infantry Division was placed on division s right to maintain contact with the 2nd Division 108 while the US 35th Infantry Regiment 25th Infantry Division was on the western bank of the river advancing from Yongsan dong to Unsan 111 The 27th Infantry Regiment 25th Infantry Division was located in the division s rear as reserves 112 Because of the earlier UN defeat at the Battle of Unsan the US 25th Infantry Division expected to encounter heavy PVA resistance during its advance 108 But the PVA screening forces withdrew with the US forces advance 113 Aside from the harassing fire the US 25th Infantry Division did not encounter strong resistance along the way 114 Ipsok was captured by Task Force Dolvin on November 24 and several American POWs from the Unsan battle were also recovered at the town 113 When Task Force Dolvin proceeded to capture a series of hills north of Ipsok on the next day 115 PVA resistance started to stiffen 116 During the hill battles on the afternoon of November 25 the Eighth Army Ranger Company of Task Force Dolvin suffered heavy losses against the Chinese defenses 117 and the task force stopped its advance at dusk 116 While the US 25th Infantry Division was advancing the opposing PVA 39th Corps was waiting for instructions from the PVA High Command 118 But the PVA still conducted a series of probing actions against the American positions on the night of November 25 The PVA patrols soon destroyed the rest of the Ranger Company 119 while numerous PVA reconnaissance teams disguised as US forces infiltrated Task Force Dolvin s positions 120 On the right of Task Force Dolvin the mountainous terrains scattered US 24th Infantry Regiment while blocking most of its radio transmissions 121 Upon learning of the destruction of the Ranger Company Major General William B Kean of the US 25th Infantry Division sent the 2nd Battalion of the 27th Infantry Regiment to reinforce Task Force Dolvin 122 He also sent the assistant division commander Brigadier General Vennard Wilson to command of the task force renaming the task force Task Force Wilson 123 After the successful attack against the Eighth Army s right flank the PVA High Command gave the go ahead for the 39th Corps to attack the US 25th Infantry Division on November 26 118 The PVA 115th Division of the 39th Corps was immediately mobilized for an assault against Task Force Wilson and the US 24th Infantry Regiment while the 116th and 117th Division were moving to attack Ipsok and to cut the American retreat route 124 The crushing attack soon left the task force decimated and reeling 125 The PVA 347th Regiment of the 115th Division first met the C Company on the task force s center 124 and after the sharp encounter most of the C Company s men were missing in action 126 nb 4 On the right flank the 115th Division attacked the task force s B Company 124 Met with waves of PVA suicide bombers the B Company was reduced to 26 soldiers out of the original 200 126 Some PVA snipers and infiltrators even managed to reach Task Force Wilson s command post resulting in the death of the task force s executive officer 127 As the entire task force s line collapsing the E Company sleeping at the task force s rear was pushed to the front line 126 Although the tank fire from the E Company stopped the Chinese advance 128 the company was reduced to just one platoon after the battle 129 PVA forces in the rear had also attacked the task force s artillery at Ipsok preventing fire support during the night 130 In the aftermath of the night battle the task force found itself surrounded and the PVA troops were chanting in all directions against the US forces 131 When Wilson tried to evacuate the wounded PVA roadblocks ambushed the medical convoy just south of the 2nd Battalion s perimeter 132 With only the 2nd Battalion of Task Force Wilson remaining combat effective on the morning of November 27 Wilson ordered the task force to withdraw to Ipsok 129 Under heavy air cover 133 the 2nd Battalion broke through PVA 348th Regiment s roadblock and reached Ipsok on the afternoon 124 133 Meanwhile the US 24th Infantry Regiment had lost contact with most of its units and the regiment commander Colonel John T Corley could only collect one battalion from his regiment on the morning of November 27 112 nb 5 On November 28 Walker shifted US I Corps eastward by attaching the US 25th Infantry Division to US I Corps while ordering the 25th Infantry