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Aviadvigatel PD-14

January 01, 1970

The Aviadvigatel PD-14 (previously known as PS-12) is a high-bypass turbofan that was developed by Aviadvigatel to power the Yakovlev MC-21 twin-jet airliner. It is a 14 tf (30,865 lbf) thrust powerplant.

PD-14
Side view
Type Turbofan
National origin Russia
Manufacturer Aviadvigatel / UEC-Perm Engines
First run Summer 2014[1]
Major applications Yakovlev MC-21
Number built More than 13 (2018)[2]
Developed from Aviadvigatel PS-90

Development edit

 
Flight testing on an Il-76
External media
Images
  PD-14 engine with chevrons on the plane Il-76LL. Oktober 2015.
  PD-14 engine in the assembly. Augustus 2015.
Video
  PD-14: Flight tests of the engine. November 2015. (in Russian)

In December 2009, the PD-14 was developed to be 15% more efficient than its PS-90A2 predecessor and to be installed on the MC-21 and the Ilyushin Il-276.[3]

The PD-14 was announced in early 2010 with its development cost estimated at RUB 35 billion (US$1.1 billion).[4] In April 2010, Aviadvigatel was expecting to start its certification procedure in 2012.[5] Its core was first tested on 26 November 2010.[6] It was displayed for the first time at the 2013 MAKS air show.[7]

Flight tests began in 2015 on an Ilyushin Il-76.[8] Between December 2016 and May 2017, the PD-14 operational performance and working efficiency at all altitudes and speeds were assessed on the Il-76 testbed aircraft at Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow.[9] After two years exploring performance at most altitudes, airspeeds and operating modes, the first and second testing stages confirmed its basic operating parameters. A third phase of flight tests debuted in January 2018 from the GFRI Zhukovsky Airfield, conducted in co-operation with certification specialists to formally confirm the pre-certification efforts findings.

Ground tests will continue in parallel, and United Engine Corporation claims that the engine matches the performance of products from foreign competitors and surpasses them for noise and emissions.[10] Bird strike tests on the fan, including high-speed video and vibration measurements, were conducted together with fan blade strength tests. The successful results are expected to reduce the time and cost of attaining full certification status.[11]

United Engine was to deliver five PD-14s to Irkut by the end of 2018, and after Rosaviatsia certification, to start flight tests on the MC-21 in 2019 for type certification of the variant in 2021.[12] EASA certification is expected when it will enter series production.[2] In October 2018, Rosaviatsia granted certification to the PD-14, and deliveries of the first engines for two MC-21s were expected by the end of 2018. European certificate validation was planned for 2019.[13]

In January 2020, Irkut received the first PD-14 engines to be installed on the MC-21 airliner,[14] and the first PD-14-powered MC-21-310 made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk.[15]

In October 2021, the engine successfully passed landmark volcanic ash exposure tests. According to Anatoly Serdyukov, the thrust of the PD-14 “practically did not decrease” after the engine was exposed to the presence of the ash for 1 hour.[16]

Design edit

 
Front view

The 1.9 m (75 in) fan has 18 titanium alloy blades, providing an 8.5:1 bypass ratio significantly improved from previous Russian engines, but below the CFM LEAP's 10:1 or the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G's 12:1 for the MC-21 from 2017. The 3D aerodynamics shaped first high-pressure turbine stage has advanced cooling channels.[7] Twenty new materials were developed for the powerplant, including monocrystalline alloys for vanes, and high-strength nickel and titanium alloys for shafts and disks.[13]

 
Separated rear exhaust, ILA Berlin Air Show 2012

Developed from the PS-12 (an uprated PS-90A), the 122–153 kN (27,500-34,500 lbf) thrust powerplant is designed by Aviadvigatel and manufactured by the Perm Engine Company. The two-shaft turbofan has a high-pressure core from the PS-12 with an eight-stage compressor and a two-stage turbine, and four low-pressure stages. The high-bypass engine does not employ an exhaust mixer, fuel burn should be reduced by 10–15% from the CFM International CFM56 and it could power an upgraded Tupolev Tu-204.[citation needed]

