fbpx
Wikipedia

Battle of Copenhagen (1807)

March 07, 2023

For the earlier naval battle, see Battle of Copenhagen (1801).

Battle of Copenhagen 1807
Part of the Gunboat War and the Napoleonic Wars

A painting of the British bombardment by Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg
Date15 August – 7 September 1807
Location
Copenhagen, Denmark–Norway
55°40′46″N 12°34′22″E / 55.67944°N 12.57278°E / 55.67944; 12.57278Coordinates: 55°40′46″N 12°34′22″E / 55.67944°N 12.57278°E / 55.67944; 12.57278
Result

British victory

  • Danish navy surrendered to the United Kingdom
Belligerents
 United Kingdom Denmark–Norway
Commanders and leaders
James Gambier
Lord Cathcart		 Ernst Peymann
Strength
25,000 10,000
Casualties and losses
42 killed
145 wounded
24 missing[1]		 3,000
Entire fleet surrendered[1]
195 civilians killed and 768 wounded

The Second Battle of Copenhagen (or the Bombardment of Copenhagen) (16 August – 7 September 1807) was a British bombardment of the Danish capital, Copenhagen, in order to capture or destroy the Dano-Norwegian fleet during the Napoleonic Wars. The incident led to the outbreak of the Anglo-Russian War of 1807, which ended with the Treaty of Örebro in 1812.

Britain's first response to Napoleon's Continental System was to launch a major naval attack on Denmark. Although ostensibly neutral, Denmark was under heavy French pressure to pledge its fleet to Napoleon. In September 1807, the Royal Navy bombarded Copenhagen, seizing the Danish fleet and assured use of the sea lanes in the North Sea and Baltic Sea for the British merchant fleet. A consequence of the attack was that Denmark did join the Continental System and the war on the side of France, but without a fleet it had little to offer.[2]

The attack gave rise to the term to Copenhagenize.

Background

Despite the defeat and loss of many ships in the first Battle of Copenhagen in 1801, Denmark-Norway, possessing Jutland, Norway, Greenland, Schleswig-Holstein, Iceland and several smaller territories, still maintained a considerable navy. The majority of the Danish Army, under the Crown Prince, was at this time defending the southern border against possible attack from the French.

There was concern in Britain that Napoleon might try to force Denmark to close the Baltic Sea to British ships, perhaps by marching French troops into Zealand. The British believed that access to the Baltic was "vitally important to Britain" for trade as well as a major source of necessary raw materials for building and maintaining warships and that it gave the Royal Navy access to help Britain's allies Sweden and (before Tilsit) Russia against France.[3] The British thought that after Prussia had been defeated in December 1806, Denmark's independence looked increasingly under threat from France. George Canning's predecessor as Foreign Secretary, Lord Howick, had tried unsuccessfully to persuade Denmark into a secret alliance with Britain and Sweden.[4]

On 21 January 1807, Lord Hawkesbury told the House of Lords that he had received information from someone on the Continent "that there were secret engagements in the Treaty of Tilsit to employ the navies of Denmark and Portugal against this country".[5] He refused to publish the source because he said it would endanger their lives.[6]

The reports of French diplomats and merchants in northern Europe made the British government uneasy, and by mid-July, the British believed that the French intended to invade Holstein in order to use Denmark against Britain. Some reports suggested that the Danes had secretly agreed to this. The Cabinet decided to act, and on 14 July Lord Mulgrave obtained from the King permission to send a naval force of 21 to 22 ships to the Kattegat for surveillance of the Danish navy in order to pursue "prompt and vigorous operations" if that seemed necessary. The Cabinet decided on 18 July to send Francis Jackson on a secret mission to Copenhagen to persuade Denmark to give its fleet to Britain. That same day, the Admiralty issued an order for more than 50 ships to sail for "particular service" under Admiral James Gambier. On 19 July, Lord Castlereagh, the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, ordered General Lord Cathcart at Stralsund to go with his troops to the Sound where they would get reinforcements.[7]

During the night of 21/22 July, Canning received intelligence from Tilsit that Napoleon had tried to persuade Alexander I of Russia to form a maritime league with Denmark and Portugal against Britain. Spencer Perceval, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, wrote a memorandum setting out the government's case for sending forces to Copenhagen: "The intelligence from so many and such various sources" that Napoleon's intent was to force Denmark into war against Britain could not be doubted. "Nay, the fact that he has openly avowed such intention in an interview with the Emperor of Russia is brought to this country in such a way as it cannot be doubted. Under such circumstances it would be madness, it would be idiotic... to wait for an overt act".[8] Historian Hilary Barnes notes that Canning had no knowledge of the secret articles of the Treaty of Tilsit. He argues that Canning's decision was "rash, calamitous, and lacking in understanding of the Danes and of Danish foreign policy."[9]

The British assembled a force of 25,000 troops, and the vanguard sailed on 30 July; Jackson set out the next day. Canning offered Denmark a treaty of alliance and mutual defence, with a convention signed for the return of the fleet after the war, the protection of 21 British warships and a subsidy for how many soldiers Denmark kept standing. On 31 July, Napoleon ordered Talleyrand to tell Denmark to prepare for war against Britain or else Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte would invade Holstein.[10] Neither Talleyrand nor Jackson persuaded the Danes to end their neutrality, so Jackson went back to the British fleet assembled in the Sound on 15 August. The British published a proclamation demanding the deposit of the Danish fleet; the Danes responded with "what amounted to a declaration of war".[11]

As the first move in the campaign a division of twenty-nine vessels under Commodore Richard Goodwin Keats was detached to the great belt with instructions to seal the island of Zealand off from Funen and the west. Within a week some 200 miles of coast had been secured and the Danish army in Holstein prevented from passing into Zealand to lend support. The city of Copenhagen was left to its own resources to defend itself from a British force of 25,000.[12]

On 12 August, the 32-gun Danish frigate Friderichsværn sailed for Norway from Elsinor. Admiral Lord Gambier sent the 74-gun third-rate Defence and the 22-gun sixth-rate Comus after her, even though war had not yet been declared.[13] Comus was much faster than Defence in the light winds and so outdistanced her. On 15 August, Comus caught Friderichsværn off Marstrand and captured her.[14][15][16] The British took her into service as HMS Frederikscoarn.