Division to withdraw to the Ch ongch on River 82 134 With the US 35th Infantry Regiment rejoining the 25th Infantry Division after the battle at Yongsan dong 135 the 25th Infantry Division withdrew south and Task Force Wilson was dissolved by Kean on November 28 134 Actions at Yongsan dong edit nbsp US tanks and infantry attack toward the Yalu River in November 1950 After an extensive refit in the aftermath of the Unsan battle the ROK 1st Infantry Division was placed on the US I Corps right flank at Yongsan dong on November 20 136 As part of the Home by Christmas Offensive the Division was to advance north and to capture the town of Taechon 137 while the US 35th Infantry Regiment 25th Infantry Division was advancing north from Yongsan dong on the Korean right flank 138 At the same time the US 24th Infantry Division of US I Corps would advance towards Chongju on the ROK 1st Infantry Division s left flank 137 On the morning of November 24 the ROK 1st Infantry Division advanced towards the town of Taechon with its 11th and 12th Infantry Regiment on point 137 Although PVA booby traps and mortar fire tried to delay the ROK forces along the way the 1st Infantry Division still managed to envelop the town by the dusk of November 24 137 But unknown to the ROK forces the 1st Infantry Division was marching into a PVA assembly area and the resistance around Taechon immediately increased as the result 139 On the night of November 24 the defending PVA 66th Corps counterattacked the ROK forces with infantry and cavalry charges 137 139 and the PVA and ROK troops were soon locked in a seesaw battle from November 25 to 26 139 As the battle around Taechon dragged into the night of November 26 the ROK 11th Infantry Regiment on the division s right became disorganized 139 Brigadier General Paik Sun yup of the ROK 1st Infantry Division soon brought up the 15th Infantry Regiment from his reserve to relieve the 11th Infantry Regiment 139 After receiving news of the PVA attack against the 25th Division across the Kuryong River Paik had also directed his division to defend against the PVA counteroffensive 137 As the morning came on November 27 the PVA troops around Taechon did not stop their assault even under punishing UN air strikes and some of the attacks spilled into US 24th Infantry Division s area 140 Upon noticing their flank was buckling the US 24th Infantry Division and the US 35th Infantry Regiment started the retreat southward to the Ch ongch on River 141 At 1 p m on November 27 Peng ordered the PVA 66th Corps to destroy the ROK 1st Infantry Division before they could retreat to the Ch ongch on River 142 On the evening of November 27 the PVA 66th Corps launched a massive attack against the ROK 1st Infantry Division the US 5th Regimental Combat Team of the 24th Infantry Division and the US 35th Infantry Regiment 143 After midnight the PVA attacks broke through the ROK lines and captured Yongsan dong resulting in the loss of the ROK 11th 15th and US 35th Infantry Regiment s command posts 144 The ROK 11th and 15th Infantry Regiment were soon scattered 145 while the retreating US 35th Infantry Regiment was blocked at Yongsan dong with PVA forces attacking from behind 146 Under heavy pressure the US 35th Infantry Regiment fought its way through the town and rejoined the US 25th Division on the afternoon of November 28 146 At the same time Paik rallied the broken ROK regiments and recaptured Yongsan dong 145 The ROK 1st Infantry Division held the town against the subsequent PVA attacks until it withdrew from the battle on November 29 147 Actions at Kunu ri edit See also Battle of Wawon nbsp Map of Battle of the Ch ongch on River November 28 December 1 1950 Kunu ri is a crossroad village on the northern bank of the Kaechon River one of Ch ongch on River s southern tributaries 32 As the PVA counteroffensive grew in strength against the Eighth Army s center Kunu ri had become a major bottleneck for US IX Corps retreat 32 In an effort to stabilize the front on November 28 Walker ordered the US 2nd Infantry Division to retreat from Kujang dong and to set up a new defensive line at Kunu ri 148 The importance of Kunu ri was also noted by the Chinese and on November 27 Peng instructed the PVA 38th Corps to cut the US IX Corps retreat route 142 The PVA 114th Division of 38th Corps would capture Kunu ri by marching westward on the road from Tokchon while the PVA 112th Division would follow