fbpx
Wikipedia

Esegel

April 26, 2024

Esegels (aka Izgil (Old Turkic: 𐰔𐰏𐰠), Äsägel, Askel, Askil, Ishkil, Izgil) were an Oghur Turkic dynastic tribe in the Middle Ages who joined and would be assimilated into the Volga Bulgars.

Numerous records about Esegels in sources and works of many languages across the span of the Eurasia left numerous variations of their name.[1] M. Räsänen suggested Uralo-Altai etymology of this word: Es-kil, Es-gil "Old city",[2] Gumilyov initially linked the Izgils to the Sijie (思结) of the Toquz Oghuz;[3][4] only to later re-identify Izgils with Xijie (奚結), another Tiele tribe.[5][6] However, Zuev (2002) distinguished Izgil (> Ch. *a-siək-kiet 阿悉結 > Axijie, a Western Tujue tribe according to Chinese sources[7][8][a]) from Igil (> Ch. *ɣiei-kiet 奚結 > Xijie, a Tiele tribe[10]) though Zuev controversially links the Igils 奚結 to the Bulgarian clan Uokil and the Indo-European-speaking Augaloi[11] in Transoxania.[12]

Róna-Tas proposes an Iranian origin: Western Old Turkic Askil, Äsägäl < äθägäl < haθyaka arya "the very aliens" (cf. Ossetian æcægælon < æcægæ + ælon).[13] However, Tatár (2012) disagrees that Ossetian æcægælon was cognate with Äskäl, as the expected Hungarian cognate to Ossetian would have been **Æčgæl (Hg. **Ecsgel), not székely, the Székely people's endonym which, in Tatár's opinion, might have developed from Äskil with these sound-changes: loss of first vowel before or after another vowel's appearance between /s/ & /k/, not in Hungarian but in a foreign source language. Tatár reconstructs *Äskil as the Western Turkic tribe's endonym, containing Turkic plural and generalizational suffix -GIl[14] and Iranian tribal name As; she proposes that the As had been originally part of Iranian-speaking Massagetae and joined the Alans in the 1st century CE, yet one group later split from the Iranian-speaking As community, became allies or subjects of the Turks and subsequently Turkicized as Äskils, only to later become enemies of the Second Turkic Khaganate.[15] Tatár also remarks that if székely had developed from æcægæl (even in a Turkic source language and not Hungarian), "the Volga Bulgarian Äskils and the Székelys must be of different origin because æcægæl is not the source of Askil."[16]

Zuev proposes connections with the Āxījiē of the Nushibi half of the Ten Arrows tribal confederation of the Western Turkic Khaganate, and the Xionite personal name Askil/Askel, as mentioned in the Chronography of Theophanes the Confessor (760–818):

"the same month (July 563) ambassadors of Askil/Askel, the king of Hermihions (Greek Ερμηχιονιονων; Lat. Ermechionorum), a tribe living among barbarians near the ocean, came to Constantinople".[17]

Zuev (2004)[18] summarized scholarly opinions on the link between Izgils and Turkic-speaking tribes mentioned by sources in Chinese:

  • Cen Zhongmian (1958) identified Izgils with the Axijie 阿悉結 (a Tiele tribe according to Naito) of the Western Turks, as did Harmatta (1962:140-142) and Klyashtorny (2001:50-51);
  • Cen additionally identified Izgil with the name Xiezhilue 頡質略 of a Bayïrqu ruler;
  • Ögel (1945) and Tasağil (1991:57) linked Izgil and Sekel to the Sijie 思結 of the Tiele and later Toquz Oghuz;
  • Ögel further links the Sijie, Axijie, and Izgil to the Chigils; however, Zuev noted that the Chigils (whom he elsewhere identified with the Chuyue (處月) in Chinese sources[19]) did not belong to the "Ten Arrows" union[20] while Axijie did.[21]

A Chinese annalistic account in New Book of Tang about the Western Turkic Khaganate in 651 CE listed five west tribes collectively as Nushibi (弩失畢) and noted that Kül-Irkin (闕俟斤 Què-sìjīn), the leader of first tribe, Āxījiē (阿悉結), (whom Zuev identifies as Esegels) "was most prosperous and strong, the number of his soldiers reached several tens of thousands".[22][23]

Arab ambassador Ibn Fadlan, who visited Itil (Volga) banks in the 921–922, mentioned in his journal the Bulgarian tribe Askel, besides the Bulgars proper, the Suvars (Savan), the Bersula, and the Barandzhar.[24][25] Persian ethnographer Ahmad ibn Rustah listed three branches of the Volga Bulghars: "the first branch was called Bersula, the second Esegel, and the third Oghuz".[26] The ancient ruins of the city belonging to the Askel tribe are located in Aşlı[27]