Bombardment

 
Topographical map of Copenhagen and its surroundings showing the layout of the city and the British positions during the siege

The British troops under General Lord Cathcart were organised as follows:[17]

The Danish forces in the city amounted to 5,000 regular troops and a similar number of militias. Most of the civilian inhabitants of Copenhagen were evacuated in the few days before Copenhagen was completely invested.[20]

On 26 August, General Wellesley was detached with his reserve and two light brigades of British artillery, as well as one battalion, eight squadrons and one troop of horse artillery from the King's German Legion (KGL) to disperse a force which had been sent to relieve the beleaguered city. On 29 August, at the rivulet of Køge, this significant British force swiftly overpowered the Danish troops, which amounted to only three or four regular battalions and some cavalry (see Battle of Køge).[21]

The Danes rejected British demands,[22] so the Royal Navy fleet under the command of Admiral Gambier bombarded the city from 2 to 5 September. In addition to the military casualties incurred by the Danish army, the bombardment killed roughly 195 civilians and injured 768.[23]

The bombardment included 300 Congreve rockets, which caused fires.[a] Due to the civilian evacuation, the normal firefighting arrangements were ineffective; over a thousand buildings were burned.[25]

On 5 September, the Danes sued for peace, and the capitulation was signed on 7 September. Denmark agreed to surrender its navy and its naval stores. In return, the British undertook to leave Copenhagen within six weeks.[citation needed]

Ernst Peymann, the Danish Commander, had been under orders from the Crown Prince to burn the Danish fleet,[26] which he failed to do, though the reason for his failure is unknown.[b]

Thus, on 7 September Peymann surrendered the fleet (eighteen ships of the line, eleven frigates, two smaller ships, two ship-sloops, seven brig-sloops, two brigs, one schooner and twenty-six gunboats). In addition, the British broke up or destroyed three 74-gun ships of the line on the stocks, along with two of the ships-of-the-fleet and two elderly frigates.[citation needed]

After her capture, one ex-Danish ship of the line, Neptunos, ran aground and was burnt on or near the island of Hven. Then, when a storm arose in the Kattegat, the British destroyed or abandoned twenty-three of the captured gunboats. The British added the fifteen captured ships of the line that reached Britain to the British Navy but only four—Christian VII 80, Dannemark 74, Norge 74 and Princess Carolina 74—saw subsequent active service.[27]

On 21 October, the British fleet left Copenhagen for the United Kingdom. However, the war continued until 1814, when the Treaty of Kiel was signed.[citation needed]

  •  

    Contemporary Danish painting of the bombardment at night

  •  

    An illustration by C.W. Eckersberg of the Church of Our Lady being bombarded

  •  

    Copenhagen after the bombardment, 1807

  •  

    The Most Terrible Night. View of Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen During the English Bombardment of Copenhagen at Night between 4 and 5 September 1807

  •  

    C.W. Eckersberg's The British Destruction of the Danish Ships under Construction at Holmen

Aftermath

 
A so-called offermønt used for financing the rebuilding of a Danish fleet

The news of what happened did not reach Canning until 16 September. He wrote to Rev. William Leigh: "Did I not tell you we would save Plumstead from bombardment?" One week later he wrote: "Nothing ever was more brilliant, more salutary or more effectual than the success [at Copenhagen]" and Perceval expressed similar sentiments.[28] The Times said that the confiscation of the Danish fleet was "a bare act of self-preservation" and noticed the short distance between Denmark and Ireland or north-east Scotland. William Cobbett in his Political Register wrote that it was "vile mockery" and "mere party cavilling" to claim that Denmark had the means to preserve her neutrality. MP William Wilberforce said the expedition could be defended on grounds of self-defence. Thomas Grenville wrote to his brother Lord Grenville that he could not help feeling "that in their [the government's] situation we should very probably have given the same order without being able to publish to Parliament the grounds on which we had believed in the hostile mind of Denmark".[28] Lord Erskine condemned it by saying "if hell did not exist before, Providence would create it now to punish ministers for that damnable measure".[citation needed]

The opposition claimed the national character was stained and Canning read out in Parliament the previous administration's plans in 1806 to stop the Portuguese navy falling into the hands of France. Canning and Castlereagh wished to hold Zealand and suggested that when the British evacuated it as part of the peace they should immediately occupy it again. This was strongly opposed by Sir Arthur Wellesley, however, and it did not happen.[29] The opposition claimed that the attack had turned Denmark from a neutral into an enemy. Canning replied by saying that the British were already hated throughout Europe and so Britain could wage an "all-out maritime war" against France without worrying who they were going to upset.[30]

The opposition did not at first table a vote of censure on the battle and instead, on 3 February 1808, demanded the publication of all the letters sent by the British envoy in Denmark on information regarding the war-readiness of the Danish navy. Canning replied with a three-hour speech which Lord Palmerston described as "so powerful that it gave a decisive turn to the debate". The three motions on this subject were heavily defeated and on 21 March the opposition tabled a direct motion of censure on the battle. It was defeated by 224 votes to 64 after Canning made a speech "very witty, very eloquent and very able".[31]

The British bombardment frustrated the first attempt to publish a modern edition of the Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf as the subsequent fire destroyed the 20-year work of scholar Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin. Two manuscripts, however, were recovered and Thorkelin eventually published the poem in 1815.[32]

A horse foaled in 1808 (the year following the battle) was named "Copenhagen" in its honour, and was eventually sold to Wellesley and became his favoured mount, most notably at the Battle of Waterloo.