on a parallel route through the hills north of the road 149 With the US 2nd Infantry Division still engaged at Kujang dong Coulter ordered the Turkish Brigade in the IX Corps reserve to block the PVA advance 150 On the night of November 27 the Turks took up defensive position at Wawon to the east of Kunu ri 151 They were soon met with the PVA 342nd Regiment 114th Division 149 The ensuing battle between the Chinese regiment and the brigade s advance battalion continued for much of the November 28 resulting in 400 Turkish casualties 152 153 As dusk came on November 28 the Turkish Brigade tried to retreat 5 km 3 1 mi west to Sinim ri to set up stronger defensive positions but the PVA 342nd Regiment caught up with the brigade and attacked its rear completely surrounding the brigade 152 154 With communications cut between the brigade and the Turkish headquarters 152 the PVA 340th and the 342nd Regiment 114th Division then fragmented the brigade during the night battle 154 155 The trapped Turks broke out of the PVA encirclement on the morning of November 29 and the brigade was attached to the US 2nd Infantry Division 156 Although the Turkish Brigade was crippled by the PVA its delaying action allowed the US 2nd Infantry Division to secure Kunu ri on the night of November 28 157 With the US 23rd Infantry Regiment setting up defensive positions to the north of Kunu ri on the morning of November 29 the US 38th Infantry Regiment tried to occupy the hills to the northeast of Kunu ri 158 But the American soon found the PVA 112th Division had already occupied the hills 158 159 The 38th Infantry Regiment was then forced to occupy a lower position at 1 mi 1 6 km away from the Chinese 158 At the same time the remnants of the Turkish Brigade joined up with the US 38th Infantry Regiment covering the regiment s right flank on the northern bank of the Kaechon River 160 nbsp Elements of the US 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion part of the 2nd Infantry Division fighting a rear guard action at Kuni ri On the afternoon of November 28 MacArthur started to recognize that a crisis was growing in Korea 161 With the start of the Battle of Chosin Reservoir on November 27 MacArthur gathered his field commanders including Walker for a conference in Tokyo 162 During the conference MacArthur learned about the situation on the Eighth Army s right flank and judged that the Eighth Army was in great danger 163 He instructed Walker to withdraw from the battle before the Chinese could surround the Eighth Army 164 After the conference at November 29 Walker ordered all Eighth Army units to retreat to a new line around Sunchon 30 mi 48 km south of Kunu ri 33 Following Walker s orders most of the Eighth Army s major units promptly broke contact with the Chinese and withdrew 165 but the US 2nd Infantry Division was forced to stay at Kunu ri in order to hold off the Chinese forces on the Eighth Army s right flank 166 By the time the 2nd Infantry Division tried to withdraw on the night of November 29 the two PVA divisions attacked the US 38th Infantry Regiment The PVA 112th Division first struck the 38th Infantry Regiment on the left flank 167 but the American defenses held firm 167 forcing the PVA to go on the defensive 159 Meanwhile the PVA 114th Division attacked the Turkish Brigade and the right flank of the 38th Infantry Regiment 154 The Chinese outflanked the Turks by attacking along the southern bank of the Kaechon River then crossed the river in the UN rear areas 168 Upon noticing this development Brigadier General Tahsin Yazici of the Turkish Brigade ordered a withdrawal 168 leaving the right flank of the 38th Infantry Regiment completely uncovered 167 By the dusk of November 29 the PVA had cut the road between the 38th Infantry Regiment and Kunu ri 169 and the Americans had to retreat by infiltrating the PVA lines 170 At 04 00 on November 30 the 38th Infantry Regiment crossed the Kaechon River under the cover of the 23rd Infantry Regiment and Kunu ri was under PVA control 171 The Gauntlet edit nbsp Map of the retreat by US 2nd Infantry Division In the aftermath of ROK II Corps collapse on November 27 Peng immediately ordered the PVA 38th Corps to cut the road between Kunu ri and Sunchon in the US IX Corps rear while the PVA 42nd Corps would surround the entire Eighth Army by rushing south through Pukchang ni and capture Sunchon 142 At the same day Walker shifted the Eighth