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August Košutić

August Košutić (5 August 1893 – 12 November 1964) was a Croatian politician and a prominent member of the Croatian Peasant Party (HSS).

August Košutić
Minister of Construction
In office
24 December 1926 – 1 February 1927
MonarchAlexander I of Yugoslavia
Prime MinisterNikola Uzunović
Personal details
Born(1893-08-05)5 August 1893
Radoboj, Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary
Died12 November 1964(1964-11-12) (aged 71)
Zagreb, Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia
NationalityCroat
Political partyCroatian Peasant Party
SpouseMira Košutić (née Radić)[1]
RelationsStjepan Radić (father-in-law)
Alma materBrno University of Technology
OccupationPolitician
ProfessionEngineer
Military service
Allegiance Austria-Hungary
Branch/serviceAustro-Hungarian Army
Austro-Hungarian Aviation Troops
Years of service1914–1918
Battles/warsWorld War I

As a member of the HSS, Košutić traveled through Europe and United States to inform the world public about the Serb hegemonist policy of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the "Croatian issue". Because of his activity he was often arrested by the Yugoslav authorities, and in 1924 he was a victim of an assassination attempt. Briefly between the 1926 and 1927 he was a Minister of Construction where he made a great effort combating the corruption.

During the World War II, in the Independent State of Croatia, he was most notable for his participation in the abortive Lorković-Vokić plot in 1944, a coup which had the goal of establishing a coalition government between the Ustaše and the HSS and align the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) with the Allies. After the war, he became politically inactive.

Early life edit

Košutić was born in Radoboj, near Krapina, in the Croatian region of Zagorje. His sister Sida later became a prominent writer. His father Stjepan was HSS commissioner for Krapina region and he often met with Antun and Stjepan Radić, leaders of the HSS, so young August had a chance to listen to their conversations. After graduating from the elementary school, August entered the Zagreb gymnasium, where he was an excellent student. Because of that, he was entrusted with school library. Soon, August learned to write a stenography, so he was invited to work for the Sabor (Croatian parliament), where he started a close relationship with Stjepan Radić, who was also his godfather at his chrism, when Radić gave him all of his published works.[2][better source needed]

Young Košutić spent a lot of time in Radić's home to help him with writing and redaction of his articles, brochures and books. Košutić entered the Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, but because of World War I, he stopped his study as he was invited to join the army. At the beginning of war he was an artillery officer, but later joined the air force school and he saw the end of the war as an air force officer. After the war, attended a technical school in Brno in Czechoslovakia, where he graduated and become an engineer, but where he also worked as an assistant. Soon, he returned to Croatia to work within the HSS, and in 1921 he married Radić's daughter Mira.[2]

Kingdom of Yugoslavia edit

Activity within the HSS edit

When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was created, its Prime Minister became Nikola Pašić, who enforced centralism and hegemonist rule, often accompanied by terror. Radić and Košutić travel aboard to inform the world public about the violent policy of Belgrade. Even though Košutić had immunity as member of parliament, authorities took his passport and forbade him to travel aboard, so he crossed the border illegally; in 1923 he was with Radić in London, later he went from Vienna to Zagreb where he was sent by Radić to inform the Croatian public about the image which was created about Croatia in the world. From Vienna, Košutić accompanied Radić on his way to Moscow to meet Georgy Chicherin, the Soviet foreign minister who wanted to meet Radić. Košutić continued to travel aboard, and as such, he bothered the Serbian authorities. In 1924, while he was holding a speech, in order to assassinate him, Jovo Gnjatović, a Serb, stuck him with a gunstock in his head. Košutić soon recovered, even though the doctors claimed he wouldn't; when he returned to Zagreb he was arrested.[2]