Danish privateers

Within one week of the British forces departing Copenhagen, King Christian VII's government promulgated the Danish Privateers Regulations (1807). Denmark was now at war with Britain, and a part of the Anglo-Danish conflict would be taken up by privateers.[33]Kaperbreve (letters of marque) were issued in Denmark and Norway[34] from 1807 to 1813—copies of original letters of marque for the two ships Odin and Norges Statholder are included in this reference. Danish shipping companies donated suitable ships (brigs, schooners and galleases) to the state which could then equip the ships for their new privateering role. One such ship was the brig Admiral Juel[35] which ranged the North Sea before her capture by the British off Scarborough.[36]

Ships involved

One hundred and twenty-six ships, large and small, were involved at Copenhagen, included those named below.[37]
In addition to those named here, there were another three dozen smaller frigates, sloops, bomb vessels, gun-brigs and schooners (e.g. HMS Rook attached to the British fleet), and a very large number of merchant or requisitioned ships carrying troops or supplies.[c]

The following ships sailed with Gambier from England on 26 July 1807:[citation needed]

The following vessels joined on 5 August off Helsingør:

The following further vessels joined on 7 August off Helsingør:[citation needed]

The following vessels joined on 8 August or later:[citation needed]

Lieutenant-General Lord Cathcart arrived in the Africaine on 12 August to take command of the ground forces.[citation needed]

Ships surrendered

 
An illustration of British soldiers marching past wrecked Danish warships

The Danes surrendered the following warships on 7 September under the terms of the capitulation following the attack:[d]

Ships of the line

  • Christian den Syvende 84 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Christian VII 80
  • Neptunus 80 – sailed for Britain but wrecked and burned en route
  • Valdemar 80 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Waldemar 80
  • Danmark 76 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Danmark 74
  • Norge 78 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Norge 74
  • Fyen 70 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Fyen 74
  • Kronprins Friderich 70 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Kron Princen 74
  • Tre Kroner 74 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Tree Kronen 74
  • Arveprins Friderich 70 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Heir Apparent Frederick 74
  • Skjold 70 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Skiold 74
  • Odin 74 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Odin 74
  • Justitia 74 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Justitia 74
  • Kronprinsesse Maria 70 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Kron Princessen 74
  • Prindsesse Sophia Frederica 74 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Princess Sophia Frederica 74
  • Prindsesse Caroline 66 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Princess Carolina 74
  • Ditsmarsken 60 – not sailed to Britain; deemed useless and burnt
  • Mars 64 – not sailed to Britain; deemed useless and burnt on Saltholm
  • Sejeren 64 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Syeren 64

Frigates

  • Perlen 46 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Perlen 38
  • Rota 40 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Rota 38
  • Freja 40 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Freya 36
  • Iris 40 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Iris 36
  • Najaden 44 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Nyaden 36
  • Havfruen 40 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Hasfruen 36
  • Nymfen 36 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Nymphen 36
  • Venus 36 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Venus 36
  • Friderichsstein 26 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as HMS Frederickstein 32
  • St Thomas 22 – not sailed to Britain, but deemed useless and burnt
  • Triton 24 (+6 howitzers) – not sailed to Britain, but deemed useless and burnt on Saltholm or the Swedish coast
  • Lille Belt 20 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Little Belt 20
  • Fylla 22 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Fylla 20
  • Eyderen 18 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Eyderen 18
  • Elven 18 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Elvin 18
  • Glückstadt 12 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Gluckstadt 16

Brigs

  • Nidelven 18 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as HMS Nid Elven 16
  • Sarpen 18 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Sarpen 18
  • Glommen 18 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Glommen 16
  • Mercurius 18 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Mercurius 16
  • Delphinen 18 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Delphinen 16
  • Allart 18 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Allart 16
  • Brevdrageren 18 – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Brev Drageren 12
  • Flyvende Fiske 14 (brig-rigged cutter) – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as Flying Fish 14
  • Ørnen 10 (schooner) – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as HMS Ornen 12

Gunboats

  • Stege 2 (gunboat) – sailed to Britain, added to Royal Navy as HMS Warning

There were a further 25 gunboats similar to the Stege, of which 23 were lost in the October storm in the Kattegat[40] or destroyed rather than sailed to Britain. These lost were:

  • Aalborg, Arendal, Assens, Christiansund, Flensborg, Frederiksund, Helsingør, Kallundborg, Langesund, Nakskov, Middelfart, Odense, Roskilde, Rødbye, Saltholmen, Staværn, Svendborg and Wiborg.
  • The Norwegians or Danes recovered and returned to naval service six gunboats (Faaborg, Holbek, Kjerteminde, Nestved, Nysted and Nykjøbing) abandoned or stranded in the Kattegat.
  • Stubbekjøbing had been destroyed at Svanemølle Bay on 26 August by mortar fire from the land.

Gun barges

Four barges (stykpram), floating gun platforms each with 20 cannon, were incapable of being moved far and so the British scuttled the barges during their brief occupation of Copenhagen. Of these four barges (Hajen, Kiempen, Lindormen and Sværdfisken) only Hajen was not raised and refurbished by the Danes after the British departure. A further "unsinkable" floating battery (Flaadebatteri No 1) of twenty-four 24-pound cannon was rendered inoperable and decommissioned the following year. [e]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Various accounts say that between 10,000 and 120,000 rockets were launched. Congreve, who was present in Copenhagen, stated that "only 300 were fired";[24] other documents agree with these numbers.[citation needed]
  2. ^ The order came from the Crown Prince because the King, Christian VII of Denmark, was not mentally stable.
  3. ^ All were awarded prize money at the rate of £3 8s per able seaman and £22 11s per petty officer for their presence on 7 September 1807 at Copenhagen.
  4. ^
    • The initial listing in the London Gazette names almost all of the ships, once one adjusts for ad hoc translations of names from Danish to English, and for transliterations. This initial list does not include the frigate Nymphen, the two brigs Allart and Delphinen, the schooner Ornen, or the gunboat Stege. Though it mentions that twenty-five gunboats were taken, it does not list them by name.[39]
    • In this list, ships' names and number of cannon areas recorded in the individual ship's record cards by the Danish Naval Museum
  5. ^ In 1809 there was a plan to give almost all of captured vessels more traditional British warship names, but this plan was later cancelled, and most Danish vessels retained their original names, or at least, anglicised versions thereof until they were broken up.

