Battle of Marj al-Dibaj (Arabic: معركة مرج الديباج) was fought between the Byzantine army, survivors from the conquest of Damascus, and the Rashidun Caliphate army in September 634. It was a successful raid after three days of armistice, on the Byzantine survivors of the conquest of Damascus.
Damascus was conquered by the Rashidun army after a siege lasting about one month, from 21 August to 19 September 634 A.D. It was the first stronghold of the Byzantine empire conquered by Muslims during the Muslim conquest of Syria. The Byzantine commander Thomas, commander in chief and governor of Damascus and son in law of Emperor Heraclius, after hearing that Muslim troops had entered Damascus at the Eastern gate, wisely tricked the Muslim corps commanders at the other gates by suing for peace. The peace offer then was accepted by them. After the trick was unveiled the Muslim commanders advised Khalid ibn Walid that the peace agreement should be kept, because if the Romans in Syria heard that the Muslims had given a guarantee of safety and then slaughtered those whose safety had been guaranteed, no other city would ever surrender to the Muslims, and that would make the task of conquering Syria immeasurably more difficult. Khalid was not happy, but he agreed.[2] A Greek Muslim Jonah by name, suggested Khalid to chase the Byzantines after the three days of armistice agreed upon was over. He gave his services to guide Khalid through a short cut route to reach them as soon as possible. According to Muslim chronicles this Greek man Jonah was in love with a girl who was his fiancé and was to be married with him but when the Muslim army launched the siege of the city, the marriage was postponed until peace was restored. Frustrated with the long siege and delayed marriage Jonah came to Khalid and informed him about a weak post on the Wall of Damascus where that night security was to be weak. Khalid with other Muslim warriors climbed up the wall and opened the gates and the Muslim army positioned at the Eastern gate entered the city. Jonah's fiancé on hearing of his conversion to Islam broke the engagement and decided to move with the Byzantines to Antioch. This prompted Jonah once again to go to Khalid. The plan of Jonah was accepted by Khalid: they would launch a pursuit after three days, when the three days grace period was over. The Mobile Guard would dash out in pursuit and go at breakneck speed. On Jonah's suggestion it was decided that all would be dressed like local Arabs, so that any Roman units encountered on the way would mistake them for such and not intercept their movement.
The battleedit
The route taken by the Mobile guard is not recorded. It is stated by the historian Waqidi that the Muslims caught up with the convoy a short distance from Antioch, not far from the Mediterranean Sea, on a plateau beyond a range of hills called Jabal Ansariya, in Northern Syria.
Maneuver of Muslim army (in red) against the Byzantine convoy (in blue).
Due to a heavy downpour, the Byzantine convoy had dispersed on the plateau, seeking shelter from the weather, while their goods lay all over the place. So many bundles of brocade lay scattered on the ground that this plain became known as Marj-ud-Debaj, i.e. the Meadow of Brocade, and for this reason the action described has been named the Battle of Marj-ud-Debaj, or the Battle of Meadow of Brocade. Jonah and other scouts established the location of the convoy without being spotted and they brought back sufficient information for Khalid to plan his attack. Khalid arranged a skillful plan of attacking the Byzantines from four different sides. First a cavalry regiment of 1000 warriors would attack the Byzantines from their rear in the south, subsequently followed by an attack of a cavalry regiment 1000 warriors from the east, north (thereby blocking their retreat to Antioch) and finally from the west to encircle them completely.
It all happened as Khalid had planned. The Byzantines received their first indication of the presence of the Muslim army when a regiment of 1000 cavalry came charging at them from the south, along the road from Damascus, led by the Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar. Half an hour later another cavalry regiment of 1000 warriors led by Raafe bin Umair, appeared from the east and struck the Byzantine's right flank. Within the span of half an hour another cavalry regiment of 1000 warriors led by Abdu'l-Rahman ibn Abu Bakr (Son of Caliph Abu Bakr) from the north, struck the Byzantines at the rear thus blocking their way to retreat north towards Antioch. After about another half an hour later the final Muslim cavalry of 1000 warriors led by Khalid ibn Walid appeared from the west and attacked the Byzantine's left flank. Now the Byzantines were encircled by the Muslim's cavalry. Khalid personally killed Thomas (the son-in-law of Emperor Heraclius)[note 1] in a duel. After further fighting, Roman resistance collapsed. Since the Muslims were too few to completely surround the Byzantine army and the fighting had become confused as it increased in violence, thousands of Byzantines were able to escape and make their way to safety. But all the booty and a large number of captives, both male and female, fell to the Muslims. According to a chronicle Jonah found his beloved. He moved towards her to take her by force; but she draw a dagger from the folds of her dress and killed herself. As she lay dying, Jonah sat beside her and swore that he would remain true to the memory of the bride he was not destined to possess, and would not look at another girl. When Khalid learned of this he offered Jonah the daughter of Emperor Heraclius, the former wife of Thomas who died in the battle that day in a duel with Khalid. Jonah rejected the proposal. Jonah died a few years later in the Battle of Yarmouk.