Among other writers who mentioned Esegels, the Persian “Geography“ of 982 named Ishkils as one of three Bulgarian tribes, who were constantly conflicting among themselves.[28] Gardizi, the author of the composition Zain al-ahbar (mid-11th century), wrote: "Between possessions of Bulgars and possessions of Eskels, who also belong to Bulgars, is a Magyar area. These Magyars are also a Türkic tribe".[29] Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote that endoethnonym of the "Magyar Türks" was Savartoiaskaloi, i.e. Savart (Suvar/Sabir) and Eskel.[30] Zuev summarized that "It is held that Eskels (Esegels) merged with Hungarians (Magyars). Zuev proposes that the ethnographic group Székely (also known as Szekler) are Esegels' descendants."[31] However, Róna-Tas rejected identification of Esegels with Székely, as well as the link between the names Esegels and Chigils, on historical and phonological grounds.[32]

Notes edit

  1. ^ In imperial Chinese historiography, Tūjué 突厥 was reserved for Göktürks, their splinter groups, and politically associated groups, not all Turkic peoples[9]

References edit

  1. ^ Golden P.B., "Khazar studies. Historico-philological inguiry into the origins of the Khazars", Vol. 1, Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1980
  2. ^ Räsänen M. "Uralaltaische Wortforschungen" // STUDIA ORIENTALIA, 18–3, 1955, p. 5, in Golden P.B., "Khazar studies", p. 241
  3. ^ Gumilyov, L. (1964) Ancient Turks. p. 265. (in Russian)
  4. ^ Golden, Peter B. (1992). An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 143
  5. ^ Old Book of Tang, Vol. 199b Tiele
  6. ^ Gumilyov, L. (2009) Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John. p. 340 (in English; translated by R.E.F. Smith). Russian original; quote: "Изгили (кит. Сицзе [= pinyin Xijie])"
  7. ^ Tongdian vol. 199 "Beidi 6: Tujue B"
  8. ^ Old Book of Tang vol. 194 "Tujue B: Western Tujue"
  9. ^ Lee, Joo-Yup (2016)."The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post-Mongol Central Asia". Central Asiatic Journal 59(1-2): p. 103-105 of pp. 101–32.
  10. ^ Old Book of Tang, Vol. 199b Tiele
  11. ^ Blažek, V. & Schwartz, M. "Tocharians: Who they were, where they came from, and where they lived" in Tocharian Studies: Works 1 (2011), p. 119
  12. ^ Wang Pu, "Summary review of Tang dynasty, 618–907 (Tang Huiyao)", Shanghai, 1958, ch. 72, p. 1307, in Yu. Zuev, "Early Türks: Sketches of history and ideology" (2002), p. 45
  13. ^ Róna-Tas, András "Bayan and Asparuh. Nine Notes on Turks and Iranians in East Europe", Turcologia 105, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden (2016). pp. 65-78
  14. ^ Alyılmaz, Semra. "On Plurality Category and Teaching in Turkish" in Journal of Education and Training Studies, Vol. 5, No. 9; September 2017
  15. ^ Tatár, Maria Magdolna. "Red Huns and Hungarian Székelys: Etymological Remarks to the Tradition" in Hsiung-nu Empire and the Study of Ancient Mongolian History. Published by Institute of History, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbataar. 2012. pages 32-38 of 31-43
  16. ^ Tatár (2012). p. 38
  17. ^ Zuev Yu.A. "The Strongest Tribe". Historical And Cultural Relations Between Iran And Dasht-i Kipchak in the 13-18th c.c. Materials of International Round Table, Almaty, 2004 ISBN 9965-699-14-3. p. 33 (in Russian)
  18. ^ Zuev (2004) p. 45, 47-48
  19. ^ Zuev (2002) Early Turks: Essays of history and ideology, Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 145, 250
  20. ^ Zuev (2004). p. 59
  21. ^ Old Book of Tang, Vol. 194b
  22. ^ Zuev (2004) p. 47, with reference to
  23. ^ Ouyang Xiu, "Xin Tang shu (History of Tang dynasty", 618–907, New Edition)], Peking, Bo-na, 1958, Ch. 215b, p. 1506, f. 56
  24. ^ Kovalevsky A.P. "Ahmed ibn Fadlan's book on travel to Volga in 921–922", Kharkiv, 1956, p. 139 (Translation)
  25. ^ Rorlich, A zade-Ayşe (1986). "2. The Bulgar State". The Volga Tatars: A Profile in National Resilience. Hoover Institution Press Publication (Book 339). Hoover Institution Press; 1st edition.
  26. ^ Publications of the Folk-lore Society. Folk-lore Society. 1889.
  27. ^ D. Dimitrov (1987). "Sabirs, Barsils, Belendzheris, Khazars". Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie. Varna. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  28. ^ Minorsky V., "Hudud al-'Alam" (The regions of the World, London, 1937, p. 162)
  29. ^ Bartold W., "Extracts from Gardizi composition "Za ahbar" //Collection of Works, vol. 5. Moscow-Leningrad, 1973, p. 37, 58
  30. ^ Vasari I., "Runic systems of the Eastern Europe script" // Altaica 2, Moscow, 1998, p. 37
  31. ^ Zuev (2004) p. 34
  32. ^ Róna-Tas, András. "Bayan and Asparuh. Nine Notes on Turks and Iranians in East Europe", Turcologia 105, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden (2016). pp. 65-78

