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Basic research

January 01, 1970

For broader coverage of this topic, see Research.

Basic research, also called pure research, fundamental research, basic science, or pure science, is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena.[1] In contrast, applied research uses scientific theories to develop technology or techniques, which can be used to intervene and alter natural or other phenomena. Though often driven simply by curiosity,[2] basic research often fuels the technological innovations of applied science.[3] The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated research and development.

In addition to innovations, basic research also serves to provide insight into nature around us and allows us to respect its innate value.[4] The development of this respect is what drives conservation efforts. Through learning about the environment, conservation efforts can be strengthened using research as a basis.[5] Technological innovations can unintentionally be created through this as well, as seen with examples such as kingfishers' beaks affecting the design for high speed bullet train in Japan.[6]

Overview edit

Despite smart people working on this problem for 50 years, we're still discovering surprisingly basic things about the earliest history of our world. It's quite humbling. — Matija Ćuk, scientist at the SETI Institute and lead researcher, November 2016[7]

Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world. It focuses on creating and refuting or supporting theories that explain observed phenomena. Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world. It can be exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory; however, explanatory research is the most common.[citation needed]

Basic research generates new ideas, principles, and theories, which may not be immediately utilized but nonetheless form the basis of progress and development in different fields. Today's computers, for example, could not exist without research in pure mathematics conducted over a century ago, for which there was no known practical application at the time. Basic research rarely helps practitioners directly with their everyday concerns; nevertheless, it stimulates new ways of thinking that have the potential to revolutionize and dramatically improve how practitioners deal with a problem in the future.[citation needed]

History edit

By country edit

In the United States, basic research is funded mainly by federal government and done mainly at universities and institutes.[8] As government funding has diminished in the 2010s, however, private funding is increasingly important.[9]

Basic versus applied science edit

Main articles: Applied science and Translational research

Applied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques. In contrast, basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions, principally in natural sciences but also in other empirical sciences, which are used as the scientific foundation for applied science. Basic science develops and establishes information to predict phenomena and perhaps to understand nature, whereas applied science uses portions of basic science to develop interventions via technology or technique to alter events or outcomes.[10][11] Applied and basic sciences can interface closely in research and development.[12][13] The interface between basic research and applied research has been studied by the National Science Foundation.

A worker in basic scientific research is motivated by a driving curiosity about the unknown. When his explorations yield new knowledge, he experiences the satisfaction of those who first attain the summit of a mountain or the upper reaches of a river flowing through unmapped territory. Discovery of truth and understanding of nature are his objectives. His professional standing among his fellows depends upon the originality and soundness of his work. Creativeness in science is of a cloth with that of the poet or painter.[14]

It conducted a study in which it traced the relationship between basic scientific research efforts and the development of major innovations, such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders. This study found that basic research played a key role in the development in all of the innovations. The number of basic science research[clarification needed] that assisted in the production of a given innovation peaked between 20 and 30 years before the innovation itself. While most innovation takes the form of applied science and most innovation occurs in the private sector, basic research is a necessary precursor to almost all applied science and associated instances of innovation. Roughly 76% of basic research is conducted by universities.[15]

A distinction can be made between basic science and disciplines such as medicine and technology.[10][11][16][17][18] They can be grouped as STM (science, technology, and medicine; not to be confused with STEM [science, technology, engineering, and mathematics]) or STS (science, technology, and society). These groups are interrelated and influence each other,[19][20][21][22][23] although they may differ in the specifics such as methods and standards.[11][16][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