Member of government edit

In 1926, Košutić was named undersecretary in the Ministry of Traffic[2] and on 24 December 1926, Košutić was named Minister of Construction in the government of Nikola Uzunović, but after the stood down with the Radical Party, the HSS left the coalition on 1 February 1927.[3] As a Minister of Construction, Košutić fought the corruption, which was highly present in this ministry, and illegal trading of properties. His ministry made a heavy blow to the corruption.[2]

Activity before the implementation of a dictatorship edit

In 1927, after the HSS left the government, the new election was announced. For the HSS' political campaign, Košutić traveled to Macedonia, where the HSS had a lot of supporters, but he was arrested by police and transferred to Belgrade. Nevertheless, he continued to travel in Montenegro, Herzegovina, and South Croatia. In June 1928, Puniša Račić executed an assassination, killing few prominent members of the HSS and mortally wounding its leader, Stjepan Radić in the parliament.[2] As a close associate of Radić, Košutić was one of his possible successors as president of the HSS after Radić died from wounds which he suffered during an assassination attempt in 1928.[4]

Emigration edit

In August 1929, seven months after Alexander I of Yugoslavia imposed a royal dictatorship, Košutić emigrated, at first to Zürich, but after invite of the American branch of the HSS,[2] he left for the United States[5] in 1930.[2] Immediately after he left the country, he was accused of stealing a few million Yugoslav dinars.[6] This unabled his political activity in the United States, so he returned to Europe.[2] In May 1930 Košutić and his party colleague Juraj Krnjević wrote a memorandum which they presented to the League of Nations outlining the disproportionate impact of king's decrees in Croatia. The memorandum also spoke of cultural domination, Croatia's lack of representation after suspension of political parties, of harsh treatment at the hands of "bureaucrats appointed by the absolutist king of Serbia," and the disproportionate application of the Law for Defence of the State in Croatia.[7] Košutić and Krnjević also traveled in Geneva, London, Paris and to the United States as well.[8] In 1931,[2] American authorities concluded that the accusation was false and the charge was dismissed,[6] so in Berlin, Košutić found out that he may return to the United States. He travelled across the United States to inform the Croatian emigration about the situation in Yugoslavia, counting on their help. After that, in March 1932, he went to Vienna, where he criticized Belgrade regime for corruption.[9] From Vienna he continued to travel across the Europe to hold lectures and speeches.[2] On 14 November 1932,[9] on invitation of the British Royal Institute of International Affairs, Košutić held a speech about the "Croatian issue", and soon he left the significant impact in the diplomatic world when his speech was published by the Royal Institute.[2]

Returnal to Yugoslavia edit

In 1934, King Alexander was killed by Ustaše in Marseille and was succeeded by Prince Paul, for whom Košutić claimed that he is a man of culture, and ulike Alexander, a friend of Croats.[10] Košutić returned to Yugoslavia in 1937,[11] when he was elected member of parliament.[2] When the Banovina of Croatia was established on 24 August 1939, Maček sought the appointment of Košutić as Ban of Croatia, however, Prince Paul of Yugoslavia opposed Maček's proposal and chose Ivan Šubašić for the role.[12] At the beginning of the 1930s, Košutić had been appointed Vice President of the HSS, while its president was Vladko Maček, who succeeded Radić. In the name of Maček, he led the negotiations with Dušan Simović, a Yugoslav general that led the military coup in 1941 which led to the abandonment of the Tripartite Pact.[4] The negotiations were about the HSS' entry into Simović's government; recognition of the Tripartite Pact; appointment of two co-regents of which one would be Croat and removal of the Serb military from politics. Maček feard a coup by Croat separatists who sought to exploit the widespread Croat resentment against the Serbs for the coup and force a break with Belgrade.[13] Soon afterwards, Yugoslavia was attacked by Germany and its allies and was quickly defeated.[4]