Proposed derivatives edit

PD-35 edit

Launched in the summer of 2016 by United Engine Corporation through Aviadvigatel and NPO Saturn, the 35 tf (77,000 lbf) thrust PD-35 was to be developed until 2025[28] for 180 billion rubles ($3 billion) including 60 billion for test benches and laboratory equipment, to power future wide-body aircraft including the since-shelved Russo-Chinese CRAIC CR929. The 8 m (26 ft) long engine will weigh 8 t (18,000 lb), its fan was planned to be 3.1 m (10 ft) in diameter and its scaled up PD-14 core to have a nine-stage high-pressure compressor and two-stage turbine.[29]

On 19 January 2018, the Russian government awarded UEC-Aviadvigatel a ₽64.3 billion ($1.13 billion) contract to develop a PD-35-1 demonstrator by 2023, including wide-chord composite fan blades and fan case, a 23:1 compressor pressure ratio, ceramic matrix composites – silicon carbide-silicon carbide (SiC-SiC) and carbon-silicon carbide (C-SiC) – and advanced cooling for 1,450 °C (2,640 °F) temperatures. It could power the Ilyushin IL-96-400, the Il-76 airlifter, Il-78 tanker and an Antonov An-124 replacement Ilyushin Il-106 PAK VTA.[30] A de-rated version would meet the An-124 thrust requirements.[31]

At the end of 2022, the PD-35 was postponed until at least 2029.[32]

Applications edit

Specifications edit

The PD-14 Engine and Advanced Engines Family[23]
Model PD-8 PD-10 PD-14A PD-14 PD-14M PD-35
Configuration Twin-spool high bypass turbofan
Take-off thrust 78 kN; 18,000 lbf 107 kN; 24,000 lbf 123 kN; 28,000 lbf 137 kN; 31,000 lbf 153 kN; 34,000 lbf 343 kN; 77,000 lbf
Dry weight 2,350 kg (5,180 lb) 2,870 kg (6,330 lb) 2,970 kg (6,550 lb) 8,000 kg (18,000 lb)
Fan diameter 1,677 mm (66.0 in) 1,900 mm (75 in) 3,100 mm (120 in)
Compressor 1 fan + 1 LP + 8 HP 1 fan + 3-stage LP + 8-stage HP 1 fan + 4 LP + 8 HP
Combustor Annular
Turbine 2 HP + 5 LP 2-stage HP + 6-stage LP
BPR[33] 8.6 8.5 7.2
OPR[33] 38 41 46
TSFC[33] 14.9 g/kN/s; 0.526 lb/lbf/h in cruise
Thrust-to-weight ratio 4.64 4.36 4.88 5.25
Application SSJ-New Superjet 130 МС-21-200 MC-21-310 MC-21-400 Comac C929