Army s line eastward by attaching the US 1st Cavalry Division and the Anglo Australian 27th Commonwealth Infantry Brigade to US IX Corps 82 The US 1st Cavalry Division would contain the PVA breakthrough at Pukchang ni 172 while the 27th Commonwealth Brigade secured the road between Kunu ri and Sunchon 173 With the new orders on November 28 the US 5th Cavalry Regiment 1st Cavalry Division left Kunu ri to rejoin the division to the northeast of Sunchon 74 With the US 5th Cavalry Regiment absent and the 8th Cavalry Regiment still recovering from devastating losses from the battle at Unsan Major General Hobart Gay of the US 1st Cavalry Division placed the US 7th Cavalry Regiment to the south of Pukchang ni behind the remnants of the ROK 6th Infantry Division 174 175 Lacking reinforcements the ROK 6th Infantry Division was quickly routed by the PVA 42nd Corps on the night of November 28 154 176 PVA forces then attacked the 7th Cavalry Regiment under the cover of the fleeing Korean soldiers and refugees pouring into the American front 177 Under Gay s order the 7th Cavalry Regiment withdrew southwest to the town of Sinchang ni on the morning of November 29 and the PVA resumed the drive southward 178 A fierce battle between the PVA 125th Division and the 7th Cavalry Regiment broke out during the night of November 29 but by the morning of November 30 the PVA 42nd Corps advance was halted 179 The PVA 38th Corps on the other hand was marching towards the Kunu ri Sunchon road virtually unopposed 149 On 7 a m at November 28 the PVA 113th Division 38th Corps occupied the town of Samso ri 149 placing it right in the path of the 5th Cavalry Regiment and besides the Kunu ri Sunchon road 180 An hour and half later the advance platoon from the 5th Cavalry Regiment was ambushed and destroyed 172 With its advance blocked the 5th Cavalry Regiment tried to dislodge the PVA garrison but it was forced to turn back by the afternoon 181 The 113th Division then occupied the valley containing the Kunu ri Sunchon road at that night and blocked the retreat route of the US 2nd Infantry Division 32 154 Upon receiving the news on November 29 1st Battalion Middlesex Regiment part of 27th Brigade tried to clear the valley from the south but the attack was halted due to the lack of heavy weapons 182 One of the first victims of the new PVA roadblock was a convoy from the Turkish Brigade and it was ambushed on the night of November 28 183 A military police patrol was sent to investigate but most of its members were killed by the morning 184 With the battle still raging at Kunu ri the news of the PVA roadblock reached the US 2nd Infantry Division on November 29 184 Keiser sent the Reconnaissance Company and the remnants of the 9th Infantry Regiment to dislodge the Chinese but the roadblock held firm even with a platoon of tanks attacking it 183 With the battle at Kunu ri ended by the night of November 29 the PVA 112th Division joined the 113th Division 185 and the roadblock grew to 6 mi 9 7 km in depth 186 For the next 500 yards the road was temporarily impassable because of the numerous burning vehicles and the pile up of the dead men coupled with the rush of the wounded from the ditches struggling to get aboard anything that rolled either there would be bodies in our way or we would almost borne down by wounded men who literally throw themselves upon us I squeezed a wounded ROK soldier into our trailer But as I put him aboard other wounded men piled on the trailer in such number that the Jeep couldn t pull ahead It was necessary to beat them off Lieutenant Colonel William Kelleher of the US 1st Battalion 38th Infantry Regiment describing the carnage at the Gauntlet 187 The 2nd Infantry Division however did not know the strength of the roadblock on the night of November 29 166 At the same time the US 25th Infantry Division Military Police mistakenly reported that the alternative retreat route from Kunu ri to Anju was also blocked by PVA 186 Later Coulter ordered Keiser to withdraw by breaking the roadblock with the 27th Commonwealth Brigade 188 On the early morning of November 30 Keiser made the decision to withdraw through the valley 189 On the morning of November 30 the 9th Infantry Regiment led the withdrawal by attacking the roadblock Four tanks were first sent down the road and the PVA held their fire 190 Encouraged by this development Colonel Sloane ordered the 9th Infantry Regiment to press