Citations

  1. ^ a b Smith 1998, p. 254.
  2. ^ A. N. Ryan, "The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807." English Historical Review (1953): 37–55. in JSTOR
  3. ^ Hinde 1973, p. 168.
  4. ^ Hinde 1973, p. 169.
  5. ^ Hansard 1808, col 28.
  6. ^ Hinde 1973, p. 171.
  7. ^ Hinde 1973, p. 170.
  8. ^ Hinde 1973, p. 170–171.
  9. ^ Hilary Barnes, "Canning and the Danes, 1807" History Today (Aug 1965) 15#8 p;p; 530-538.
  10. ^ Hinde 1973, p. 173.
  11. ^ Hinde 1973, p. 174.
  12. ^
  13. ^ James 1837, pp. 226228.
  14. ^ "No. 16062". The London Gazette. 5 September 1807. p. 1157.
  15. ^ Ludvig Flamand, Kjøbenhavns Bombardement 1807, Copenhagen, 1860, p. 27-28 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. In Danish.
  16. ^ Munch-Petersen 2007, pp. 171–172.
  17. ^ Fortsecue 1910, pp. 64–65.
  18. ^ Duncan, Volume I, pp. 173, 176, 181, 221, 222, 225, 226.
  19. ^ Duncan, Volume II, p. 147.
  20. ^ Thomas Munch-Petersen 2007, p. 149.
  21. ^ Fortsecue 1910, pp. 70–72.
  22. ^ London Gazette issue 16062 page 1153 −4 dated 5 September 1807
  23. ^ Københavns Bombardement 2013, "Statistik" cites Jelsdorf 2007
  24. ^ Congreve 1810, p. [page needed][verification needed]
  25. ^ Københavns Bombardement 2013, "Statistik" cites Vibæk 1964, p. 292
  26. ^ Munch-Petersen 2007, p. 206.
  27. ^
  28. ^ a b Hinde 1973, p. 175.
  29. ^ Hinde 1973, pp. 177–178.
  30. ^ Hinde 1973, p. 186.
  31. ^ Hinde 1973, p. 188.
  32. ^ Garnett 2008, p. 27.
  33. ^ Historiens Verden
  34. ^ Norwegian History website
  35. ^ Marcussen
  36. ^ "No. 16124". The London Gazette. 1 March 1808. p. 321.
  37. ^ London Gazette Issue 16275 page 1103 – names listed alphabetically
  38. ^
  39. ^ "No. 16067". The London Gazette. 16 September 1807. p. 1232.
  40. ^ Munch-Petersen 2007, pp. 215–216.

Cite error: A list-defined reference with group name "" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference with group name "" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Cite error: A list-defined reference with group name "" is not used in the content (see the help page).

References

  • Congreve, William (1810), A concise account of the origin and progress of the Rocket System, London: Whiting
  • Fortsecue, Sir John (1910), History of the British Army, vol. VI, pp. 64–65, 70–72
  • Major Francis Duncan, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume I, 1879 London John Murray.
  • Major Francis Duncan, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery, Volume II, 1873 London John Murray.
  • Garnett, James (2008), Beowulf: An Anglo-Saxon Poem, at the Fight at Finnsburg, BiblioBazaar, p. 27, ISBN 978-0-554-84145-8
  • Hannah, P. (2021), A Treasure to the Service, Adelaide: Green Hill, ISBN 978-1-922629-73-9
  • Hinde, Wendy (1973), George Canning, Purnell Books Services
  • "Statistik", Københavns Bombardement (in Danish), 21 February 2013 cites:
    • Jelsdorf, Hans Michael (June 2007), "Hospitalsberedskab og lægelig behandling under belejringen i 1807" [Hospital Emergency and medical treatment during the siege in 1807], Krigshistorisk Tidsskrift
    • Vibæk, Jens (1964), Politiken Dansmarkshistorie, p. 292
  • James, William (1837), The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV., vol. 4, R. Bentley
  • Smith, D. (1998), The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book, Greenhill Books
  • Munch-Petersen, Thomas (2007), Defying Napoleon. How Britain bombarded Copenhagen and seized the Danish Fleet in 1807, Sutton Publishing
  • Lord Chancellor (21 January 1808), "The Lords Commissioners' speech", Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), vol. 10, House of Lords, col. 1–32
  • Thomas Munch-Petersen (2007). Defying Napoleon: How Britain Bombarded Copenhagen and Seized the Danish Fleet in 1807. Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-4280-5.
  • (in Danish)J Marcussen for a private website listing all Danish merchant ships from the year dot. Listed alphabetically (nb: Æ, Ø and Å come at the end of the Danish alphabet)
  • Individual record cards in Danish for ships of the Danish Royal Navy can often be found on the internet at
  • The Royal Danish Naval Museum website listing for ships is available linking to a page of ships' names for which there is data.

The following website or in English gives the list of ships, as recorded by the Danes, "forcefully taken" by the British in September 1807 at Copenhagen. The references, in Danish, are as follows

  • Ramshart, Rear Admiral P. (1808), Efterretning om det bekendte af den danske Flaades Tjeneste, efter Alphabetisk Orden, med adskillige Bilage, fra Aar 1752 og til den Dag, da Engelland voldsom bortførte samme i 1807 (in Danish), Copenhagen: Hof- og Universitetsbogtrykker E. U. H. Møller
  • Lindeberg, Lars (1974), De så det ske – Englandskrigene 1801–14 (in Danish), Copenhagen: Lademann Forlagsaktieselskab OCLC World Catalogue Number: 741989841

Further reading

  • Winfield, Rif (2005), British Warships in the Age of Sail, 1793–1817, Chatham, ISBN 1-86176-246-1

External links

  •   Media related to Bombardment of Copenhagen 1807 at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded by
Siege of Stralsund (1807) 		Napoleonic Wars
Battle of Copenhagen (1807) 		Succeeded by
Invasion of Portugal (1807)