Aftermathedit
The historian Waqidi writes that on their way back to Damascus, Emperor Heraclius sent an ambassador to ask Khalid to return his daughter.[note 1] The ambassador gave Khalid the letter from the Emperor which read as follows:[4]
'I have come to know what you have done to my army. You have killed my son-in-law and captured my daughter. You have won and got away safely. I now ask you for my daughter. Either return her to me on payment of ransom or give her to me as a gift, for honour is a strong element in your character.
Khalid said to the ambassador:
Take her as a gift, there shall be no ransom.
The ambassador took the daughter of Heraclius, and returned to Antioch. The return of the Mobile Guard loaded with spoils was greeted with joy by the Muslims at Damascus. The whole operation from pursuit to the return of the Mobile guard had taken 10 days.[4] They returned on October 1, 634. Upon his return Khalid was informed of the death of CaliphAbu Bakr and the succession of Umar as the new caliph. Umar deposed Khalid from his command and appointed Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah as the new commander in chief.
Notesedit
Notes
^ abAccording to Edward Gibbon: "Vanity prompted the Arabs to believe, that Thomas was the son-in-law of the emperor. We know the children of Heraclius by his two wives: and his august daughter would not have married in exile at Damascus (see du Cange, Historia Byzantina Familiae Byzantinae. p. 118–119.) Had he been less religious, I might only suspect the legitimacy of the damsel."[3]
Akram, A.I. (1970). . Rawalpindi: National Publishing House. ISBN0-7101-0104-X. Archived from the original on 2004-12-10. Retrieved 2008-01-01.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Gibbon, Edward (2008). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume 5. Cosimo, Inc. ISBN9781605201276.
January 01, 1970
battle, marj, dibaj, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, march,. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Battle of Marj al Dibaj news newspapers books scholar JSTOR March 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message Battle of Marj al Dibaj Arabic معركة مرج الديباج was fought between the Byzantine army survivors from the conquest of Damascus and the Rashidun Caliphate army in September 634 It was a successful raid after three days of armistice on the Byzantine survivors of the conquest of Damascus Battle of Marj al DibajPart of the Muslim conquest of Syria Arab Byzantine Wars DateSeptember 634 A DLocationJabal Ansariya SyriaResultRashidun Caliphate victoryBelligerentsRashidun CaliphateByzantine EmpireCommanders and leadersKhalid ibn al WalidThomas Strength4 000 cavalryEstimated about 10 000 1 Casualties and lossesMinimalHeavy Contents 1 Background 2 The battle 3 Aftermath 4 Notes 5 ReferencesBackground editDamascus was conquered by the Rashidun army after a siege lasting about one month from 21 August to 19 September 634 A D It was the first stronghold of the Byzantine empire conquered by Muslims during the Muslim conquest of Syria The Byzantine commander Thomas commander in chief and governor of Damascus and son in law of Emperor Heraclius after hearing that Muslim troops had entered Damascus at the Eastern gate wisely tricked the Muslim corps commanders at the other gates by suing for peace The peace offer then was accepted by them After the trick was unveiled the Muslim commanders advised Khalid ibn Walid that the peace agreement should be kept because if the Romans in Syria heard that the Muslims had given a guarantee of safety and then slaughtered those whose safety had been guaranteed no other city would ever surrender to the Muslims and that would make the task of conquering Syria immeasurably more difficult Khalid was not happy but he agreed 2 A Greek Muslim Jonah by name suggested Khalid to chase the Byzantines after the three days of armistice agreed upon was over He gave his services to guide Khalid through a short cut route to reach them as soon as possible According to Muslim chronicles this Greek man Jonah was in love with a girl who was his fiance and was to be married with him but when the Muslim army launched the siege of the city the marriage was postponed until peace was restored Frustrated with the long siege and delayed marriage Jonah came to Khalid and informed him about a weak post on the Wall of Damascus where that night security was to be weak Khalid with other Muslim warriors climbed up the wall and opened the gates and the Muslim army positioned at the Eastern gate entered the city Jonah s fiance on hearing of his conversion to Islam broke the engagement and decided to move with the Byzantines to Antioch This prompted Jonah once again to go to Khalid The plan of Jonah was accepted by Khalid they would launch a pursuit after three days when the three days grace period was over The Mobile Guard would dash out in pursuit and go at breakneck speed On Jonah s suggestion it was decided that all would be dressed like local Arabs so that any Roman units encountered on the way would mistake them for such and not intercept their movement The battle editThe route taken by the Mobile guard is not recorded It is stated by the historian Waqidi