This article is about the psychological concept. For the utopian socialist economic theory, see Fourierism.
Associationism is the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one mental state with its successor states.[1] It holds that all mental processes are made up of discrete psychological elements and their combinations, which are believed to be made up of sensations or simple feelings.[2] In philosophy, this idea is viewed as the outcome of empiricism and sensationism.[3] The concept encompasses a psychological theory as well as comprehensive philosophical foundation and scientific methodology.[2]
The idea is first recorded in Plato and Aristotle, especially with regard to the succession of memories. Particularly, the model is traced back to the Aristotelian notion that human memory encompasses all mental phenomena. The model was discussed in detail in the philosopher's work, Memory and Reminiscence.[4] This view was widely embraced until the emergence of British associationism, which began with Thomas Hobbes.[4]
The phrase association of ideas was first used by John Locke in 1689 in Chapter 33 of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding entitled “Of the Association of Ideas″, he describes the ways that ideas can be connected to each other.[6] He writes “Some of our ideas have a natural correspondence and connection with one another”.[7] Although he believed that some associations were natural and justified, he believed that others were illogical, causing errors in judgment. He also explains that one can associate some ideas together based on their education and culture, saying, “there is another connection of ideas wholly owing to chance or custom”.[6][7] The term associationism later became more prominent in psychology and the psychologists that subscribed to the idea became known as the associationists.[6] Locke's view that the mind and body are two aspects of the same unified phenomenon can be traced back to Aristotle's ideas on the subject.[8]
David Humeedit
In his 1740 book Treatise on Human Nature David Hume outlines three principles for ideas to be connected to each other: resemblance, continuity in time or place, and cause or effect.[9] He argues that the mind uses these principles, rather than reason, to traverse from idea to idea.[6] He writes “When the mind, therefore, passes from the idea or impression of one object to the idea or belief of another, it is not determined by reason, but by certain principles, which associate together the ideas of these objects, and unite them in the imagination.”[9] These connections are formed in the mind by observation and experience. Hume does not believe that any of these associations are “necessary’ in a sense that ideas or object are truly connected, instead he sees them as mental tools used for creating a useful mental representation of the world.[6]
Later membersedit
Later members of the school developed very specific principles elaborating how associations worked and even a physiological mechanism bearing no resemblance to modern neurophysiology.[10] For a fuller explanation of the intellectual history of associationism and the "Associationist School", see Association of Ideas.
Applicationsedit
Associationism is often concerned with middle-level to higher-level mental processes such as learning.[8] For instance, the thesis, antithesis, and synthesis are linked in one's mind through repetition so that they become inextricably associated with one another.[8] Among the earliest experiments that tested the applications of associationism, involve Hermann Ebbinghaus' work. He was considered the first experimenter to apply the associationist principles systematically, and used himself as subject to study and quantify the relationship between rehearsal and recollection of material.[8]
^Perler, Dominik (2015). The Faculties: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 256. ISBN9780199935253.
^ abBailey, Richard (2018-02-06). Education in the Open Society - Karl Popper and Schooling. Routledge. ISBN9781351726481.
^Banerjee, J.C. (1994). Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychological Terms. New Delhi: M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 19. ISBN818588028X.
^ abAnderson, John R.; Bower, G. H. (2014). Human Associative Memory. New York: Psychology Press. p. 16. ISBN9781317769880.
^ abBoring, E. G. (1950) "A History of Experimental Psychology" New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts
^ abcdeWarren, Howard C. (1921). A History Of The Association Psychology. Universal Digital Library. Charles Scribner's Sons.
^ abLocke, John (2000). Essay Concerning Human Understanding, An. Infomotions, Inc. OCLC 927360872.
^ abcdSternberg, Robert (1999). The Nature of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p. 69. ISBN9780262692120.