March 07, 2023
battle, copenhagen, 1807, earlier, naval, battle, battle, copenhagen, 1801, battle, copenhagen, 1807part, gunboat, napoleonic, warsa, painting, british, bombardment, christoffer, wilhelm, eckersbergdate15, august, september, 1807locationcopenhagen, denmark, no. For the earlier naval battle see Battle of Copenhagen 1801 Battle of Copenhagen 1807Part of the Gunboat War and the Napoleonic WarsA painting of the British bombardment by Christoffer Wilhelm EckersbergDate15 August 7 September 1807LocationCopenhagen Denmark Norway55 40 46 N 12 34 22 E 55 67944 N 12 57278 E 55 67944 12 57278 Coordinates 55 40 46 N 12 34 22 E 55 67944 N 12 57278 E 55 67944 12 57278ResultBritish victory Danish navy surrendered to the United KingdomBelligerents United KingdomDenmark NorwayCommanders and leadersJames Gambier Lord CathcartErnst PeymannStrength25 00010 000Casualties and losses42 killed145 wounded24 missing 1 3 000Entire fleet surrendered 1 195 civilians killed and 768 wounded The Second Battle of Copenhagen or the Bombardment of Copenhagen 16 August 7 September 1807 was a British bombardment of the Danish capital Copenhagen in order to capture or destroy the Dano Norwegian fleet during the Napoleonic Wars The incident led to the outbreak of the Anglo Russian War of 1807 which ended with the Treaty of Orebro in 1812 Britain s first response to Napoleon s Continental System was to launch a major naval attack on Denmark Although ostensibly neutral Denmark was under heavy French pressure to pledge its fleet to Napoleon In September 1807 the Royal Navy bombarded Copenhagen seizing the Danish fleet and assured use of the sea lanes in the North Sea and Baltic Sea for the British merchant fleet A consequence of the attack was that Denmark did join the Continental System and the war on the side of France but without a fleet it had little to offer 2 The attack gave rise to the term to Copenhagenize Contents 1 Background 2 Bombardment 3 Aftermath 4 Ships involved 5 Ships surrendered 5 1 Ships of the line 5 2 Frigates 5 3 Brigs 5 4 Gunboats 5 5 Gun barges 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Citations 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External linksBackground EditDespite the defeat and loss of many ships in the first Battle of Copenhagen in 1801 Denmark Norway possessing Jutland Norway Greenland Schleswig Holstein Iceland and several smaller territories still maintained a considerable navy The majority of the Danish Army under the Crown Prince was at this time defending the southern border against possible attack from the French There was concern in Britain that Napoleon might try to force Denmark to close the Baltic Sea to British ships perhaps by marching French troops into Zealand The British believed that access to the Baltic was vitally important to Britain for trade as well as a major source of necessary raw materials for building and maintaining warships and that it gave the Royal Navy access to help Britain s allies Sweden and before Tilsit Russia against France 3 The British thought that after Prussia had been defeated in December 1806 Denmark s independence looked increasingly under threat from France George Canning s predecessor as Foreign Secretary Lord Howick had tried unsuccessfully to persuade Denmark into a secret alliance with Britain and Sweden 4 On 21 January 1807 Lord Hawkesbury told the House of Lords that he had received information from someone on the Continent that there were secret engagements in the Treaty of Tilsit to employ the navies of Denmark and Portugal against this country 5 He refused to publish the source because he said it would endanger their lives 6 The reports of French diplomats and merchants in northern Europe made the British government uneasy and by mid July the British believed that the French intended to invade Holstein in order to use Denmark against Britain Some reports suggested that the Danes had secretly agreed to this The Cabinet decided to act and on 14 July Lord Mulgrave obtained from the King permission to send a naval force of 21 to 22 ships to the Kattegat for surveillance of the Danish navy in order to pursue prompt and vigorous operations if that seemed necessary The Cabinet decided on 18 July to send Francis Jackson on a secret mission to Copenhagen to persuade Denmark to give its fleet to Britain That same day the Admiralty issued an order for more than 50 ships to sail for particular service under Admiral James Gambier On 19 July Lord Castlereagh the Secretary of State for War and the Colonies ordered General Lord Cathcart at Stralsund to go with his troops to the Sound where they would get reinforcements 7 During the night of 21 22 July Canning received intelligence from Tilsit that Napoleon had tried to persuade Alexander I of Russia to form a maritime league with Denmark and Portugal against Britain Spencer Perceval the Chancellor of the Exchequer wrote a memorandum setting out the government s case for sending forces to Copenhagen The intelligence from so many and such various sources that Napoleon s intent was to force Denmark into war against Britain could not be doubted Nay the fact that he has openly avowed such intention in an interview with the Emperor of Russia is brought to this country in such a way as it cannot be doubted Under such circumstances it would be madness it would be idiotic to wait for an overt act 8 Historian Hilary Barnes notes that Canning had no knowledge of the secret articles of the Treaty of Tilsit He argues that Canning s decision was rash calamitous and lacking in understanding of the Danes and of Danish foreign policy 9 The British assembled a force of 25 000 troops and the vanguard sailed on 30 July Jackson set out the next day Canning offered Denmark a treaty of alliance and mutual defence with a convention signed for the return of the fleet after the war the protection of 21 British warships and a subsidy for how many soldiers Denmark kept standing On 31 July Napoleon ordered Talleyrand to tell Denmark to prepare for war against Britain or else Jean Baptiste Bernadotte would invade Holstein 10 Neither Talleyrand nor Jackson persuaded the Danes to end their neutrality so Jackson went back to the British fleet assembled in the Sound on 15 August The British published a proclamation demanding the deposit of the Danish fleet the Danes responded with what amounted to a declaration of war 11 As the first move in the campaign a division of twenty nine vessels under Commodore Richard Goodwin Keats was detached to the great belt with instructions to seal the island of Zealand off from Funen and the west Within a week some 200 miles of coast had been secured and the Danish army in Holstein prevented from passing into Zealand to lend support The city of Copenhagen was left to its own resources to defend itself from a British force of 25 000 12 On 12 August the 32 gun Danish frigate Friderichsvaern sailed for Norway from Elsinor Admiral Lord Gambier sent the 74 gun third rate Defence and the 22 gun sixth rate Comus after her even though war had not yet been declared 13 Comus was much faster than Defence in the light winds and so outdistanced her On 15 August Comus caught Friderichsvaern off Marstrand and captured her 14 15 16 The British took her into service as HMS Frederikscoarn Bombardment Edit