Independent State of Croatia edit

The Axis-allied state, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), was established on 10 April 1941. Not long after the NDH was established, Košutić was detained in prison for three days and released without hearing. Again, he was arrested on 6 May and kept in prison until 20 August, when he was released but placed under house arrest. For the third time, he was arrested on 29 August 1942, and in September, along with another sixty members of the HSS who were pre-war members of parliament and leaders of the party, he was detained in Lepoglava prison on suspicion that he had collaborated with the Yugoslav Partisans. Together with all sixty members of the HSS, he was released on 23 December 1942. When Maček was arrested, Košutić remained in Zagreb with about six of the remaining HSS leadership,[14] and became the de facto leader of the HSS.[4]

In early 1943, while Maček was under house arrest, Košutić along with an interim HSS leadership team including senior members Ivanko Farolfi and Ljudevit Tomašić re-commenced political activity with the assumption that the Western Allies would soon land on the Dalmatian coast and would win the war. This activity included circulating leaflets promoting Maček as the only Croat acceptable to the Allies, and attempting to make contact with them. They also made contact with sympathetic officers of the Home Guard.[15]

In order to expand the base for the Ustaše and to strengthen the Ustaše leadership, Ante Pavelić discussed forming a coalition government with Košutić and at the same time, weakening the Partisans. The negotiations took place between 1943 and 1944, but HSS leadership at the end, refused Pavelić's proposal to enter the government.[16] Again in the middle of 1944, the negotiations were renewed on the initiative of the Minister of Interior, Mladen Lorković, ending with the Lorković-Vokić plot and imprisonment of the leaders of the coup when one fraction among the Ustaše and the nationalist wing of the HSS were defeated. At the same time, Košutić negotiated with the Communist Party of Croatia through Ivo Krbek,[4] also a HSS member and former Deputy Ban of Croatia.[17] Those negotiations were initiated by London, with goal to gain the support from the Croatian Home Guard in possible invasion of the Croatian Adriatic coast. On 1 September 1944, Pavelić invited him on conversation, but Košutić feared he would be manipulated by the Ustaše and joined the Partisans along with Radić's youngest son Branko.[18]

Communist Yugoslavia edit

Not long after he joined the Partisans, the communists arrested him and kept him imprisoned until 6 September 1946.[19] After he was released, he became politically inactive and advocated that HSS should also freeze its activities in order to avoid arrests by the communists.[20] He thought that the HSS needed to maintain its political strength and wait for the communist government to agree on concessions, which he believed would happen very soon due to an internal conflict within the Communist Party, which occurred after the Tito–Stalin split, and the crisis with the Western powers due to the border disputes over the Free Territory of Trieste.[4] Many members of the HSS thought that Košutić made some sort of an agreement with the communists, so the leaders of the HSS, Juraj Šutej, Tomo Jančiković, Franjo Gaži, Božidar Magovac and Ivan Šubašić opposed his idea about the inaction.[20] Košutić died in Zagreb.[11]