forward but PVA machine gun and mortar fire immediately stopped the advance at 9 a m 190 The ROK 3rd Infantry Regiment attached to the 2nd Infantry Division was sent to reinforce the US 9th Infantry Regiment but it was routed by friendly fire 191 192 With no contacts between the American commands and the British units 193 the Middlesex Regiment advanced to the south end of the valley without attacking the roadblock 194 Believing that the roadblock was short and the British were attacking up the road 195 Keiser ordered the 2nd Infantry Division to run through the blockade at 10 00 196 As the 2nd Infantry Division entered the valley later known as the Gauntlet 2 the PVA machine guns delivered punishing fire while mortar shells saturated the road 197 The length of the roadblock caught the 2nd Infantry Division by surprise 198 and the road was soon filled with wrecked vehicles and wounded and dead soldiers 199 Those who tried to take cover in the ditches were promptly left behind by the convoy rushing south and unit cohesion instantly evaporated 198 During the day the air cover tried to suppress the PVA positions with some success but with no air cover at night the PVA attack intensified 198 Finally the PVA blocked the road completely by destroying the US 38th and 503rd Artillery Battalion of the 2nd Infantry Division 200 and the immobilized artillery pieces forced the rest of the division to abandon all vehicles and to retreat by hiking through the hills 198 200 At the rear of the division Colonel Freeman attempted to save his 23rd Infantry Regiment by retreating through the Kunu ri Anju road 201 In one of the last acts of the battle the 23rd Infantry Regiment fired off its stock of 3 206 artillery shells within 20 minutes 199 and the massive barrage shocked the PVA troops from following the regiment 202 The last stragglers from the US 2nd Infantry Division finally arrived at Sunchon on December 1 and by December 2 the Eighth Army had completely lost contact with the Chinese 203 Aftermath edit nbsp Map of US Eighth Army retreat December 1 23 1950 In the aftermath of the battle US Eighth Army s casualty number exceeded 11 000 in the first count 8 A large number of documents including all records from the US 2nd Infantry Division and the US 24th Infantry Regiment were lost during the battle and this made it difficult for historians to either analyze the events in detail or to assess the exact battle damage and losses incurred 204 However it was later approximated that the US 2nd Infantry Division had suffered 4 037 casualties and most of its artillery pieces 40 percent of its signal equipment 45 percent of its crew served weapons and 30 percent of its vehicles were lost during the battle 205 Another figure even demonstrated a much worse situation for the 2nd Infantry Division a count rendered on 1 December listed 2nd Division battle casualties at 4 940 for the last half of November of these 90 percent had been incurred since November 25 When reconciled with non battle casualties replacements and returnees the battle losses left the division 8 662 men short of authorized strength or 4 731 men short of the Division s actual strength on 15 November The 1st Cavalry took over the line originally assigned to the 2nd Division 3 Thus the US 2nd Infantry Division was deemed to be crippled 206 and Keiser was relieved from command by the end of the battle 207 The other US unit that had reported significant losses was the US 25th Infantry Division with 1 313 casualties 208 The Turkish Brigade had also reported 936 casualties with 90 percent equipment 90 percent vehicle and 50 percent artillery losses 209 and the brigade was rendered combat ineffective 172 The ROK casualties could not be estimated due to the complete absence of South Korean records during the first half of the Korean War 210 but according to Paik the ROK II Corps headquarters was forced to disband in the aftermath of the battle 211 As for PVA losses Peng estimated 45 000 casualties by the end of the battle 212 and the official Chinese history attributed approximately 20 000 casualties to combat while the rest were attributed to the lack of adequate winter clothing and the lack of food 213 For its role in setting up the Gauntlet against the US 2nd Infantry Division the PVA 38th Corps was awarded the title Ten Thousand Years Corps by Peng on December 1 1950 214 With the US 2nd Infantry Division the Turkish Brigade