Topographical map of Copenhagen and its surroundings showing the layout of the city and the British positions during the siege The British troops under General Lord Cathcart were organised as follows 17 Cavalry Brigade Major General von Linsingen 1st 2nd 3rd Light Dragoons King s German Legion Artillery amp Engineers Major General Blomefield 84 field guns and 101 siege guns 18 19 John May s Company 1st Battalion Royal Artillery James Cockburn s Company 1st Battalion Royal Artillery Robert Birch s Company 2nd Battalion Royal Artillery John Taylor s Company 3rd Battalion Royal Artillery Charles Younghusband s Company 3rd Battalion Royal Artillery John Kattlewell s Company 3rd Battalion Royal Artillery Peter Fyers Company 3rd Battalion Royal Artillery P Meadow s Company 8th Battalion Royal Artillery First Division Lieutenant General Sir George Ludlow Guards Brigade Major General Edward Finch 1 Coldstream Regiment of Foot Guards 1 3rd Regiment of Foot Guards 1st Brigade Brigadier General Warde 1 28th North Gloucestershire Regiment of Foot 1 79th Regiment of Foot Cameron Highlanders Second Division Lieutenant General Sir David Baird 2nd Brigade Major General Grosvenor 1 4th The King s Own Regiment of Foot 1 23rd Regiment of Foot Royal Welsh Fusiliers 3rd Brigade Major General Spencer 1 32nd Cornwall Regiment of Foot 1 50th Queen s Own Regiment of Foot 1 82nd Regiment of Foot Prince of Wales s Volunteers 4th Brigade Brigadier General Macfarlane 1 7th Regiment of Foot Royal Fusiliers 1 8th The King s Regiment of Foot Reserve Major General Sir Arthur Wellesley Brigadier General Stewart 1 43rd Monmouthshire Regiment of Foot 2 52nd Oxfordshire Regiment of Foot 1 92nd Gordon Highlanders Regiment of Foot 5 coys 1 95th Rifles 2 95th Rifles KGL Division Major General van Drechel 1st Brigade Colonel du Plat 6th 7th 8th Line Batts 2nd Brigade Colonel von Drieburg 3rd 4th 5th Line Batts 3rd Brigade Colonel von Barsse 1st and 2nd Line Batts 4th Brigade Colonel von Alten 1st and 2nd Light Batts The Danish forces in the city amounted to 5 000 regular troops and a similar number of militias Most of the civilian inhabitants of Copenhagen were evacuated in the few days before Copenhagen was completely invested 20 On 26 August General Wellesley was detached with his reserve and two light brigades of British artillery as well as one battalion eight squadrons and one troop of horse artillery from the King s German Legion KGL to disperse a force which had been sent to relieve the beleaguered city On 29 August at the rivulet of Koge this significant British force swiftly overpowered the Danish troops which amounted to only three or four regular battalions and some cavalry see Battle of Koge 21 The Danes rejected British demands 22 so the Royal Navy fleet under the command of Admiral Gambier bombarded the city from 2 to 5 September In addition to the military casualties incurred by the Danish army the bombardment killed roughly 195 civilians and injured 768 23 The bombardment included 300 Congreve rockets which caused fires a Due to the civilian evacuation the normal firefighting arrangements were ineffective over a thousand buildings were burned 25 On 5 September the Danes sued for peace and the capitulation was signed on 7 September Denmark agreed to surrender its navy and its naval stores In return the British undertook to leave Copenhagen within six weeks citation needed Ernst Peymann the Danish Commander had been under orders from the Crown Prince to burn the Danish fleet 26 which he failed to do though the reason for his failure is unknown b Thus on 7 September Peymann surrendered the fleet eighteen ships of the line eleven frigates two smaller ships two ship sloops seven brig sloops two brigs one schooner and twenty six gunboats In addition the British broke up or destroyed three 74 gun ships of the line on the stocks along with two of the ships of the fleet and two elderly frigates citation needed After her capture one ex Danish ship of the line Neptunos ran aground and was burnt on or near the island of Hven Then when a storm arose in the Kattegat the British destroyed or abandoned twenty three of the captured gunboats The British added the fifteen captured ships of the line that reached Britain to the British Navy but only four Christian VII 80 Dannemark 74 Norge 74 and Princess Carolina 74 saw subsequent active service 27 On 21 October the British fleet left Copenhagen for the United Kingdom However the war continued until 1814 when the Treaty of Kiel was signed citation needed Contemporary Danish painting of the bombardment at night An illustration by C W Eckersberg of the Church of Our Lady being bombarded Copenhagen after the bombardment 1807 The Most Terrible Night View of Kongens Nytorv in Copenhagen During the English Bombardment of Copenhagen at Night between 4 and 5 September 1807 C W Eckersberg s The British Destruction of the Danish Ships under Construction at HolmenAftermath Edit A so called offermont used for financing the rebuilding of a Danish fleet The news of what happened did not reach Canning until 16 September He wrote to Rev William Leigh Did I not tell you we would save Plumstead from bombardment One week later he wrote Nothing ever was more brilliant more salutary or more effectual than the success at Copenhagen and Perceval expressed similar sentiments 28 The Times said that the confiscation of the Danish fleet was a bare act of self preservation and noticed the short distance between Denmark and Ireland or north east Scotland William Cobbett in his Political Register wrote that it was vile mockery and mere party cavilling to claim that Denmark had the means to preserve her neutrality MP William Wilberforce said the expedition could be defended on grounds of self defence Thomas Grenville wrote to his brother Lord Grenville that he could not help feeling that in their the government s situation we should very probably have given the same order without being able to publish to Parliament the grounds on which we had believed in the hostile mind of Denmark 28 Lord Erskine condemned it by saying if hell did not exist before Providence would create it now to punish ministers for that damnable measure citation needed The opposition claimed the national character was stained and Canning read out in Parliament the previous administration s plans in 1806 to stop the Portuguese navy falling into the hands of France Canning and Castlereagh wished to hold Zealand and suggested that when the British evacuated it as part of the peace they should immediately occupy it again This was strongly opposed by Sir Arthur Wellesley however and it did not happen 29 The opposition claimed that the attack had turned Denmark from a neutral into an enemy Canning replied by saying that the British were already hated throughout Europe and so Britain could wage an all out maritime war against France without worrying who they were going to upset 30 The opposition did not at first table a vote of censure on the battle and instead on 3 February 1808 demanded the publication of all the letters sent by the British envoy in Denmark on information regarding the war readiness of the Danish navy Canning replied with a three hour speech which Lord Palmerston described as so powerful that it gave a decisive turn to the debate The three motions on