See also edit

Related development

Comparable engines

Related lists

References edit

  1. ^ "Russia's PD-14 Engine Nears First Flight". Aviation Week. Nov 12, 2014.
  2. ^ a b "MC-21 narrowbody to sport Russian PD-14 engines from 2019". Russian Aviation Insider. March 8, 2018.
  3. ^ "Russian aircraft designers tested yesterday's engine". RusBusinessNews. 16 Dec 2009.
  4. ^ Tom Zaitsev (2 Feb 2010). "Russia firms 'PD-14' domestic engine concept for MS-21". Flight Global.
  5. ^ "In 2011 Aviadvigatel OJSC will develop PD-14 engine demonstrator" (Press release). UEC-Aviadvigatel. 19 April 2010.
  6. ^ "PD-14: core engine tests launched". Take-off. Feb 2011.
  7. ^ a b c Stephen Trimble (29 Aug 2013). "MAKS: Russia lifts veil on PD-14 demonstrator, latest engine technology". Flightglobal.
  8. ^ Karnazov, Vladimir (October 18, 2018). "Russian Engine for Irkut MC-21 Wins Certification". AINonline.
  9. ^ Polina Montag-Girmes (May 26, 2017). "UAC completes PD-14 second-stage flight testing for MC-21". Aviation Week Network.
  10. ^ David Kaminski Morrow (2 Jan 2018). "New round of flight tests take PD-14 closer to certification". Flightglobal.
  11. ^ David Kaminski Morrow (18 Jan 2018). "PD-14 fan undergoes bird-strike testing". Flightglobal.
  12. ^ David Kaminski Morrow (26 Jan 2018). "Irkut signs for MC-21's initial PD-14 flight-test engines". Flightglobal.
  13. ^ a b David Kaminski Morrow (19 Oct 2018). "PD-14 engine for MC-21 secures Russian certification". Flightglobal.
  14. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (29 January 2020). "Irkut receives first PD-14 engines for installation on MC-21". Flightglobal. from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  15. ^ David Kaminski-Morrow (15 December 2020). "MC-21 with Russian-built PD-14 engines carries out maiden flight". Flightglobal. from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  16. ^ "PD-14 engine for MC-21 passes landmark volcanic ash exposure test". flightglobal.com. 28 October 2021.
  17. ^ "Rostec continues working in the PD-8 engine and it may power the Beriev BE-200". Ismael Awad-Risk, Aviacionline, January 2, 2022. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
  18. ^ "Powerful and light: details about the new military transport aircraft Il-212 become known". www1.ru, October 14, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  19. ^ "IL-112V aircraft will receive PD-8 engine". RuAviation, July 19, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  20. ^ "Sukhoi tests 100% Russian Aviadvigatel PD-8 engine on an Ilyushin Il-76". Pable Diaz, Aviacionline, May 14, 2022. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
  21. ^ "Sukhoi Начались лётные испытания двигателя ПД-8". addministr, arscomp.ru, May 14, 2022. Retrieved Dec 27, 2022.
  22. ^ "Sukhoi Superjet 100 Set To Make First Test Flight Powered By Russian PD-8 Engines Next Year". Simple Flying, November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
  23. ^ a b "The PD-14 Engine and Advanced Engines Family". UEC-Aviadvigatel.
  24. ^ "PD-12V helicopter engine project discussions in Aviadvigatel" (Press release). UEC-Aviadvigatel. 28 April 2016.
  25. ^ "New Engines For Russia's Heavy-lift Helicopter". Aviation International News. 2 June 2016.
  26. ^ a b Vladimir Karnozov (August 19, 2019). "Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher-thrust PD-14s To Replace PS-90A". AIN Online.
  27. ^ "Information and Technical Newsletter" (PDF). Perm Aircraft Engines. January 2011. p. 11.
  28. ^ "Moscow starts developing heavy engine for joint Chinese-Russian airliner". TASS. June 20, 2016.
  29. ^ "Russian PD-35 engine to enter market in six years". Russian Aviation Insider. June 8, 2017.
  30. ^ Stephen Trimble (19 Jan 2018). "Contract docs reveal plans for Russia's new widebody engine". Flightglobal.
  31. ^ Guy Norris (Oct 10, 2018). "Freighter Growth And Possible An-124 Reengining Boost CF6 Prospects". Aviation Week & Space Technology.
  32. ^ "Russia: PD-35 engine postponed until at least 2029". Aviation Direct. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
  33. ^ a b c Fomin, Andrey (December 2011). "PD-14: New generation engine for MC-21". Take-off. pp. 20–21.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aviadvigatel PD-14.
  • Official website
  • "Turbofan Engine Family for Regional Jet". UEC Perm Engines. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
  • "Aviadvigatel proposes new PS-14 engine for MS-21". Flightglobal. 2009-03-11.
  • "PD-14A". deagel.