that the Muslims caught up with the convoy a short distance from Antioch not far from the Mediterranean Sea on a plateau beyond a range of hills called Jabal Ansariya in Northern Syria nbsp Maneuver of Muslim army in red against the Byzantine convoy in blue Due to a heavy downpour the Byzantine convoy had dispersed on the plateau seeking shelter from the weather while their goods lay all over the place So many bundles of brocade lay scattered on the ground that this plain became known as Marj ud Debaj i e the Meadow of Brocade and for this reason the action described has been named the Battle of Marj ud Debaj or the Battle of Meadow of Brocade Jonah and other scouts established the location of the convoy without being spotted and they brought back sufficient information for Khalid to plan his attack Khalid arranged a skillful plan of attacking the Byzantines from four different sides First a cavalry regiment of 1000 warriors would attack the Byzantines from their rear in the south subsequently followed by an attack of a cavalry regiment 1000 warriors from the east north thereby blocking their retreat to Antioch and finally from the west to encircle them completely It all happened as Khalid had planned The Byzantines received their first indication of the presence of the Muslim army when a regiment of 1000 cavalry came charging at them from the south along the road from Damascus led by the Dhiraar ibn al Azwar Half an hour later another cavalry regiment of 1000 warriors led by Raafe bin Umair appeared from the east and struck the Byzantine s right flank Within the span of half an hour another cavalry regiment of 1000 warriors led by Abdu l Rahman ibn Abu Bakr Son of Caliph Abu Bakr from the north struck the Byzantines at the rear thus blocking their way to retreat north towards Antioch After about another half an hour later the final Muslim cavalry of 1000 warriors led by Khalid ibn Walid appeared from the west and attacked the Byzantine s left flank Now the Byzantines were encircled by the Muslim s cavalry Khalid personally killed Thomas the son in law of Emperor Heraclius note 1 in a duel After further fighting Roman resistance collapsed Since the Muslims were too few to completely surround the Byzantine army and the fighting had become confused as it increased in violence thousands of Byzantines were able to escape and make their way to safety But all the booty and a large number of captives both male and female fell to the Muslims According to a chronicle Jonah found his beloved He moved towards her to take her by force but she draw a dagger from the folds of her dress and killed herself As she lay dying Jonah sat beside her and swore that he would remain true to the memory of the bride he was not destined to possess and would not look at another girl When Khalid learned of this he offered Jonah the daughter of Emperor Heraclius the former wife of Thomas who died in the battle that day in a duel with Khalid Jonah rejected the proposal Jonah died a few years later in the Battle of Yarmouk Aftermath editThe historian Waqidi writes that on their way back to Damascus Emperor Heraclius sent an ambassador to ask Khalid to return his daughter note 1 The ambassador gave Khalid the letter from the Emperor which read as follows 4 I have come to know what you have done to my army You have killed my son in law and captured my daughter You have won and got away safely I now ask you for my daughter Either return her to me on payment of ransom or give her to me as a gift for honour is a strong element in your character Khalid said to the ambassador Take her as a gift there shall be no ransom The ambassador took the daughter of Heraclius and returned to Antioch The return of the Mobile Guard loaded with spoils was greeted with joy by the Muslims at Damascus The whole operation from pursuit to the return of the Mobile guard had taken 10 days 4 They returned on October 1 634 Upon his return Khalid was informed of the death of Caliph Abu Bakr and the succession of Umar as the new caliph Umar deposed Khalid from his command and appointed Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah as the new commander in chief Notes editNotes a b According to Edward Gibbon Vanity prompted the Arabs to believe that Thomas was the son in law of the emperor We know the children of Heraclius by his two wives and his august daughter would not have married in exile at Damascus see du Cange Historia Byzantina Familiae Byzantinae p 118 119 Had he been less religious I might only suspect the legitimacy of the damsel 3 Citations Survivors from the conquest of Damascus Akram c 30 p 12 Gibbon 2008 p 423 a b Akram c 30 p 17 References editAkram A I 1970 The Sword of Allah Khalid bin al Waleed His Life and Campaigns Rawalpindi National Publishing House ISBN 0 7101 0104 X Archived from the original on 2004 12 10 Retrieved 2008 01 01 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint bot original URL status unknown link Gibbon Edward 2008 The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Volume 5 Cosimo Inc ISBN 9781605201276 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Battle of Marj al Dibaj amp oldid 1214813470, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