this subject were heavily defeated and on 21 March the opposition tabled a direct motion of censure on the battle It was defeated by 224 votes to 64 after Canning made a speech very witty very eloquent and very able 31 The British bombardment frustrated the first attempt to publish a modern edition of the Anglo Saxon poem Beowulf as the subsequent fire destroyed the 20 year work of scholar Grimur Jonsson Thorkelin Two manuscripts however were recovered and Thorkelin eventually published the poem in 1815 32 A horse foaled in 1808 the year following the battle was named Copenhagen in its honour and was eventually sold to Wellesley and became his favoured mount most notably at the Battle of Waterloo Danish privateersWithin one week of the British forces departing Copenhagen King Christian VII s government promulgated the Danish Privateers Regulations 1807 Denmark was now at war with Britain and a part of the Anglo Danish conflict would be taken up by privateers 33 Kaperbreve letters of marque were issued in Denmark and Norway 34 from 1807 to 1813 copies of original letters of marque for the two ships Odin and Norges Statholder are included in this reference Danish shipping companies donated suitable ships brigs schooners and galleases to the state which could then equip the ships for their new privateering role One such ship was the brig Admiral Juel 35 which ranged the North Sea before her capture by the British off Scarborough 36 Ships involved EditOne hundred and twenty six ships large and small were involved at Copenhagen included those named below 37 In addition to those named here there were another three dozen smaller frigates sloops bomb vessels gun brigs and schooners e g HMS Rook attached to the British fleet and a very large number of merchant or requisitioned ships carrying troops or supplies c The following ships sailed with Gambier from England on 26 July 1807 citation needed Prince of Wales 98 flag of Admiral James Gambier 1st Captain Sir Home Riggs Popham 2nd Captain Adam Mackenzie Pompee 74 Vice Admiral Henry Edwyn Stanhope Captain Richard Dacres Centaur 74 Commodore Sir Samuel Hood Captain William Henry Webley Ganges 74 Commodore Richard Goodwin Keats Captain Peter Halkett Alfred 74 Captain John Bligh Brunswick 74 Captain Thomas Graves Captain 74 Captain Isaac Wolley Goliath 74 Captain Peter Puget Hercule 74 Captain John Colville Maida 74 Captain Samuel Hood Linzee Orion 74 Captain Sir Archibald Collingwood Dickson Resolution 74 Captain George Burlton Spencer 74 Captain Robert Stopford Vanguard 74 Captain Alexander Fraser Dictator 64 Captain Donald Campbell Nassau 64 Captain Robert Campbell Ruby 64 Captain John Draper Surveillante 38 Captain George Collier Sibylle 38 Capt Clotworthy Upton Franchise 36 Capt Charles Dashwood Nymphe 36 Capt Conway Shipley The following vessels joined on 5 August off Helsingor Superb 74 Captain Donald M Leod to which Commodore Richard Goodwin Keats shifted his flag 38 The following further vessels joined on 7 August off Helsingor citation needed Minotaur 74 Rear Admiral William Essington Captain Charles John Moore Mansfield Valiant 74 Captain James Young Inflexible 64 Captain Joshua Rowley Watson Leyden 64 Captain William Cumberland The following vessels joined on 8 August or later citation needed Defence 74 Captain Charles Ekins Mars 74 Captain William Lukin Agamemnon 64 Captain Jonas Rose Africaine 32 Capt Richard Raggett Lieutenant General Lord Cathcart arrived in the Africaine on 12 August to take command of the ground forces citation needed Ships surrendered Edit An illustration of British soldiers marching past wrecked Danish warships The Danes surrendered the following warships on 7 September under the terms of the capitulation following the attack d Ships of the line Edit Christian den Syvende 84 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Christian VII 80 Neptunus 80 sailed for Britain but wrecked and burned en route Valdemar 80 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Waldemar 80 Danmark 76 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Danmark 74 Norge 78 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Norge 74 Fyen 70 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Fyen 74 Kronprins Friderich 70 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Kron Princen 74 Tre Kroner 74 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Tree Kronen 74 Arveprins Friderich 70 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Heir Apparent Frederick 74 Skjold 70 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Skiold 74 Odin 74 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Odin 74 Justitia 74 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Justitia 74 Kronprinsesse Maria 70 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Kron Princessen 74 Prindsesse Sophia Frederica 74 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Princess Sophia Frederica 74 Prindsesse Caroline 66 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Princess Carolina 74 Ditsmarsken 60 not sailed to Britain deemed useless and burnt Mars 64 not sailed to Britain deemed useless and burnt on Saltholm Sejeren 64 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Syeren 64Frigates Edit Perlen 46 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Perlen 38 Rota 40 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Rota 38 Freja 40 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Freya 36 Iris 40 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Iris 36 Najaden 44 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Nyaden 36 Havfruen 40 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Hasfruen 36 Nymfen 36 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Nymphen 36 Venus 36 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Venus 36 Friderichsstein 26 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as HMS Frederickstein 32 St Thomas 22 not sailed to Britain but deemed useless and burnt Triton 24 6 howitzers not sailed to Britain but deemed useless and burnt on Saltholm or the Swedish coast Lille Belt 20 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Little Belt 20 Fylla 22 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Fylla 20 Eyderen 18 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Eyderen 18 Elven 18 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Elvin 18 Gluckstadt 12 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Gluckstadt 16Brigs Edit Nidelven 18 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as HMS Nid Elven 16 Sarpen 18 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Sarpen 18 Glommen 18 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Glommen 16 Mercurius 18 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Mercurius 16 Delphinen 18 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Delphinen 16 Allart 18 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Allart 16 Brevdrageren 18 sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Brev Drageren 12 Flyvende Fiske 14 brig rigged cutter sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as Flying Fish 14 Ornen 10 schooner sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as HMS Ornen 12Gunboats Edit Stege 2 gunboat sailed to Britain added to Royal Navy as HMS WarningThere were a further 