and ROK II Corps out of action the US Eighth Army was reduced to just two corps composed of four divisions and two brigades 215 Meanwhile the over extended Chinese logistics system had also left the victorious PVA 13th Army half starved and incapable of any further offensive operations 216 217 But during the chaotic UN retreats no reconnaissance was conducted to determine the state of the Chinese forces 3 As a result Walker ordered the Eighth Army to abandon North Korea on December 3 215 218 much to the surprise of the PVA commanders 219 The following 120 mi 190 km withdrawal to the 38th Parallel is often referred to as the longest retreat in US military history 220 221 222 Aside from extremely low morale after the battle the entire Eighth Army was also gripped with bug out fever during the retreat 223 and a song called the Bug Out Boogie was composed to commemorate the Eighth Army s defeat 224 Walker died two days before the Christmas of 1950 when a truck driven by a ROK soldier collided with his jeep and Lieutenant General Matthew B Ridgway assumed the command of the US Eighth Army 225 At the UN all hopes for a unified Korea were abandoned and a ceasefire at the 38th Parallel was proposed to China on December 11 1950 226 Having decisively won the battle and once again turned the tide of the war in favor of the Communists 2 the Battle of the Ch ongch on River represented the peak of the Chinese military s performance in Korea 227 However Mao interpreted the UN ceasefire as a weakness that China should further exploit 228 Against advice from Peng and other senior military leaders 228 Mao ordered the PVA to invade South Korea a mission that was beyond the Chinese military s abilities while breaking the fragile Chinese supply lines 227 Recognizing the Chinese difficulties 217 Ridgway then led the Eighth Army to inflict severe losses on the PVA during the Chinese offensives of 1951 12 See also editHistory of the People s Liberation Army History of the United States ArmyNotes editFootnotes This is the total US army casualty number between November 25 to December 15 1950 minus the numbers from the 3rd and the 7th Infantry Division at the Chosin Reservoir See Ecker 2005 p 62 In Chinese military nomenclature the term Army 军 means Corps while the term Army Group 集团军 means Army The eastern half of the offensive was the Battle of Chosin Reservoir Official Chinese history claimed that 115 black soldiers from Task Force Wilson s C Company were captured intact as a unit but military historian Roy Appleman believed that those soldiers were from the missing C Company of the US 24th Infantry Regiment See Appleman 1989 p 139 The other two battalions of the US 24th Infantry Regiment drifted into the US 9th and 27th Infantry Regiment s sectors after heavy PVA attacks and both battalions were attached to other regiments for the rest of the battle How those two battalions became separated from the 24th Infantry Regiment is unclear due to the communication breakdown and the loss of all records See Appleman 1989 p 142 Citations a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 110 a b c Appleman 1989 p 75 a b c Appleman 1989 p 354 Appleman 1989 p 201 Appleman 1989 p 40 a b c d Roe 2000 p 233 a b c Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 90 a b Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 283 Ecker 2005 p 62 Korean War Kore Savasi in Turkish Turkish War Veterans Association Archived from the original on 2012 05 23 Retrieved 2009 11 28 Appleman 1989 p 57 a b Millett Allan R 2009 Korean War Encyclopaedia Britannica Archived from the original on 29 December 2008 Retrieved 2009 02 04 Roe 2000 pp 145 150 Roe 2000 pp 174 176 Roe 2000 p 176 Alexander 1986 p 287 Roe 2000 p 207 Roe 2000 p 224 Appleman 1989 p 24 Appleman 1989 pp 24 33 Roe 2000 p 229 Zhang 1995 pp 86 88 Zhang 1995 pp 109 110 Roe 2000 pp 234 235 Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 pp 90 92 a b Appleman 1989 p 45 Appleman 1989 p 3 Appleman 1989 pp 27 76 Appleman 1989 pp 40 76 Appleman 1989 p 76 Appleman 1989 pp 40 47 48 a b c d Appleman 1989 p 203 a b Appleman 1989 p 48 Halberstam 2007 p 11 Roe 2000 p 133 a b Appleman 1989 p 33 a b c Roe 2000 p 242 Appleman 1989 pp 69 73 a b Appleman 1989 p 43 a b c Appleman 1989 p 18 Appleman 1989 p 37 Appleman 1989 pp 64 65 Appleman 1992 p 720 Appleman 1989 pp 102 104 a b c Roe 2000 p 234 a b Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 pp 