The Nobel Prize mixes basic with applied sciences for its award in Physiology or Medicine. In contrast, the Royal Society of London awards distinguish natural science from applied science.[37]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "What is basic research?" (PDF). National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
  2. ^ "Curiosity creates cures: The value and impact of basic research October 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health.
  3. ^ "ICSU position statement: The value of basic scientific research" 2017-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, International Council for Science, December 2004.
  4. ^ Yong, Ed (2022). An Immense World. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-593-13324-8. OCLC 1333131287.
  5. ^ Cook, Carly N.; Mascia, Michael B.; Schwartz, Mark W.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Fuller, Richard A. (2013-04-10). "Achieving Conservation Science that Bridges the Knowledge–Action Boundary". Conservation Biology. 27 (4): 669–678. Bibcode:2013ConBi..27..669C. doi:10.1111/cobi.12050. ISSN 0888-8892. PMC 3761186. PMID 23574343.
  6. ^ "High Speed Train Inspired by the Kingfisher — Innovation — AskNature". asknature.org. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  7. ^ Jacqueline Ronson (November 1, 2016). "Why is the Earth Tilted? New Theory Offers Clues on a Dizzy Moment". Inverse. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  8. ^ Ganapati, Priya (2008-08-27). "Bell Labs kills fundamental physics research". Wired. from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-28.
  9. ^ William J. Broad (March 15, 2014). "Billionaires with big ideas are privatizing American science". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2014.
  10. ^ a b Davis, Bernard D. (March 2000). "Limited scope of science". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000. PMC 98983. PMID 10704471. & "Technology" in Bernard Davis (Mar 2000). "The scientist's world". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1128/MMBR.64.1.1-12.2000. PMC 98983. PMID 10704471.
  11. ^ a b c James McCormick (2001). "Scientific medicine—fact of fiction? The contribution of science to medicine". Occasional Paper (Royal College of General Practitioners) (80): 3–6. PMC 2560978. PMID 19790950.
  12. ^ Gerard Piel, "Science and the next fifty years", § "Applied vs basic science", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 1954 Jan;10(1):17–20, p 18.
  13. ^ Ruth-Marie E Fincher, Paul M Wallach & W Scott Richardson, "Basic science right, not basic science lite: Medical education at a crossroad", Journal of General Internal Medicine, Nov 2009;24(11):1255–58, abstract: "Thoughtful changes in education provide the opportunity to improve understanding of fundamental sciences, the process of scientific inquiry, and translation of that knowledge to clinical practice".
  14. ^ "What is basic research?" (PDF). National Science Foundation. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
  15. ^ Stephan, Paula (2012). How Economics Shapes Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-674-04971-0.
  16. ^ a b Richard Smith (Mar 2006). "The trouble with medical journals". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 99 (3): 115–9. doi:10.1177/014107680609900311. PMC 1383755. PMID 16508048.
  17. ^ Leon Eisenberg (Mar 1988). "Science in medicine: Too much or too little and too limited in scope?". American Journal of Medicine. 84 (3 Pt 1): 483–91. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90270-7. PMID 3348249.
  18. ^ J N Clarke; S Arnold; M Everest & K Whitfield (Jan 2007). "The paradoxical reliance on allopathic medicine and positivist science among skeptical audiences". Social Science & Medicine. 64 (1): 164–73. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.038. PMID 17045377.