References edit

Citations
  1. ^ Boban 2005, p. 244.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gašpar 2008
  3. ^ Horvat 1989, p. 324.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Dizdar et al. 1997, p. 200.
  5. ^ Tuđman 1993, p. 31.
  6. ^ a b Maček 1992, p. 92.
  7. ^ Fischer 2007, p. 75.
  8. ^ Draganich 1983, p. 85.
  9. ^ a b Suppan 1996, p. 427.
  10. ^ Tasovac 1999, p. 186.
  11. ^ a b Dizdar et al. 1997, p. 199.
  12. ^ Tuđman 1993, p. 268.
  13. ^ Hehn 2005, p. 389.
  14. ^ Pavlowitch 2008, p. 47.
  15. ^ Pavlowitch 2008, p. 179.
  16. ^ Boban 2005, p. 242.
  17. ^ Boban 1990, p. 261.
  18. ^ Boban 2005, p. 243.
  19. ^ Tomasevich 2001, p. 455.
  20. ^ a b Boban 2005, p. 250.
Bibliography
  • Boban, Branka (2005). "Sudski progoni prvaka Hrvatske seljačke stranke (1945.-1948.)". Dijalog povjesničara - istoričara (in Croatian). Zaklada Friedrich Naumann.
  • Boban, Ljubo (1990). Kontroverze iz povijesti Jugoslavije: dokumentima i polemikom o temama iz novije povijesti Jugoslavije (in Croatian). Školska knjiga.
  • Dizdar, Zdravko; Grčić, Marko; Ravlić, Slaven; Stuparić, Darko (1997). Tko je tko u NDH (in Croatian). Minerva. ISBN 9536377039.
  • Draganich, Alex N. (1983). The First Yugoslavia: Search for a Viable Political System. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817978419.
  • Fischer, Bernd J. (2007). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South-Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557534552.
  • Hehn, Paul N. (2005). A Low, Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826417619.
  • Horvat, Josip (1989). Politička povijest Hrvatske (in Croatian). Vol. 2. August Cesarec. ISBN 9788639301514.
  • Maček, Vladko (1992). Memoari (in Croatian). Croatian Peasant Party.
  • Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-1-85065-895-5.
  • Suppan, Arnold (1996). Jugoslawien und Österreich 1918-1938: Bilaterale Aussenpolitik im europäischen Umfeld (in German). Oldenbourg Verlag. ISBN 9783486561661.
  • Tasovac, Ivo (1999). American Foreign Policy and Yugoslavia, 1939-1941. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9780890968970.
  • Tomasevich, Jozo (2001). War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804736152.
  • Tuđman, Franjo (1993). Hrvatska u monarhističkoj Jugoslaviji: 1918.-1941 (in Croatian). Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada. ISBN 9789531690003.
  • Gašpar, Boris (26 January 2008). (in Croatian). Hrvatski portal u Švicarskoj. Archived from the original on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2012.