January 01, 1970
aviadvigatel, previously, known, high, bypass, turbofan, that, developed, aviadvigatel, power, yakovlev, twin, airliner, thrust, powerplant, side, view, type, turbofan, national, origin, russia, manufacturer, aviadvigatel, perm, engines, first, summer, 2014, m. The Aviadvigatel PD 14 previously known as PS 12 is a high bypass turbofan that was developed by Aviadvigatel to power the Yakovlev MC 21 twin jet airliner It is a 14 tf 30 865 lbf thrust powerplant PD 14 Side view Type Turbofan National origin Russia Manufacturer Aviadvigatel UEC Perm Engines First run Summer 2014 1 Major applications Yakovlev MC 21 Number built More than 13 2018 2 Developed from Aviadvigatel PS 90 Contents 1 Development 2 Design 3 Proposed derivatives 3 1 PD 35 4 Applications 5 Specifications 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksDevelopment edit nbsp Flight testing on an Il 76 External mediaImages nbsp PD 14 engine with chevrons on the plane Il 76LL Oktober 2015 nbsp PD 14 engine in the assembly Augustus 2015 Video nbsp PD 14 Flight tests of the engine November 2015 in Russian In December 2009 the PD 14 was developed to be 15 more efficient than its PS 90A2 predecessor and to be installed on the MC 21 and the Ilyushin Il 276 3 The PD 14 was announced in early 2010 with its development cost estimated at RUB 35 billion US 1 1 billion 4 In April 2010 Aviadvigatel was expecting to start its certification procedure in 2012 5 Its core was first tested on 26 November 2010 6 It was displayed for the first time at the 2013 MAKS air show 7 Flight tests began in 2015 on an Ilyushin Il 76 8 Between December 2016 and May 2017 the PD 14 operational performance and working efficiency at all altitudes and speeds were assessed on the Il 76 testbed aircraft at Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow 9 After two years exploring performance at most altitudes airspeeds and operating modes the first and second testing stages confirmed its basic operating parameters A third phase of flight tests debuted in January 2018 from the GFRI Zhukovsky Airfield conducted in co operation with certification specialists to formally confirm the pre certification efforts findings Ground tests will continue in parallel and United Engine Corporation claims that the engine matches the performance of products from foreign competitors and surpasses them for noise and emissions 10 Bird strike tests on the fan including high speed video and vibration measurements were conducted together with fan blade strength tests The successful results are expected to reduce the time and cost of attaining full certification status 11 United Engine was to deliver five PD 14s to Irkut by the end of 2018 and after Rosaviatsia certification to start flight tests on the MC 21 in 2019 for type certification of the variant in 2021 12 EASA certification is expected when it will enter series production 2 In October 2018 Rosaviatsia granted certification to the PD 14 and deliveries of the first engines for two MC 21s were expected by the end of 2018 European certificate validation was planned for 2019 13 In January 2020 Irkut received the first PD 14 engines to be installed on the MC 21 airliner 14 and the first PD 14 powered MC 21 310 made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk 15 In October 2021 the engine successfully passed landmark volcanic ash exposure tests According to Anatoly Serdyukov the thrust of the PD 14 practically did not decrease after the engine was exposed to the presence of the ash for 1 hour 16 Design edit nbsp Front view The 1 9 m 75 in fan has 18 titanium alloy blades providing an 8 5 1 bypass ratio significantly improved from previous Russian engines but below the CFM LEAP s 10 1 or the Pratt amp Whitney PW1000G s 12 1 for the MC 21 from 2017 The 3D aerodynamics shaped first high pressure turbine stage has advanced cooling channels 7 Twenty new materials were developed for the powerplant including monocrystalline alloys for vanes and high strength nickel and titanium alloys for shafts and disks 13 nbsp Separated rear exhaust ILA Berlin Air Show 2012 Developed from