The barinophytes are a group of extinct vascular plants (tracheophytes). Their relationship with other vascular plants is unclear. They have been treated as the separate class Barinophytopsida, the order Barinophytales of uncertain class and as a family or clade Barinophytaceae within the zosterophylls. They have also been considered to be possible lycopodiopsids.[1]
Barinophyton is the type genus of the group; Protobarinophyton is similar. They were vascular plants with an exarchprotostele. Plants consisted of alternatively arranged branches, apparently without leaves or enations, with their sporangia arranged in two rows on one-sided spike-like structures that developed on side shoots. Each sporangium was born on a curved bract-like appendage (a "sporangiferous appendage") and contained several thousand microspores, about 30–40 µm in diameter and about 30 megaspores, 410–560 µm in diameter, so that the plants were heterosporous. A similar pattern of spore sizes and numbers has been found in the progymnospermArchaeopteris.[2]
Dibracophyton has been tentatively assigned to this group. It does have some outgrowths on the lower parts of the stems (axes), which raises the possibility that more fossil material might show that other barinophytes did not have naked stems.[1]
Taxonomyedit
Phylogenyedit
Two very different cladograms have been produced showing the evolutionary relationships of taxa assigned to the barinophytes. Kenrick and Crane in 1997 placed two species of Barinophyton and the genus Protobarinophyton in the Barinophytaceae in their Sawdoniales, well nested within the zosterophylls.[3] A summary cladogram produced by Crane et al. in 2004, shows Barinophyton and Protobarinophyton as 'core' zosterophylls.[4]
Taylor et al. in 2009 did not present a cladogram, but considered the barinophytes to be possible lycopsids rather than zosterophylls.[2] By contrast, Hao and Xue in 2013 do not even place Dibracophyton, which they consider to be a possible barinophyte, within the lycopodiopsids, instead putting it between this group and the euphyllophytes.[5]
^ abTaylor, T.N.; Taylor, E.L. & Krings, M. (2009), Paleobotany, The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (2nd ed.), Amsterdam; Boston: Academic Press, pp. 325–326, ISBN978-0-12-373972-8
^ abKenrick, Paul & Crane, Peter R. (1997), The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants: A Cladistic Study, Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, p. 172, ISBN978-1-56098-730-7
^Crane, P.R.; Herendeen, P. & Friis, E.M. (2004), "Fossils and plant phylogeny", American Journal of Botany, 91 (10): 1683–99, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1683, PMID 21652317
^Brauer, D.F. (1981), "Heterosporous, barinophytacean plants from the Upper Devonian of North America and a discussion of the possible affinities of the Barinophytaceae", Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 33 (2–4): 347–362, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(81)90092-0
^Cichan, M.; Taylor, T. & Brauer, D. (1984), "Ultrastructural studies of in situ Devonian spores: Protobarinophyton pennsylvanicum Brauer", Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 41 (3–4): 167, doi:10.1016/0034-6667(84)90044-7
Bibliographyedit
Hao, Shougang & Xue, Jinzhuang (2013), The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan: a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants, Beijing: Science Press, ISBN978-7-03-036616-0
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barinophyte, barinophytes, group, extinct, vascular, plants, tracheophytes, their, relationship, with, other, vascular, plants, unclear, they, have, been, treated, separate, class, barinophytopsida, order, barinophytales, uncertain, class, family, clade, barin. The barinophytes are a group of extinct vascular plants tracheophytes Their relationship with other vascular plants is unclear They have been treated as the separate class Barinophytopsida the order Barinophytales of uncertain class and as a family or clade Barinophytaceae within the zosterophylls They have also been considered to be possible lycopodiopsids 1 BarinophyteScientific classificationKingdom PlantaeClade TracheophytesClade BarinophytesGeneraSee text Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Phylogeny 2 2 Genera 3 References 4 BibliographyDescription editBarinophyton is the type genus of the group Protobarinophyton is similar They were vascular plants with an exarch protostele Plants consisted of alternatively arranged branches apparently without leaves or enations with their sporangia arranged in two rows on one sided spike like structures that developed on side shoots Each sporangium was born on a curved bract like appendage a sporangiferous appendage and contained several thousand microspores about 30 40 µm in diameter and about 30 megaspores 410 560 µm in diameter so that the plants were heterosporous A similar pattern of spore sizes and numbers has been found in the progymnosperm Archaeopteris 2 Dibracophyton has been tentatively assigned to this group It does have some outgrowths on the lower parts of the stems axes which raises the possibility that more fossil material might show that other barinophytes did not have naked stems 1 Taxonomy editPhylogeny edit Two very different cladograms have been produced showing the evolutionary relationships of taxa assigned to the barinophytes Kenrick and Crane in 1997 placed two species of Barinophyton and the genus Protobarinophyton in the Barinophytaceae in their Sawdoniales well nested within the zosterophylls 3 A summary cladogram produced by Crane et al in 2004 shows Barinophyton and Protobarinophyton as core zosterophylls 4 lycophytes Hicklingia basal groups Adoketophyton Discalis Distichophytum Rebuchia Gumuia Huia Zosterophyllum myretonianum Z llanoveranum Z fertile core zosterophylls Zosterophyllum divaricatum Tarella Oricilla Gosslingia Hsua Thrinkophyton Protobarinophyton Barinophyton obscurum B citrulliforme Sawdonia Deheubarthia Konioria Anisophyton Serrulacaulis Crenaticaulis basal groups Nothia Zosterophyllum deciduum lycopsids extant and extinct membersTaylor et al in 2009 did not present a cladogram but considered the barinophytes to be possible lycopsids rather than zosterophylls 2 By contrast Hao and Xue in 2013 do not even place Dibracophyton which they consider to be a possible barinophyte within the lycopodiopsids instead putting it between this group and the euphyllophytes 5 LycopodiopsidaYuniaDibracophyton possible barinophyte euphyllophytesGenera edit Genera that are placed or tentatively placed in the barinophytes with the group treated at different ranks include 1 6 3 7 8 Barinophyton Bracteophyton Dibracophyton Krithodeophyton ProtobarinophytonReferences edit a b c Hao amp Xue 2013 p 55 a b Taylor T N Taylor E L amp Krings M 2009 Paleobotany The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants 2nd ed Amsterdam Boston Academic Press pp 325 326 ISBN 978 0 12 373972 8 a b Kenrick Paul amp Crane Peter R 1997 The Origin and Early Diversification of Land Plants A Cladistic Study Washington D C Smithsonian Institution Press p 172 ISBN 978 1 56098 730 7 Crane P R Herendeen P amp Friis E M 2004 Fossils and plant phylogeny American Journal of Botany 91 10 1683 99 doi 10 3732 ajb 91 10 1683 PMID 21652317 Hao amp Xue 2013 p 246 Hao amp Xue 2013 p 329 Brauer D F 1981 Heterosporous barinophytacean plants from the Upper Devonian of North America and a discussion of the possible affinities of the Barinophytaceae Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 33 2 4 347 362 doi 10 1016 0034 6667 81 90092 0 Cichan M Taylor T amp Brauer D 1984 Ultrastructural studies of in situ Devonian spores Protobarinophyton pennsylvanicum Brauer Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 41 3 4 167 doi 10 1016 0034 6667 84 90044 7Bibliography editHao Shougang amp Xue Jinzhuang 2013 The early Devonian Posongchong flora of Yunnan a contribution to an understanding of the evolution and early diversification of vascular plants Beijing Science Press ISBN 978 7 03 036616 0 nbsp This paleobotany related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Barinophyte amp oldid 1183788558, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