august, košutić, neutrality, this, article, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, remove, this, message, until, conditions, april, 2014, learn, when, remove, this, message, august, 1893, november, 1964, croatian, politician, prominent, mem. The neutrality of this article is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met April 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message August Kosutic 5 August 1893 12 November 1964 was a Croatian politician and a prominent member of the Croatian Peasant Party HSS August KosuticMinister of ConstructionIn office 24 December 1926 1 February 1927MonarchAlexander I of YugoslaviaPrime MinisterNikola UzunovicPersonal detailsBorn 1893 08 05 5 August 1893Radoboj Croatia Slavonia Austria HungaryDied12 November 1964 1964 11 12 aged 71 Zagreb Croatia SFR YugoslaviaNationalityCroatPolitical partyCroatian Peasant PartySpouseMira Kosutic nee Radic 1 RelationsStjepan Radic father in law Alma materBrno University of TechnologyOccupationPoliticianProfessionEngineerMilitary serviceAllegiance Austria HungaryBranch serviceAustro Hungarian ArmyAustro Hungarian Aviation TroopsYears of service1914 1918Battles warsWorld War I Battle of Galicia Battles of the Isonzo As a member of the HSS Kosutic traveled through Europe and United States to inform the world public about the Serb hegemonist policy of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Croatian issue Because of his activity he was often arrested by the Yugoslav authorities and in 1924 he was a victim of an assassination attempt Briefly between the 1926 and 1927 he was a Minister of Construction where he made a great effort combating the corruption During the World War II in the Independent State of Croatia he was most notable for his participation in the abortive Lorkovic Vokic plot in 1944 a coup which had the goal of establishing a coalition government between the Ustase and the HSS and align the Independent State of Croatia NDH with the Allies After the war he became politically inactive Contents 1 Early life 2 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 2 1 Activity within the HSS 2 2 Member of government 2 3 Activity before the implementation of a dictatorship 2 4 Emigration 2 5 Returnal to Yugoslavia 3 Independent State of Croatia 4 Communist Yugoslavia 5 ReferencesEarly life editKosutic was born in Radoboj near Krapina in the Croatian region of Zagorje His sister Sida later became a prominent writer His father Stjepan was HSS commissioner for Krapina region and he often met with Antun and Stjepan Radic leaders of the HSS so young August had a chance to listen to their conversations After graduating from the elementary school August entered the Zagreb gymnasium where he was an excellent student Because of that he was entrusted with school library Soon August learned to write a stenography so he was invited to work for the Sabor Croatian parliament where he started a close relationship with Stjepan Radic who was also his godfather at his chrism when Radic gave him all of his published works 2 better source needed Young Kosutic spent a lot of time in Radic s home to help him with writing and redaction of his articles brochures and books Kosutic entered the Faculty of Law University of Zagreb but because of World War I he stopped his study as he was invited to join the army At the beginning of war he was an artillery officer but later joined the air force school and he saw the end of the war as an air force officer After the war attended a technical school in Brno in Czechoslovakia where he graduated and become an engineer but where he also worked as an assistant Soon he returned to Croatia to work within the HSS and in 1921 he married Radic s daughter Mira 2 Kingdom of Yugoslavia editActivity within the HSS edit When the Kingdom of Serbs Croats and Slovenes was created its Prime Minister became Nikola Pasic who enforced centralism and hegemonist rule often accompanied by terror Radic and Kosutic travel aboard to inform the world public about the violent policy of Belgrade Even though Kosutic had immunity as member of parliament authorities took his passport and forbade him to travel aboard so he crossed the border illegally in 1923 he was with Radic in London later he went from Vienna to Zagreb where he was sent by Radic to inform the Croatian public about the image which was created about Croatia in the world From Vienna Kosutic accompanied Radic on his way to Moscow to meet Georgy Chicherin the Soviet foreign minister who wanted to meet Radic Kosutic continued to travel aboard and as such he bothered the Serbian authorities In 1924 while he was holding a speech in order to assassinate him Jovo Gnjatovic a Serb stuck him with a gunstock in his head Kosutic soon recovered even though the doctors claimed he wouldn t when he returned to Zagreb he was arrested 2 Member of government edit In 1926 Kosutic was named undersecretary in the Ministry of Traffic 2 and on 24 December 1926 Kosutic was named Minister of