April 26, 2024
esegel, izgil, turkic, 𐰔𐰏𐰠, Äsägel, askel, askil, ishkil, izgil, were, oghur, turkic, dynastic, tribe, middle, ages, joined, would, assimilated, into, volga, bulgars, numerous, records, about, sources, works, many, languages, across, span, eurasia, left, numer. Esegels aka Izgil Old Turkic 𐰔𐰏𐰠 Asagel Askel Askil Ishkil Izgil were an Oghur Turkic dynastic tribe in the Middle Ages who joined and would be assimilated into the Volga Bulgars Numerous records about Esegels in sources and works of many languages across the span of the Eurasia left numerous variations of their name 1 M Rasanen suggested Uralo Altai etymology of this word Es kil Es gil Old city 2 Gumilyov initially linked the Izgils to the Sijie 思结 of the Toquz Oghuz 3 4 only to later re identify Izgils with Xijie 奚結 another Tiele tribe 5 6 However Zuev 2002 distinguished Izgil gt Ch a siek kiet 阿悉結 gt Axijie a Western Tujue tribe according to Chinese sources 7 8 a from Igil gt Ch ɣiei kiet 奚結 gt Xijie a Tiele tribe 10 though Zuev controversially links the Igils 奚結 to the Bulgarian clan Uokil and the Indo European speaking Augaloi 11 in Transoxania 12 Rona Tas proposes an Iranian origin Western Old Turkic Askil Asagal lt a8agal lt ha8yaka arya the very aliens cf Ossetian aecaegaelon lt aecaegae aelon 13 However Tatar 2012 disagrees that Ossetian aecaegaelon was cognate with Askal as the expected Hungarian cognate to Ossetian would have been AEcgael Hg Ecsgel not szekely the Szekely people s endonym which in Tatar s opinion might have developed from Askil with these sound changes loss of first vowel before or after another vowel s appearance between s amp k not in Hungarian but in a foreign source language Tatar reconstructs Askil as the Western Turkic tribe s endonym containing Turkic plural and generalizational suffix GIl 14 and Iranian tribal name As she proposes that the As had been originally part of Iranian speaking Massagetae and joined the Alans in the 1st century CE yet one group later split from the Iranian speaking As community became allies or subjects of the Turks and subsequently Turkicized as Askils only to later become enemies of the Second Turkic Khaganate 15 Tatar also remarks that if szekely had developed from aecaegael even in a Turkic source language and not Hungarian the Volga Bulgarian Askils and the Szekelys must be of different origin because aecaegael is not the source of Askil 16 Zuev proposes connections with the Axijie of the Nushibi half of the Ten Arrows tribal confederation of the Western Turkic Khaganate and the Xionite personal name Askil Askel as mentioned in the Chronography of Theophanes the Confessor 760 818 the same month July 563 ambassadors of Askil Askel the king of Hermihions Greek Ermhxionionwn Lat Ermechionorum a tribe living among barbarians near the ocean came to Constantinople 17 Zuev 2004 18 summarized scholarly opinions on the link between Izgils and Turkic speaking tribes mentioned by sources in Chinese Cen Zhongmian 1958 identified Izgils with the Axijie 阿悉結 a Tiele tribe according to Naito of the Western Turks as did Harmatta 1962 140 142 and Klyashtorny 2001 50 51 Cen additionally identified Izgil with the name Xiezhilue 頡質略 of a Bayirqu ruler Ogel 1945 and Tasagil 1991 57 linked Izgil and Sekel to the Sijie 思結 of the Tiele and later Toquz Oghuz Ogel further links the Sijie Axijie and Izgil to the Chigils however Zuev noted that the Chigils whom he elsewhere identified with the Chuyue 處月 in Chinese sources 19 did not belong to the Ten Arrows union 20 while Axijie did 21 A Chinese annalistic account in New Book of Tang about the Western Turkic Khaganate in 651 CE listed five west tribes collectively as Nushibi 弩失畢 and noted that Kul Irkin 闕俟斤 Que sijin the leader of first tribe Axijie 阿悉結 whom Zuev identifies as Esegels was most prosperous and strong the number of his soldiers reached several tens of thousands 22 23 Arab ambassador Ibn Fadlan who visited Itil Volga banks in the 921 922 mentioned in his journal the Bulgarian tribe Askel besides the Bulgars proper the Suvars Savan the Bersula and the Barandzhar 24 25 Persian ethnographer Ahmad ibn Rustah listed three branches of the Volga Bulghars the first branch was called Bersula