92 93 Appleman 1989 p 61 Alexander 1986 p 304 Shrader 1995 pp 172 173 Appleman 1989 p 102 Alexander 1986 pp 310 311 Shrader 1995 p 182 Appleman 1989 pp 17 18 a b Roe 2000 p 276 Appleman 1989 p 74 Roe 2000 p 280 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 230 a b Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 236 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 pp 230 231 237 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 231 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 238 Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 pp 95 96 a b c Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 92 a b Appleman 1989 p 79 a b Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 232 a b c Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 95 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 233 a b Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 235 Appleman 1989 p 81 a b Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 237 a b c Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 96 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 pp 238 240 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 240 a b c d Appleman 1989 p 85 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 239 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 241 Appleman 1989 p 80 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 242 Appleman 1989 p 83 Appleman 1989 p 86 a b Roe 2000 p 283 a b c Roe 2000 p 282 a b c Appleman 1989 p 154 Appleman 1989 p 53 a b Appleman 1989 p 155 a b c d e f g h i Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 97 Appleman 1989 p 156 a b Appleman 1989 p 187 a b Appleman 1989 p 169 Appleman 1989 pp 169 174 Appleman 1989 p 175 Appleman 1989 p 179 Mahoney 2001 p 54 Appleman 1989 p 185 a b Appleman 1989 p 180 Appleman 1989 p 186 a b Appleman 1989 p 190 Appleman 1989 pp 188 189 Appleman 1989 p 189 Appleman 1989 pp 156 188 Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 98 Appleman 1989 p 192 Mossman 1990 pp 66 80 Appleman 1989 p 193 Appleman 1989 pp 199 200 Appleman 1989 pp 197 198 Appleman 1989 p 200 a b c Appleman 1989 p 50 Appleman 1989 p 51 Appleman 1989 pp 51 104 Appleman 1989 pp 50 103 a b Appleman 1989 p 140 a b Appleman 1989 p 52 Appleman 1989 pp 52 53 Appleman 1989 pp 104 106 a b Appleman 1989 p 63 Appleman 1989 p 106 a b Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 99 Appleman 1989 p 107 Appleman 1989 pp 109 111 Appleman 1989 pp 138 140 Appleman 1989 p 112 Appleman 1989 p 114 a b c d Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 100 Appleman 1989 p 115 a b c Appleman 1989 p 120 Appleman 1989 pp 119 120 Appleman 1989 p 118 a b Appleman 1989 p 124 Appleman 1989 pp 123 124 Appleman 1989 pp 121 123 Appleman 1989 p 122 a b Appleman 1989 p 128 a b Appleman 1989 p 130 Appleman 1989 p 136 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 223 a b c d e f Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 224 Appleman 1989 p 148 a b c d e Appleman 1989 p 150 Appleman 1989 p 151 Appleman 1989 pp 134 145 a b c Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 101 Appleman 1989 p 145 Appleman 1989 pp 136 152 a b Appleman 1989 p 152 a b Appleman 1989 p 135 Appleman 1989 p 153 Mossman 1990 p 80 a b c d Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 102 Appleman 1989 p 88 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 251 a b c Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 252 Appleman 1989 p 90 a b c d e Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 104 Appleman 1989 p 91 Appleman 1989 pp 90 91 Appleman 1989 pp 91 200 a b c Appleman 1989 p 206 a b Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 103 Mossman 1990 p 109 Appleman 1989 p 212 Appleman 1989 p 214 Mossman 1990 p 104 Mossman 1990 p 105 Appleman 1989 p 220 a b Appleman 1989 p 230 a b c Appleman 1989 p 207 a b Mossman 1990 p 110 Mossman 1990 p 112 Roe 2000 p 289 Appleman 1989 p 209 a b c Appleman 1989 p 92 Farrar Hockley 1990 p 333 Mossman 1990 p 82 Roe 2000 p 285 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 p 243 Appleman 1989 p 94 Appleman 1989 p 98 Roe 2000 p 290 Appleman 1989 p 205 Appleman 1989 p 93 Farrar Hockley 1990 p 334 a b Appleman 1989 p 229 a b Appleman 1989 p 227 Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 107 a b Appleman 1989 p 238 Appleman 1989 p 265 Appleman 1989 p 234 Appleman 1989 p 235 a b Appleman 1989 p 242 Appleman 1989 p 243 Chae Chung amp