Construction in the government of Nikola Uzunovic but after the stood down with the Radical Party the HSS left the coalition on 1 February 1927 3 As a Minister of Construction Kosutic fought the corruption which was highly present in this ministry and illegal trading of properties His ministry made a heavy blow to the corruption 2 Activity before the implementation of a dictatorship edit In 1927 after the HSS left the government the new election was announced For the HSS political campaign Kosutic traveled to Macedonia where the HSS had a lot of supporters but he was arrested by police and transferred to Belgrade Nevertheless he continued to travel in Montenegro Herzegovina and South Croatia In June 1928 Punisa Racic executed an assassination killing few prominent members of the HSS and mortally wounding its leader Stjepan Radic in the parliament 2 As a close associate of Radic Kosutic was one of his possible successors as president of the HSS after Radic died from wounds which he suffered during an assassination attempt in 1928 4 Emigration edit In August 1929 seven months after Alexander I of Yugoslavia imposed a royal dictatorship Kosutic emigrated at first to Zurich but after invite of the American branch of the HSS 2 he left for the United States 5 in 1930 2 Immediately after he left the country he was accused of stealing a few million Yugoslav dinars 6 This unabled his political activity in the United States so he returned to Europe 2 In May 1930 Kosutic and his party colleague Juraj Krnjevic wrote a memorandum which they presented to the League of Nations outlining the disproportionate impact of king s decrees in Croatia The memorandum also spoke of cultural domination Croatia s lack of representation after suspension of political parties of harsh treatment at the hands of bureaucrats appointed by the absolutist king of Serbia and the disproportionate application of the Law for Defence of the State in Croatia 7 Kosutic and Krnjevic also traveled in Geneva London Paris and to the United States as well 8 In 1931 2 American authorities concluded that the accusation was false and the charge was dismissed 6 so in Berlin Kosutic found out that he may return to the United States He travelled across the United States to inform the Croatian emigration about the situation in Yugoslavia counting on their help After that in March 1932 he went to Vienna where he criticized Belgrade regime for corruption 9 From Vienna he continued to travel across the Europe to hold lectures and speeches 2 On 14 November 1932 9 on invitation of the British Royal Institute of International Affairs Kosutic held a speech about the Croatian issue and soon he left the significant impact in the diplomatic world when his speech was published by the Royal Institute 2 Returnal to Yugoslavia edit In 1934 King Alexander was killed by Ustase in Marseille and was succeeded by Prince Paul for whom Kosutic claimed that he is a man of culture and ulike Alexander a friend of Croats 10 Kosutic returned to Yugoslavia in 1937 11 when he was elected member of parliament 2 When the Banovina of Croatia was established on 24 August 1939 Macek sought the appointment of Kosutic as Ban of Croatia however Prince Paul of Yugoslavia opposed Macek s proposal and chose Ivan Subasic for the role 12 At the beginning of the 1930s Kosutic had been appointed Vice President of the HSS while its president was Vladko Macek who succeeded Radic In the name of Macek he led the negotiations with Dusan Simovic a Yugoslav general that led the military coup in 1941 which led to the abandonment of the Tripartite Pact 4 The negotiations were about the HSS entry into Simovic s government recognition of the Tripartite Pact appointment of two co regents of which one would be Croat and removal of the Serb military from politics Macek feard a coup by Croat separatists who sought to exploit the widespread Croat resentment against the Serbs for the coup and force a break with Belgrade 13 Soon afterwards Yugoslavia was attacked by Germany and its allies and was quickly defeated 4 Independent State of Croatia editFurther information Croatian Peasant Party during World War II The Axis allied state the Independent State of Croatia NDH was established on 10 April 1941 Not long after the NDH was established Kosutic was detained in prison for three days and released without hearing Again he was arrested on 6 May and kept in prison until 20 August when he was released but placed under house arrest For the third time he was arrested on 29 August 1942 and in September along with another sixty members of the HSS who were pre war members of parliament and leaders of the party he was detained in Lepoglava prison on suspicion that he had collaborated with the Yugoslav Partisans Together with all sixty members of the HSS he was released on 23 December 1942 When Macek was arrested Kosutic remained in Zagreb with about six of the remaining HSS leadership 14 and became the de facto leader of the HSS 4 In early 1943 while Macek was under