Basalawarmi

Basalawarmi (Middle Mongolian: ᠪᠠᠵᠠᠯᠠᠸᠠᠷᠮᠠᠢ, Chinese: 把匝剌瓦爾密, died January 6, 1382), commonly known by his hereditary noble title, the Prince of Liang, was a Yuan dynasty prince and loyalist who fought against the Ming dynasty. He was a descendant of Khökhechi, the fifth son of Kublai Khan. After the Ming took over Yunnan, the Hongwu Emperor exiled Basalawarmi's family to Korea.^[1]

Basalawarmi Басалаварми
Positions Abolish
Reign	?–1382
Predecessor	Bolot
Born	Unknown
Died	January 6, 1382
House	Borjigin
Father	Bolot

Before the fall of the Yuan

Before the Yuan dynasty's fall in 1368, Basalawarmi had been the Yuan Viceroy of Yunnan and Guizhou, in southwestern China. He held the title of Prince of Liang, a hereditary title passed down from one of his forebears, a son of Kublai Khan.^[2] Following the Ming dynasty's overthrow of the Yuan, Basalawarmi, from his capital city of Kunming, led one of the last pockets of Yuan resistance to Ming rule. He was able to withstand the advance of other forces of his time due to the relatively remote location of his domain.^[1] Meanwhile, the Hongwu Emperor, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, decided to approach Basalawarmi with an overture of peace, believing that conquering a remote region with force would be a costly action.^[1]

The connection between Basalawarmi and the remnant Yuan forces was limited but not terminated. Ayusiridara Khan dispatched a messenger to Basalawarmi in order to confirm his sovereignty over Yunnan.^[1] Despite the fact that Basalawarmi was truly loyal to the falling Yuan dynasty, Yunnan was independent of any external political forces during the reign of Basalawarmi.

The King of Dali Duan Gong was married to the Borjigin princess Agai, daughter of the Prince of Liang, Basalawarmi. They had a son and a daughter, Duan Sengnu.^{[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]} their children were also called Duan Qiangna and Duan Bao.^[13] Duan Sengnu raised Duan Bao to take revenge against Basalawarmi for the killing of Duan Gong.^[14][15] A play was made based on these events.^[16][17] According to Yuan documents, the Duan family were originally ethnic Han from Wuwei commandery, Gansu.^[18][19][20] Other Duan families also originated from Wuwei.^[21][22]

Defeat and death

See also: Ming conquest of Yunnan

The Hongwu Emperor initially sent a diplomat, Wang Wei, to attempt to negotiate with Basalawarmi in 1372, but Basalawarmi executed Wang Wei in 1374 after negotiations broke down. The Hongwu Emperor then dispatched the generals Fu Youde and Ma Hua to deal with Basalawarmi. In 1381, Ma Hua attacked Basalawarmi from Guiyang while Fu Youde's deputies, Mu Ying and Lan Yu, attacked from another direction. The combined Ming forces, which numbered 300,000 men, met Basalawarmi's 100,000 units. Basalawarmi's forces were decisively defeated. Following his defeat, Basalawarmi drowned his wife, ordered his ministers to commit suicide, and committed suicide himself on January 6, 1382.^[23][24][25]

After his death, his family was exiled to the state of Tamna (modern-day Jeju Island, South Korea) according to the edict of the Hongwu Emperor.^[1]

Mythical account

In The Deer and the Cauldron, a novel written by Jin Yong, the main character retells a humorous mythical account of Basalawarmi's defeat. In this legend, Basalawarmi is said to have hundreds of war elephants, obtained from what is now Myanmar, in his army. The Ming general Ma Hua defeats Basalawarmi by unleashing ten thousand mice which drive Basalawarmi's war elephants to terror, alluding to the widespread myth that elephants are afraid of mice. Basalawarmi himself is not presented favorably; he is described as a drunken, fat, and cowardly old man.

See also

• Khatso, Mongols who remained in Yunnan after the death of Basalawarmi.

References

1. Zhang, Tingyu et al.History of Ming.vol.124
2. Parker, E. H. (1893). "The Old Thai or Shan Empire of Western Yunnan" (PDF). The China Review. 20 (6): 345.
3. Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 978-1317515623.
4. Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2014). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644. M.E. Sharpe. p. 5. ISBN 978-0765643162.
5. Mair, Victor H, ed. (2016). Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. p. 269. ISBN 978-9814620550.
6. Mair, Victor H; Kelley, Liam (2015). Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours. CHINA SOUTHEAST ASIA History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 269. ISBN 978-9814620536.
7. Chen 陈, Lufan 吕范 (1990). 泰族起源问题研究. 国际文化出版公司. pp. 271, 285. ISBN 9787800494970. Retrieved Sep 9, 2008.
8. Mao yi yu lü you: Trade and tours. 1986. p. 19. Retrieved Jul 31, 2007.
9. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (1991). Cina, Volumes 23-25. Istituto italiano per il medio ed estremo oriente. pp. 157, 159. Retrieved Jun 13, 2011.
10. Cina, Volumes 15-16. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. Istituto italiano per il medio ed estremo oriente. 1979. p. 295. Retrieved Jun 13, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
11. Cina, Volumes 15-16. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Istituto italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente. Istituto italiano per il medio ed estremo oriente. 1979. p. 295. Retrieved Jun 13, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
12. Robinson, David M. (2019). "Part III - A Tough Crowd". In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–270. ISBN 9781108482448.
13. Bryson, Megan (2016). Goddess on the Frontier: Religion, Ethnicity, and Gender in Southwest China. Stanford University Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-1503600454.
14. Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618 - 1644. Routledge. p. 55. ISBN 978-1317515623.
15. Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue, eds. (2014). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644. M.E. Sharpe. p. 55. ISBN 978-0765643162.
16. Malmqvist, Nils Göran David, ed. (1989). A Selective Guide to Chinese Literature 1900-1949: The Drama. Vol. 4 of Selected Guide to Chinese Literature 1900-1949, Vol 4. European Science Foundation (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 126. ISBN 9004090983.
17. Renger, Almut-Barbara; Fan, Xin (2019). Receptions of Greek and Roman Antiquity in East Asia. BRILL. p. 316. ISBN 978-9004370715.
18. Bryson, Megan (2016). Goddess on the Frontier: Religion, Ethnicity, and Gender in Southwest China. Stanford University Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1503600454.
19. Mote, Frederick W. (2003). Imperial China 900-1800. Vol. 0 of Titolo collana (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 710. ISBN 0674012127.
20. Mote, Frederick W. (1999). Imperial China 900-1800. Vol. 0 of Titolo collana (2, illustrated ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 710. ISBN 0674445155.
21. Reed, Carrie Elizabeth (2003). A Tang Miscellany: An Introduction to Youyang Zazu. Vol. 57 of Asian thought and culture. Peter Lang. pp. 11, 121. ISBN 0820467472. ISSN 0893-6870. Retrieved Sep 9, 2008.
22. Shang, Huping (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative: Key Concepts. Springer. p. 81. ISBN 978-9811392016.
23. Twitchett, Denis & John K. Fairbank (2004). The Cambridge History of China. Cambridge University Press. pp. vol. 7, p. 25, 143–146.
24. Crossley, Pamela; Helen F. Siu; Donald S. Sutton (2006). Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China. University of California Press. p. 143. ISBN 9780520230156.
25. Dillon, Michael (1999). China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement, and Sects. Curzon Press. p. 34. ISBN 9780700710263.