Yang 2001 pp 263 264 Appleman 1989 p 245 Farrar Hockley 1990 p 335 Mossman 1990 p 122 Appleman 1989 p 246 Mossman 1990 p 123 a b c d Roe 2000 p 291 a b Roe 2000 p 292 a b Appleman 1989 p 275 Appleman 1989 p 271 Appleman 1989 p 270 Appleman 1989 p 303 Appleman 1989 pp xv 142 285 Appleman 1989 p 289 Appleman 1989 p 285 Appleman 1989 pp 290 291 Appleman 1989 p 287 Appleman 1989 pp 288 289 Appleman 1989 p 403 Paik 1992 p 111 Zhang 1995 p 123 Xue 1990 pp 59 60 Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 p 108 a b Mossman 1990 p 150 Roe 2000 p 378 a b Shrader 1995 p 174 Appleman 1989 p 312 Roe 2000 p 367 Alexander 1986 p 319 Malkasian 2001 p 8 Varhola 2000 p 14 Appleman 1989 pp 383 384 Dickson 2004 p 238 Appleman 1989 pp 390 397 Alexander 1986 p 375 a b Ryan Finkelstein amp McDevitt 2003 p 130 a b Ryan Finkelstein amp McDevitt 2003 p 131 References editAlexander Bevin R 1986 Korea The First War We Lost New York Hippocrene Books Inc ISBN 978 0 87052 135 5 Appleman Roy 1989 Disaster in Korea The Chinese Confront MacArthur vol 11 College Station Texas A and M University Military History Series ISBN 978 1 60344 128 5 Appleman Roy 1992 South to the Naktong North to the Yalu Washington D C Center of Military History United States Army ISBN 0 16 035958 9 archived from the original on 2019 10 18 retrieved 2010 04 24 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Chae Han Kook Chung Suk Kyun Yang Yong Cho 2001 Yang Hee Wan Lim Won Hyok Sims Thomas Lee Sims Laura Marie Kim Chong Gu Millett Allan R eds The Korean War vol II Lincoln University of Nebraska Press ISBN 978 0 8032 7795 3 Chinese Military Science Academy 2000 History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea 抗美援朝战争史 in Chinese vol II Beijing Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House ISBN 7 80137 390 1 Dickson Paul 2004 War Slang American Fighting Words and Phrases Since the Civil War Riverside NJ Brassey s Inc ISBN 978 1 57488 710 5 Ecker Richard E 2005 Korean Battle Chronology Unit by Unit United States Casualty Figures and Medal of Honor Citations Jefferson NC McFarland ISBN 0 7864 1980 6 Farrar Hockley Anthony 1990 Official History The British Part in the Korean War vol I London HMSO ISBN 0 11 630953 9 Halberstam David 2007 The Coldest Winter America and the Korean War New York Hyperion ISBN 978 1 4013 0052 4 Mahoney Kevin 2001 Formidable Enemies The North Korean and Chinese Soldier in the Korean War Novato CA Presidio Press ISBN 978 0 89141 738 5 Malkasian Carter 2001 The Korean War 1950 1953 New York Osprey Publishing Ltd ISBN 1 84176 282 2 Mossman Billy C 1990 Ebb and Flow November 1950 July 1951 United States Army in the Korean War Washington D C Center of Military History United States Army ISBN 978 1 4102 2470 5 archived from the original on 2021 01 29 retrieved 2009 12 25 nbsp This article incorporates text from this source which is in the public domain Paik Sun Yup 1992 From Pusan to Panmunjom Riverside NJ Brassey Inc ISBN 0 02 881002 3 Roe Patrick C 2000 The Dragon Strikes Novato CA Presidio ISBN 0 89141 703 6 Ryan Mark A Finkelstein David M McDevitt Michael A 2003 Chinese Warfighting The PLA Experience Since 1949 Armonk NY M E Sharpe ISBN 0 7656 1087 6 Shrader Charles R 1995 Communist Logistics in the Korean War Westport CT Greenwood Press ISBN 0 313 29509 3 Varhola Michael J 2000 Fire and Ice The Korean War 1950 1953 Cambridge MA Da Capo Press ISBN 978 1 882810 44 4 Xue Yan 徐焰 1990 First Confrontation Reviews and Reflections on the History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea 第一次较量 抗美援朝战争的历史回顾与反思 in Chinese Beijing Chinese Radio and Television Publishing House ISBN 7 5043 0542 1 Zhang Shu Guang 1995 Mao s Military Romanticism China and the Korean War 1950 1953 Lawrence University Press of Kansas ISBN 0 7006 0723 4Further reading editFehrenbach T R Jr 1963 This Kind of War New York Macmillan Marshall S L A 1982 The River and the Gauntlet Defeat of the Eighth Army by the Chinese Communist forces November 1950 in the Battle of the Chongchon River Korea Des Moines IA Time Life Books ISBN 0 8094 3845 3 Spurr Russell 1988 Enter the Dragon China s Undeclared War Against the U S in Korea 1950 51 New York Newmarket Press ISBN 1 55704 008 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Battle of the Ch 27ongch 27on River amp oldid 1219655311, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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