^ abHume, David (1739-01-01), Nidditch, P. H; Selby-Bigge, Sir Lewis Amherst (eds.), "A Treatise of Human Nature", David Hume: A Treatise of Human Nature (Second Edition), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00046221, ISBN978-0-19-824587-2
^ abPavlov, I.P. (1927, 1960) "Conditioned Reflexes" New York, Oxford (1927) Dover (1960)
Howard C. Warren (1921). A History Of The Association Psychology. Charles Scribner's Sons. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
January 01, 1970
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This article is about the psychological concept For the utopian socialist economic theory see Fourierism Associationism is the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one mental state with its successor states 1 It holds that all mental processes are made up of discrete psychological elements and their combinations which are believed to be made up of sensations or simple feelings 2 In philosophy this idea is viewed as the outcome of empiricism and sensationism 3 The concept encompasses a psychological theory as well as comprehensive philosophical foundation and scientific methodology 2 Contents 1 History 1 1 Early history 1 2 Associationist School 1 2 1 John Locke 1 2 2 David Hume 1 2 3 Later members 2 Applications 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingHistory editEarly history edit The idea is first recorded in Plato and Aristotle especially with regard to the succession of memories Particularly the model is traced back to the Aristotelian notion that human memory encompasses all mental phenomena The model was discussed in detail in the philosopher s work Memory and Reminiscence 4 This view was widely embraced until the emergence of British associationism which began with Thomas Hobbes 4 nbsp John Locke was the first person to use the phrase association of ideas Associationist School edit Members of the Associationist School including John Locke David Hume David Hartley Joseph Priestley James Mill John Stuart Mill Alexander Bain and Ivan Pavlov asserted that the principle applied to all or most mental processes 5 John Locke edit The phrase association of ideas was first used by John Locke in 1689 in Chapter 33 of An Essay Concerning Human Understanding entitled Of the Association of Ideas he describes the ways that ideas can be connected to each other 6 He writes Some of our ideas have a natural correspondence and connection with one another 7 Although he believed that some associations were natural and justified he believed that others were illogical causing errors in judgment He also explains that one can associate some ideas together based on their education and culture saying there is another connection of ideas wholly owing to chance or custom 6 7 The term associationism later became more prominent in psychology and the psychologists that subscribed to the idea became known as the associationists 6 Locke s view that the mind and body are two aspects of the same unified phenomenon can be traced back to Aristotle s ideas on the subject 8 David Hume edit In his 1740 book Treatise on Human Nature David Hume outlines three principles for ideas to be connected to each other resemblance continuity in time or place and cause or effect 9 He argues that the mind uses these principles rather than reason to traverse from idea to idea 6 He writes When the mind therefore passes from the idea or impression of one object to the idea or belief of another it is not determined by reason but by certain principles which associate together the ideas of these objects and unite them in the imagination 9 These connections are formed in the mind by observation and experience Hume does not believe that any of these associations are necessary in a sense that ideas or object are truly connected instead he sees them as mental tools used for creating a useful mental representation of the world 6 Later members edit Later members of the school developed very specific principles elaborating how associations worked and even a physiological mechanism bearing no resemblance to modern neurophysiology 10 For a fuller explanation of the intellectual history of associationism and the Associationist School see Association of Ideas Applications editAssociationism is often concerned with middle level to higher level mental processes such as learning 8 For instance the thesis antithesis and synthesis are linked in one s mind through repetition so that they become inextricably associated with one another 8 Among the earliest experiments that tested the applications of associationism involve Hermann Ebbinghaus work He was considered the first experimenter to apply the associationist principles systematically and used himself as subject to study and quantify the relationship between rehearsal and recollection of material 8 Some of the ideas of the Associationist School also anticipated the principles of conditioning and its use in behavioral psychology 5 Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning use positive and negative associations as means of conditioning 10 See also editCalculus of relations Connectionism Family resemblance Prototype theoryReferences edit Perler Dominik 2015 The Faculties A History Oxford Oxford University Press p 256 ISBN 9780199935253 a b Bailey Richard 2018 02 06 Education in the Open Society Karl Popper and Schooling Routledge ISBN 9781351726481 Banerjee J C 1994 Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Psychological Terms New Delhi M D Publications Pvt Ltd p 19 ISBN 818588028X a b Anderson John R Bower G H 2014 Human Associative Memory New York Psychology Press p 16 ISBN 9781317769880 a b Boring E G 1950 A History of Experimental Psychology New York Appleton Century Crofts a b c d e Warren Howard C 1921 A History Of The Association Psychology Universal Digital Library Charles Scribner s Sons a b Locke John 2000 Essay Concerning Human Understanding An Infomotions Inc OCLC 927360872 a b c d Sternberg Robert 1999 The Nature of Cognition Cambridge MA MIT Press p 69 ISBN 9780262692120 a b Hume David 1739 01 01 Nidditch P H Selby Bigge Sir Lewis Amherst eds A Treatise of Human Nature David Hume A Treatise of Human Nature Second Edition Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 oseo instance 00046221 ISBN 978 0 19 824587 2 a b Pavlov I P 1927 1960 Conditioned Reflexes New York Oxford 1927 Dover 1960 Further reading edit Associationism in the Philosophy of Mind Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Pre History of Cognitive Science Howard C Warren 1921 A History Of The Association Psychology Charles Scribner s Sons Retrieved 2010 02 10 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Associationism amp oldid 1220543558, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