the PS 12 an uprated PS 90A the 122 153 kN 27 500 34 500 lbf thrust powerplant is designed by Aviadvigatel and manufactured by the Perm Engine Company The two shaft turbofan has a high pressure core from the PS 12 with an eight stage compressor and a two stage turbine and four low pressure stages The high bypass engine does not employ an exhaust mixer fuel burn should be reduced by 10 15 from the CFM International CFM56 and it could power an upgraded Tupolev Tu 204 citation needed Proposed derivatives editPD 8 is a derated model at 78 kN 17 500 lbf for the SJ 100 Beriev Be 200 and Ilyushin Il 212 17 18 19 As of mid 2022 a PD 8 prototype had successfully completed ground testing and had conducted its first flight test installed on an Ilyushin Il 76 aircraft 20 21 Anticipated certification has been pushed to 2024 22 PD 8V turboshaft 6 8 7 68 9680 shp for Mi 24 35 8 17 and other medium heavy heli PD 10 is a derated model for the SJ 130 at 10 9 tf 24 000 lbf 23 PD 12V turboshaft variant for the Mil Mi 26 heavy lift helicopter development started in 2016 24 11 500 shp up to 14 500 shp 25 PD 14A derated modification of the engine to 12 5 tf 27 600 lbf for Yakovlev MS 21 200 also it could replace 12 tf Soloviev D 30 powering the Beriev A 40 aircraft PD 14M uprated to 15 6 tf 34 400 lbf and PD 16 uprated to 17 5 tf 38 600 lbf with more LP compressor and turbine stages for the Yakovlev MS 21 400 stretch to 230 seat and its long range derivative with a 0 526 lb lbf h 14 9 g kN s cruise Thrust specific fuel consumption and could replace the 16 tf PS 90A powering the Tupolev Tu 204 214 narrowbody the Ilyushin Il 96 300 widebody and the Il 76M 90A freighter 26 PD 18R geared turbofan 7 27 18 7 tf 41 000 lbf it could reach a cruise Thrust specific fuel consumption of 0 506 lb lbf h 14 3 g kN s and could replace the 17 4 tf 38 000 lbf PS 90A1 on the Il 96 400T freighter 26 PD 35 35 tf 77 000 lbf for the CRAIC CR929 possibly for Antonov An 124 and its replacement Ilyushin Il 106 PAK VTA PD 35 edit Launched in the summer of 2016 by United Engine Corporation through Aviadvigatel and NPO Saturn the 35 tf 77 000 lbf thrust PD 35 was to be developed until 2025 28 for 180 billion rubles 3 billion including 60 billion for test benches and laboratory equipment to power future wide body aircraft including the since shelved Russo Chinese CRAIC CR929 The 8 m 26 ft long engine will weigh 8 t 18 000 lb its fan was planned to be 3 1 m 10 ft in diameter and its scaled up PD 14 core to have a nine stage high pressure compressor and two stage turbine 29 On 19 January 2018 the Russian government awarded UEC Aviadvigatel a 64 3 billion 1 13 billion contract to develop a PD 35 1 demonstrator by 2023 including wide chord composite fan blades and fan case a 23 1 compressor pressure ratio ceramic matrix composites silicon carbide silicon carbide SiC SiC and carbon silicon carbide C SiC and advanced cooling for 1 450 C 2 640 F temperatures It could power the Ilyushin IL 96 400 the Il 76 airlifter Il 78 tanker and an Antonov An 124 replacement Ilyushin Il 106 PAK VTA 30 A de rated version would meet the An 124 thrust requirements 31 At the end of 2022 the PD 35 was postponed until at least 2029 32 Applications editPD 8 SJ 100 Beriev Be 200 Ilyushin Il 212 PD 10 SJ 130 PD 12V Mil Mi 26 PD 14 Yakovlev MC 21 Ilyushin Il 276 PD 35 CRAIC CR929 Ilyushin Il 96 Ilyushin Il 106 PAK VTASpecifications editThe PD 14 Engine and Advanced Engines Family 23 Model PD 8 PD 10 PD 14A PD 14 PD 14M PD 35 Configuration Twin spool high bypass turbofan Take off thrust 78 kN 18 000 lbf 107 kN 24 000 lbf 123 kN 28 000 lbf 137 kN 31 000 lbf 153 kN 34 000 lbf 343 kN 77 000 lbf Dry weight 2 350 kg 5 180 lb 2 870 kg 6 330 lb 2 970 kg 6 550 lb 8 000 kg 18 000 lb Fan diameter 1 677 mm 66 0 in 1 900 mm 75 in 3 100 mm 120 in Compressor 1 fan 1 LP 8 HP 1 fan 3 stage LP 8 stage HP 1 fan 4 LP 8 HP Combustor Annular Turbine 2 HP 5 LP 2 stage HP 6 stage LP BPR 33 8 6 8 5 7 2 OPR 33 38 41 46 TSFC 33 14 9 g kN s 0 526 lb lbf h in cruise Thrust to weight ratio 4 64 4 36 4 88 5 25 Application SSJ New Superjet 130 MS 21 200 MC 21 310 MC 21 400 Comac