  19. ^ Eric Holtzman (1981). "Science, philosophy, and society: Some recent books". International Journal of Health Services. 11 (1): 123–49. doi:10.2190/l5eu-e7pc-hxg6-euml. PMID 7016767. S2CID 25401644.
  20. ^ P M Strong PM & K McPherson (1982). "Natural science and medicine: Social science and medicine: Some methodological controversies". Social Science & Medicine. 16 (6): 643–57. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(82)90454-3. PMID 7089600.
  21. ^ Lucien R Karhausen (2000). "Causation: The elusive grail of epidemiology". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 3 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1023/A:1009970730507. PMID 11080970. S2CID 24260908.
  22. ^ K Bayertz & P Nevers (1998). "Biology as technology". Clio Medica. 48: 108–32. PMID 9646019.
  23. ^ a b John V Pickstone & Michael Worboys (Mar 2011). "Focus: Between and beyond 'histories of science' and 'histories of medicine'—introduction". Isis. 102 (1): 97–101. doi:10.1086/658658. PMID 21667777. S2CID 224835675.
  24. ^ Lester S King (May 1983). "Medicine in the USA: Historical vignettes: XI: Medicine seeks to be 'scientific'". JAMA. 249 (18): 2475–9. doi:10.1001/jama.1983.03330420025028. PMID 6341631.
  25. ^ Thomas Marshall (Apr 1997). "Scientific knowledge in medicine: A new clinical epistemology?". Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 3 (2): 133–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2753.1997.00075.x. PMID 9276588.
  26. ^ A Zalewski (Mar 1999). "Importance of philosophy of science to the history of medical thinking". Croatian Medical Journal. 40 (1): 8–13. PMID 9933889.
  27. ^ Kevork Hopayian (May 2004). "Why medicine still needs a scientific foundation: Restating the hypotheticodeductive model—part two". British Journal of General Practice. 54 (502): 402–3. PMC 1266186. PMID 15372724.
  28. ^ A Skurvydas (2005). . Medicina. 41 (1): 7–16. PMID 15687745. Archived from the original on 2005-11-04. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
  29. ^ Ronald A Arky (2007). "Abe Flexner, where are you? We need you!". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 118: 89–96. PMC 1863593. PMID 18528492.
  30. ^ Peter Byass (2011). "The democratic fallacy in matters of clinical opinion: Implications for analysing cause-of-death data". Emerging Themes in Epidemiology. 8 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/1742-7622-8-1. PMC 3026021. PMID 21223568.
  31. ^ M Brandon Westover; Kenneth D Westover KD & Matt T Bianchi (2011). "Significance testing as perverse probabilistic reasoning". BMC Medicine. 9: 20. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-20. PMC 3058025. PMID 21356064.
  32. ^ Alfredo Morabia (2005). "Epidemiological causality". History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 27 (3–4): 365–79. PMID 16898206.
  33. ^ Michael Kundi (July 2006). "Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence". Environmental Health Perspectives. 114 (7): 969–74. doi:10.1289/ehp.8297. PMC 1513293. PMID 16835045.
  34. ^ Andrew C Ward (2009). "The role of causal criteria in causal inferences: Bradford Hill's 'aspects of association'". Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations. 6: 2. doi:10.1186/1742-5573-6-2. PMC 2706236. PMID 19534788.
  35. ^ Georg W Kreutzberg (May 2005). "Scientists and the marketplace of opinions: Scientific credibility takes on a different meaning when reaching out to the public". EMBO Reports. 6 (5): 393–6. doi:10.1038/sj.embor.7400405. PMC 1299311. PMID 15864285.
  36. ^ John Worrall (Apr 2010). "Evidence: Philosophy of science meets medicine". Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 16 (2): 356–62. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01400.x. PMID 20367864.
  37. ^ "Medals, Awards & Prize lectures", The Royal Society website, accessed 22 Sep 2013.