house arrest Kosutic along with an interim HSS leadership team including senior members Ivanko Farolfi and Ljudevit Tomasic re commenced political activity with the assumption that the Western Allies would soon land on the Dalmatian coast and would win the war This activity included circulating leaflets promoting Macek as the only Croat acceptable to the Allies and attempting to make contact with them They also made contact with sympathetic officers of the Home Guard 15 In order to expand the base for the Ustase and to strengthen the Ustase leadership Ante Pavelic discussed forming a coalition government with Kosutic and at the same time weakening the Partisans The negotiations took place between 1943 and 1944 but HSS leadership at the end refused Pavelic s proposal to enter the government 16 Again in the middle of 1944 the negotiations were renewed on the initiative of the Minister of Interior Mladen Lorkovic ending with the Lorkovic Vokic plot and imprisonment of the leaders of the coup when one fraction among the Ustase and the nationalist wing of the HSS were defeated At the same time Kosutic negotiated with the Communist Party of Croatia through Ivo Krbek 4 also a HSS member and former Deputy Ban of Croatia 17 Those negotiations were initiated by London with goal to gain the support from the Croatian Home Guard in possible invasion of the Croatian Adriatic coast On 1 September 1944 Pavelic invited him on conversation but Kosutic feared he would be manipulated by the Ustase and joined the Partisans along with Radic s youngest son Branko 18 Communist Yugoslavia editNot long after he joined the Partisans the communists arrested him and kept him imprisoned until 6 September 1946 19 After he was released he became politically inactive and advocated that HSS should also freeze its activities in order to avoid arrests by the communists 20 He thought that the HSS needed to maintain its political strength and wait for the communist government to agree on concessions which he believed would happen very soon due to an internal conflict within the Communist Party which occurred after the Tito Stalin split and the crisis with the Western powers due to the border disputes over the Free Territory of Trieste 4 Many members of the HSS thought that Kosutic made some sort of an agreement with the communists so the leaders of the HSS Juraj Sutej Tomo Jancikovic Franjo Gazi Bozidar Magovac and Ivan Subasic opposed his idea about the inaction 20 Kosutic died in Zagreb 11 References editCitations Boban 2005 p 244 a b c d e f g h i j k l m Gaspar 2008 Horvat 1989 p 324 a b c d e f Dizdar et al 1997 p 200 Tuđman 1993 p 31 a b Macek 1992 p 92 Fischer 2007 p 75 Draganich 1983 p 85 a b Suppan 1996 p 427 Tasovac 1999 p 186 a b Dizdar et al 1997 p 199 Tuđman 1993 p 268 Hehn 2005 p 389 Pavlowitch 2008 p 47 Pavlowitch 2008 p 179 Boban 2005 p 242 Boban 1990 p 261 Boban 2005 p 243 Tomasevich 2001 p 455 a b Boban 2005 p 250 Bibliography Boban Branka 2005 Sudski progoni prvaka Hrvatske seljacke stranke 1945 1948 Dijalog povjesnicara istoricara in Croatian Zaklada Friedrich Naumann Boban Ljubo 1990 Kontroverze iz povijesti Jugoslavije dokumentima i polemikom o temama iz novije povijesti Jugoslavije in Croatian Skolska knjiga Dizdar Zdravko Grcic Marko Ravlic Slaven Stuparic Darko 1997 Tko je tko u NDH in Croatian Minerva ISBN 9536377039 Draganich Alex N 1983 The First Yugoslavia Search for a Viable Political System Hoover Press ISBN 9780817978419 Fischer Bernd J 2007 Balkan Strongmen Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe Purdue University Press ISBN 9781557534552 Hehn Paul N 2005 A Low Dishonest Decade The Great Powers Eastern Europe and the Economic Origins of World War II Continuum International Publishing Group ISBN 9780826417619 Horvat Josip 1989 Politicka povijest Hrvatske in Croatian Vol 2 August Cesarec ISBN 9788639301514 Macek Vladko 1992 Memoari in Croatian Croatian Peasant Party Pavlowitch Stevan K 2008 Hitler s New Disorder The Second World War in Yugoslavia Columbia University Press ISBN 978 1 85065 895 5 Suppan Arnold 1996 Jugoslawien und Osterreich 1918 1938 Bilaterale Aussenpolitik im europaischen Umfeld in German Oldenbourg Verlag ISBN 9783486561661 Tasovac Ivo 1999 American Foreign Policy and Yugoslavia 1939 1941 Texas A amp M University Press ISBN 9780890968970 Tomasevich Jozo 2001 War and Revolution in Yugoslavia 1941 1945 Occupation and Collaboration Stanford University Press ISBN 9780804736152 Tuđman Franjo 1993 Hrvatska u monarhistickoj Jugoslaviji 1918 1941 in Croatian Hrvatska sveucilisna naklada ISBN 9789531690003 Gaspar Boris 26 January 2008 Korupciju treba istrijebiti do korijena jer je korupcija smrt socijalnoj pravdi in Croatian Hrvatski portal u Svicarskoj Archived from the original on 11 September 2013 Retrieved 19 July 2012 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title August Kosutic amp oldid 1192850512, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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