C929See also editRelated development Aviadvigatel PS 90 Comparable engines ACAE CJ 1000A CFM International LEAP Pratt amp Whitney PW1000G Related lists List of aircraft enginesReferences edit Russia s PD 14 Engine Nears First Flight Aviation Week Nov 12 2014 a b MC 21 narrowbody to sport Russian PD 14 engines from 2019 Russian Aviation Insider March 8 2018 Russian aircraft designers tested yesterday s engine RusBusinessNews 16 Dec 2009 Tom Zaitsev 2 Feb 2010 Russia firms PD 14 domestic engine concept for MS 21 Flight Global In 2011 Aviadvigatel OJSC will develop PD 14 engine demonstrator Press release UEC Aviadvigatel 19 April 2010 PD 14 core engine tests launched Take off Feb 2011 a b c Stephen Trimble 29 Aug 2013 MAKS Russia lifts veil on PD 14 demonstrator latest engine technology Flightglobal Karnazov Vladimir October 18 2018 Russian Engine for Irkut MC 21 Wins Certification AINonline Polina Montag Girmes May 26 2017 UAC completes PD 14 second stage flight testing for MC 21 Aviation Week Network David Kaminski Morrow 2 Jan 2018 New round of flight tests take PD 14 closer to certification Flightglobal David Kaminski Morrow 18 Jan 2018 PD 14 fan undergoes bird strike testing Flightglobal David Kaminski Morrow 26 Jan 2018 Irkut signs for MC 21 s initial PD 14 flight test engines Flightglobal a b David Kaminski Morrow 19 Oct 2018 PD 14 engine for MC 21 secures Russian certification Flightglobal David Kaminski Morrow 29 January 2020 Irkut receives first PD 14 engines for installation on MC 21 Flightglobal Archived from the original on 29 January 2020 Retrieved 29 August 2023 David Kaminski Morrow 15 December 2020 MC 21 with Russian built PD 14 engines carries out maiden flight Flightglobal Archived from the original on 15 December 2020 Retrieved 29 August 2023 PD 14 engine for MC 21 passes landmark volcanic ash exposure test flightglobal com 28 October 2021 Rostec continues working in the PD 8 engine and it may power the Beriev BE 200 Ismael Awad Risk Aviacionline January 2 2022 Retrieved March 11 2022 Powerful and light details about the new military transport aircraft Il 212 become known www1 ru October 14 2023 Retrieved October 27 2023 IL 112V aircraft will receive PD 8 engine RuAviation July 19 2023 Retrieved October 27 2023 Sukhoi tests 100 Russian Aviadvigatel PD 8 engine on an Ilyushin Il 76 Pable Diaz Aviacionline May 14 2022 Retrieved May 19 2022 Sukhoi Nachalis lyotnye ispytaniya dvigatelya PD 8 addministr arscomp ru May 14 2022 Retrieved Dec 27 2022 Sukhoi Superjet 100 Set To Make First Test Flight Powered By Russian PD 8 Engines Next Year Simple Flying November 17 2023 Retrieved November 24 2023 a b The PD 14 Engine and Advanced Engines Family UEC Aviadvigatel PD 12V helicopter engine project discussions in Aviadvigatel Press release UEC Aviadvigatel 28 April 2016 New Engines For Russia s Heavy lift Helicopter Aviation International News 2 June 2016 a b Vladimir Karnozov August 19 2019 Aviadvigatel Mulls Higher thrust PD 14s To Replace PS 90A AIN Online Information and Technical Newsletter PDF Perm Aircraft Engines January 2011 p 11 Moscow starts developing heavy engine for joint Chinese Russian airliner TASS June 20 2016 Russian PD 35 engine to enter market in six years Russian Aviation Insider June 8 2017 Stephen Trimble 19 Jan 2018 Contract docs reveal plans for Russia s new widebody engine Flightglobal Guy Norris Oct 10 2018 Freighter Growth And Possible An 124 Reengining Boost CF6 Prospects Aviation Week amp Space Technology Russia PD 35 engine postponed until at least 2029 Aviation Direct Retrieved May 4 2023 a b c Fomin Andrey December 2011 PD 14 New generation engine for MC 21 Take off pp 20 21 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aviadvigatel PD 14 Official website Turbofan Engine Family for Regional Jet UEC Perm Engines Retrieved August 1 2019 Aviadvigatel proposes new PS 14 engine for MS 21 Flightglobal 2009 03 11 PD 14A deagel Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Aviadvigatel PD 14 amp oldid 1222086195, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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