Further reading edit

January 01, 1970
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For broader coverage of this topic see Research Basic research also called pure research fundamental research basic science or pure science is a type of scientific research with the aim of improving scientific theories for better understanding and prediction of natural or other phenomena 1 In contrast applied research uses scientific theories to develop technology or techniques which can be used to intervene and alter natural or other phenomena Though often driven simply by curiosity 2 basic research often fuels the technological innovations of applied science 3 The two aims are often practiced simultaneously in coordinated research and development In addition to innovations basic research also serves to provide insight into nature around us and allows us to respect its innate value 4 The development of this respect is what drives conservation efforts Through learning about the environment conservation efforts can be strengthened using research as a basis 5 Technological innovations can unintentionally be created through this as well as seen with examples such as kingfishers beaks affecting the design for high speed bullet train in Japan 6 Contents 1 Overview 2 History 3 By country 4 Basic versus applied science 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingOverview editDespite smart people working on this problem for 50 years we re still discovering surprisingly basic things about the earliest history of our world It s quite humbling Matija Cuk scientist at the SETI Institute and lead researcher November 2016 7 Basic research advances fundamental knowledge about the world It focuses on creating and refuting or supporting theories that explain observed phenomena Pure research is the source of most new scientific ideas and ways of thinking about the world It can be exploratory descriptive or explanatory however explanatory research is the most common citation needed Basic research generates new ideas principles and theories which may not be immediately utilized but nonetheless form the basis of progress and development in different fields Today s computers for example could not exist without research in pure mathematics conducted over a century ago for which there was no known practical application at the time Basic research rarely helps practitioners directly with their everyday concerns nevertheless it stimulates new ways of thinking that have the potential to revolutionize and dramatically improve how practitioners deal with a problem in the future citation needed History editThis section needs expansion You can help by adding to it October 2023 By country editThe examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject You may improve this article discuss the issue on the talk page or create a new article as appropriate October 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message In the United States basic research is funded mainly by federal government and done mainly at universities and institutes 8 As government funding has diminished in the 2010s however private funding is increasingly important 9 Basic versus applied science editMain articles Applied science and Translational researchApplied science focuses on the development of technology and techniques In contrast basic science develops scientific knowledge and predictions principally in natural sciences but also in other empirical sciences which are used as the scientific foundation for applied science Basic science develops and establishes information to predict phenomena and perhaps to understand nature whereas applied science uses portions of basic science to develop interventions via technology or technique to alter events or outcomes 10 11 Applied and basic sciences can interface closely in research and development 12 13 The interface between basic research and applied research has been studied by the National Science Foundation A worker in basic scientific research is motivated by a driving curiosity about the unknown When his explorations yield new knowledge he experiences the satisfaction of those who first attain the summit of a mountain or the upper reaches of a river flowing through unmapped territory Discovery of truth and understanding of nature are his objectives His professional standing among his fellows depends upon the originality and soundness of his work Creativeness in science is of a cloth with that of the poet or painter 14 It conducted a study in which it traced the relationship between basic scientific research efforts and the development of major innovations such as oral contraceptives and videotape recorders This study found that basic research played a key role in the development in all of the innovations The number of basic science research clarification needed that assisted in the production of a given innovation peaked between 20 and 30 years before the innovation itself While most innovation takes the form of applied science and most innovation occurs in the private sector basic research is a necessary precursor to almost all applied science and associated instances of innovation Roughly 76 of basic research is conducted by universities 15 A distinction can be made between basic science and disciplines such as medicine and technology 10 11 16 17 18 They can be grouped as STM science technology and medicine not to be confused with STEM science technology engineering and mathematics or STS science technology and society These groups are interrelated and influence each other 19 20 21 22 23 although they may differ in the specifics such as methods and standards 11 16 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 The Nobel Prize mixes basic with applied sciences for its award in Physiology or Medicine In contrast the Royal Society of London awards distinguish natural science from applied science 37 See also editBlue skies research Hard and soft science Metascience Normative science Physics Precautionary principle Pure mathematics Pure ChemistryReferences edit What is basic research PDF National Science Foundation Retrieved 2014 05 31 Curiosity creates cures The value and impact of basic research Archived October 20 2013 at the Wayback Machine National Institute of General Medical Sciences National Institutes of Health ICSU position statement The value of basic scientific research Archived 2017 05 06 at the Wayback Machine International Council for Science December 2004 Yong Ed 2022 An Immense World Random House Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 593 13324 8 OCLC 1333131287 Cook Carly N Mascia Michael B Schwartz Mark W Possingham Hugh P Fuller Richard A 2013 04 10 Achieving Conservation Science that Bridges the Knowledge Action Boundary Conservation Biology 27 4 669 678 Bibcode 2013ConBi 27 669C doi 10 1111 cobi 12050 ISSN 0888 8892 PMC 3761186 PMID 23574343 High Speed Train Inspired by the Kingfisher Innovation AskNature asknature org Retrieved 2022 11 29 Jacqueline Ronson November 1 2016 Why is the Earth Tilted New Theory Offers Clues on a Dizzy Moment Inverse Retrieved October 18 2017 Ganapati Priya 2008 08 27 Bell Labs kills fundamental physics research Wired Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 Retrieved 2008 08 28 William J Broad March 15 2014 Billionaires with big ideas are privatizing American science The New York Times Retrieved December 26 2014 a b Davis Bernard D March 2000 Limited scope of science Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64 1 1 12 doi 10 1128 MMBR 64 1 1 12 2000 PMC 98983 PMID 10704471 amp Technology in Bernard Davis Mar 2000 The scientist s world Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64 1 1 12 doi 10 1128 MMBR 64 1 1 12 2000 PMC 98983 PMID 10704471 a b c James McCormick 2001 Scientific medicine fact of fiction The contribution of science to medicine Occasional Paper Royal College of General Practitioners 80 3 6 PMC 2560978 PMID 19790950 Gerard Piel Science and the next fifty years Applied vs basic science Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 1954 Jan 10 1 17 20 p 18 Ruth Marie E Fincher Paul M Wallach amp W Scott Richardson Basic science right not basic science lite Medical education at a crossroad Journal of General Internal Medicine Nov 2009 24 11 1255 58 abstract Thoughtful changes in education provide the opportunity to improve understanding of fundamental sciences the process of scientific inquiry and translation of that knowledge to clinical practice What is basic research PDF National Science Foundation Retrieved 2014 05 31 Stephan Paula 2012 How Economics Shapes Science Cambridge MA Harvard University Press p 146 ISBN 978 0 674 04971 0 a b Richard Smith Mar 2006 The trouble with medical journals Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 99 3 115 9 doi 10 1177 014107680609900311 PMC 1383755 PMID 16508048 Leon Eisenberg Mar 1988 Science in medicine Too much or too little and too limited in scope American Journal of Medicine 84 3 Pt 1 483 91 doi 10 1016 0002 9343 88 90270 7 PMID 3348249 J N Clarke S Arnold M Everest amp K Whitfield Jan 2007 The paradoxical reliance on allopathic medicine and positivist science among skeptical audiences Social Science amp Medicine 64 1 164 73 doi 10 1016 j socscimed 2006 08 038 PMID 17045377 Eric Holtzman 1981 Science philosophy and society Some recent books International Journal of Health Services 11 1 123 49 doi 10 2190 l5eu e7pc hxg6 euml PMID 7016767 S2CID 25401644 P M Strong PM amp K McPherson 1982 Natural science and medicine Social science and medicine Some methodological controversies Social Science amp Medicine 16 6 643 57 doi 10 1016 0277 9536 82 90454 3 PMID 7089600 Lucien R Karhausen 2000 Causation The elusive grail of epidemiology Medicine Health Care and Philosophy 3 1 59 67 doi 10 1023 A 1009970730507 PMID 11080970 S2CID 24260908 K Bayertz amp P Nevers 1998 Biology as technology Clio Medica 48 108 32 PMID 9646019 a b John V Pickstone amp Michael Worboys Mar 2011 Focus Between and beyond histories of science and histories of medicine introduction Isis 102 1 97 101 doi 10 1086 658658 PMID 21667777 S2CID 224835675 Lester S King May 1983 Medicine in the USA Historical vignettes XI Medicine seeks to be scientific JAMA 249 18 2475 9 doi 10 1001 jama 1983 03330420025028 PMID 6341631 Thomas Marshall Apr 1997 Scientific knowledge in medicine A new clinical epistemology Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 3 2 133 8 doi 10 1046 j 1365 2753 1997 00075 x PMID 9276588 A Zalewski Mar 1999 Importance of philosophy of science to the history of medical thinking Croatian Medical Journal 40 1 8 13 PMID 9933889 Kevork Hopayian May 2004 Why medicine still needs a scientific foundation Restating the hypotheticodeductive model part two British Journal of General Practice 54 502 402 3 PMC 1266186 PMID 15372724 A Skurvydas 2005 New methodology in biomedical science Methodological errors in classical science Medicina 41 1 7 16 PMID 15687745 Archived from the original on 2005 11 04 Retrieved 2015 03 08 Ronald A Arky 2007 Abe Flexner where are you We need you Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association 118 89 96 PMC 1863593 PMID 18528492 Peter Byass 2011 The democratic fallacy in matters of clinical opinion Implications for analysing cause of death data Emerging Themes in Epidemiology 8 1 1 doi 10 1186 1742 7622 8 1 PMC 3026021 PMID 21223568 M Brandon Westover Kenneth D Westover KD amp Matt T Bianchi 2011 Significance testing as perverse probabilistic reasoning BMC Medicine 9 20 doi 10 1186 1741 7015 9 20 PMC 3058025 PMID 21356064 Alfredo Morabia 2005 Epidemiological causality History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 27 3 4 365 79 PMID 16898206 Michael Kundi July 2006 Causality and the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence Environmental Health Perspectives 114 7 969 74 doi 10 1289 ehp 8297 PMC 1513293 PMID 16835045 Andrew C Ward 2009 The role of causal criteria in causal inferences Bradford Hill s aspects of association Epidemiologic Perspectives amp Innovations 6 2 doi 10 1186 1742 5573 6 2 PMC 2706236 PMID 19534788 Georg W Kreutzberg May 2005 Scientists and the marketplace of opinions Scientific credibility takes on a different meaning when reaching out to the public EMBO Reports 6 5 393 6 doi 10 1038 sj embor 7400405 PMC 1299311 PMID 15864285 John Worrall Apr 2010 Evidence Philosophy of science meets medicine Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 16 2 356 62 doi 10 1111 j 1365 2753 2010 01400 x PMID 20367864 Medals Awards amp Prize lectures The Royal Society website accessed 22 Sep 2013 Further reading editLevy David M 2002 Research and Development In David R Henderson ed Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 1st ed Library of Economics and Liberty OCLC 317650570 50016270 163149563 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Basic research amp oldid 1208855810, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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