25 gunboats similar to the Stege of which 23 were lost in the October storm in the Kattegat 40 or destroyed rather than sailed to Britain These lost were Aalborg Arendal Assens Christiansund Flensborg Frederiksund Helsingor Kallundborg Langesund Nakskov Middelfart Odense Roskilde Rodbye Saltholmen Stavaern Svendborg and Wiborg The Norwegians or Danes recovered and returned to naval service six gunboats Faaborg Holbek Kjerteminde Nestved Nysted and Nykjobing abandoned or stranded in the Kattegat Stubbekjobing had been destroyed at Svanemolle Bay on 26 August by mortar fire from the land Gun barges Edit Four barges stykpram floating gun platforms each with 20 cannon were incapable of being moved far and so the British scuttled the barges during their brief occupation of Copenhagen Of these four barges Hajen Kiempen Lindormen and Svaerdfisken only Hajen was not raised and refurbished by the Danes after the British departure A further unsinkable floating battery Flaadebatteri No 1 of twenty four 24 pound cannon was rendered inoperable and decommissioned the following year e See also EditList of ships captured in the 19th centuryNotes Edit Various accounts say that between 10 000 and 120 000 rockets were launched Congreve who was present in Copenhagen stated that only 300 were fired 24 other documents agree with these numbers citation needed The order came from the Crown Prince because the King Christian VII of Denmark was not mentally stable All were awarded prize money at the rate of 3 8s per able seaman and 22 11s per petty officer for their presence on 7 September 1807 at Copenhagen The initial listing in the London Gazette names almost all of the ships once one adjusts for ad hoc translations of names from Danish to English and for transliterations This initial list does not include the frigate Nymphen the two brigs Allart and Delphinen the schooner Ornen or the gunboat Stege Though it mentions that twenty five gunboats were taken it does not list them by name 39 In this list ships names and number of cannon areas recorded in the individual ship s record cards by the Danish Naval Museum Orlogmuseet Skibregister In 1809 there was a plan to give almost all of captured vessels more traditional British warship names but this plan was later cancelled and most Danish vessels retained their original names or at least anglicised versions thereof until they were broken up Citations Edit a b Smith 1998 p 254 A N Ryan The Causes of the British Attack upon Copenhagen in 1807 English Historical Review 1953 37 55 in JSTOR Hinde 1973 p 168 Hinde 1973 p 169 Hansard 1808 col 28 Hinde 1973 p 171 Hinde 1973 p 170 Hinde 1973 p 170 171 Hilary Barnes Canning and the Danes 1807 History Today Aug 1965 15 8 p p 530 538 Hinde 1973 p 173 Hinde 1973 p 174 James 1837 pp 226228 No 16062 The London Gazette 5 September 1807 p 1157 Ludvig Flamand Kjobenhavns Bombardement 1807 Copenhagen 1860 p 27 28 Archived 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine In Danish Munch Petersen 2007 pp 171 172 Fortsecue 1910 pp 64 65 Duncan Volume I pp 173 176 181 221 222 225 226 Duncan Volume II p 147 Thomas Munch Petersen 2007 p 149 Fortsecue 1910 pp 70 72 London Gazette issue 16062 page 1153 4 dated 5 September 1807 Kobenhavns Bombardement 2013 Statistik cites Jelsdorf 2007 Congreve 1810 p page needed verification needed Kobenhavns Bombardement 2013 Statistik cites Vibaek 1964 p 292 Munch Petersen 2007 p 206 a b Hinde 1973 p 175 Hinde 1973 pp 177 178 Hinde 1973 p 186 Hinde 1973 p 188 Garnett 2008 p 27 Historiens Verden Norwegian History website Marcussen No 16124 The London Gazette 1 March 1808 p 321 London Gazette Issue 16275 page 1103 names listed alphabetically No 16067 The London Gazette 16 September 1807 p 1232 Munch Petersen 2007 pp 215 216 Cite error A list defined reference with group name is not used in the content see the help page Cite error A list defined reference with group name is not used in the content see the help page Cite error A list defined reference with group name is not used in the content see the help page References EditCongreve William 1810 A concise account of the origin and progress of the Rocket System London Whiting Fortsecue Sir John 1910 History of the British Army vol VI pp 64 65 70 72 Major Francis Duncan History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery Volume I 1879 London John Murray Major Francis Duncan History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery Volume II 1873 London John Murray Garnett James 2008 Beowulf An Anglo Saxon Poem at the Fight at Finnsburg BiblioBazaar p 27 ISBN 978 0 554 84145 8 Hannah P 2021 A Treasure to the Service Adelaide Green Hill ISBN 978 1 922629 73 9 Hinde Wendy 1973 George Canning Purnell Books Services Statistik Kobenhavns Bombardement in Danish 21 February 2013 cites Jelsdorf Hans Michael June 2007 Hospitalsberedskab og laegelig behandling under belejringen i 1807 Hospital Emergency and medical treatment during the siege in 1807 Krigshistorisk Tidsskrift Vibaek Jens 1964 Politiken Dansmarkshistorie p 292 James William 1837 The Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Accession of George IV vol 4 R Bentley Smith D 1998 The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book Greenhill Books Munch Petersen Thomas 2007 Defying Napoleon How Britain bombarded Copenhagen and seized the Danish Fleet in 1807 Sutton Publishing Lord Chancellor 21 January 1808 The Lords Commissioners speech Parliamentary Debates Hansard vol 10 House of Lords col 1 32 Thomas Munch Petersen 2007 Defying Napoleon How Britain Bombarded Copenhagen and Seized the Danish Fleet in 1807 Sutton ISBN 978 0 7509 4280 5 in Danish J Marcussen for a private website listing all Danish merchant ships from the year dot Listed alphabetically nb AE O and A come at the end of the Danish alphabet Individual record cards in Danish for ships of the Danish Royal Navy can often be found on the internet at Orlogmuseet Skibregister The Royal Danish Naval Museum website listing for ships is available here linking to a page of ships names for which there is data The following website in Danish or in English gives the list of ships as recorded by the Danes forcefully taken by the British in September 1807 at Copenhagen The references in Danish are as follows Ramshart Rear Admiral P 1808 Efterretning om det bekendte af den danske Flaades Tjeneste efter Alphabetisk Orden med adskillige Bilage fra Aar 1752 og til den Dag da Engelland voldsom bortforte samme i 1807 in Danish Copenhagen Hof og Universitetsbogtrykker E U H Moller Lindeberg Lars 1974 De sa det ske Englandskrigene 1801 14 in Danish Copenhagen Lademann Forlagsaktieselskab OCLC World Catalogue Number 741989841Further reading EditWinfield Rif 2005 British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793 1817 Chatham ISBN 1 86176 246 1External links EditThe Bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807 by Jens Rahbek Rasmussen translated by David Frost British Ambassador in Copenhagen Media related to Bombardment of Copenhagen 1807 at Wikimedia CommonsPreceded bySiege of Stralsund 1807 Napoleonic WarsBattle of Copenhagen 1807 Succeeded byInvasion of Portugal 1807 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Battle of Copenhagen 1807 amp oldid 1137787279, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.