the second Esegel and the third Oghuz 26 The ancient ruins of the city belonging to the Askel tribe are located in Asli 27 Among other writers who mentioned Esegels the Persian Geography of 982 named Ishkils as one of three Bulgarian tribes who were constantly conflicting among themselves 28 Gardizi the author of the composition Zain al ahbar mid 11th century wrote Between possessions of Bulgars and possessions of Eskels who also belong to Bulgars is a Magyar area These Magyars are also a Turkic tribe 29 Constantine Porphyrogenitus wrote that endoethnonym of the Magyar Turks was Savartoiaskaloi i e Savart Suvar Sabir and Eskel 30 Zuev summarized that It is held that Eskels Esegels merged with Hungarians Magyars Zuev proposes that the ethnographic group Szekely also known as Szekler are Esegels descendants 31 However Rona Tas rejected identification of Esegels with Szekely as well as the link between the names Esegels and Chigils on historical and phonological grounds 32 Notes edit In imperial Chinese historiography Tujue 突厥 was reserved for Gokturks their splinter groups and politically associated groups not all Turkic peoples 9 References edit Golden P B Khazar studies Historico philological inguiry into the origins of the Khazars Vol 1 Budapest Akademiai Kiado 1980 Rasanen M Uralaltaische Wortforschungen STUDIA ORIENTALIA 18 3 1955 p 5 in Golden P B Khazar studies p 241 Gumilyov L 1964 Ancient Turks p 265 in Russian Golden Peter B 1992 An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People Otto Harrassowitz Wiesbaden p 143 Old Book of Tang Vol 199b Tiele Gumilyov L 2009 Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John p 340 in English translated by R E F Smith Russian original quote Izgili kit Sicze pinyin Xijie Tongdian vol 199 Beidi 6 Tujue B Old Book of Tang vol 194 Tujue B Western Tujue Lee Joo Yup 2016 The Historical Meaning of the Term Turk and the Nature of the Turkic Identity of the Chinggisid and Timurid Elites in Post Mongol Central Asia Central Asiatic Journal 59 1 2 p 103 105 of pp 101 32 Old Book of Tang Vol 199b Tiele Blazek V amp Schwartz M Tocharians Who they were where they came from and where they lived in Tocharian Studies Works 1 2011 p 119 Wang Pu Summary review of Tang dynasty 618 907 Tang Huiyao Shanghai 1958 ch 72 p 1307 in Yu Zuev Early Turks Sketches of history and ideology 2002 p 45 Rona Tas Andras Bayan and Asparuh Nine Notes on Turks and Iranians in East Europe Turcologia 105 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden 2016 pp 65 78 Alyilmaz Semra On Plurality Category and Teaching in Turkish in Journal of Education and Training Studies Vol 5 No 9 September 2017 Tatar Maria Magdolna Red Huns and Hungarian Szekelys Etymological Remarks to the Tradition in Hsiung nu Empire and the Study of Ancient Mongolian History Published by Institute of History Mongolian Academy of Sciences Ulaanbataar 2012 pages 32 38 of 31 43 Tatar 2012 p 38 Zuev Yu A The Strongest Tribe Historical And Cultural Relations Between Iran And Dasht i Kipchak in the 13 18th c c Materials of International Round Table Almaty 2004 ISBN 9965 699 14 3 p 33 in Russian Zuev 2004 p 45 47 48 Zuev 2002 Early Turks Essays of history and ideology Almaty Daik Press 2002 p 145 250 Zuev 2004 p 59 Old Book of Tang Vol 194b Zuev 2004 p 47 with reference to Ouyang Xiu Xin Tang shu History of Tang dynasty 618 907 New Edition Peking Bo na 1958 Ch 215b p 1506 f 56 Kovalevsky A P Ahmed ibn Fadlan s book on travel to Volga in 921 922 Kharkiv 1956 p 139 Translation Rorlich A zade Ayse 1986 2 The Bulgar State The Volga Tatars A Profile in National Resilience Hoover Institution Press Publication Book 339 Hoover Institution Press 1st edition Publications of the Folk lore Society Folk lore Society 1889 D Dimitrov 1987 Sabirs Barsils Belendzheris Khazars Prabylgarite po severnoto i zapadnoto Chernomorie Varna a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help CS1 maint location missing publisher link Minorsky V Hudud al Alam The regions of the World London 1937 p 162 Bartold W Extracts from Gardizi composition Za ahbar Collection of Works vol 5 Moscow Leningrad 1973 p 37 58 Vasari I Runic systems of the Eastern Europe script Altaica 2 Moscow 1998 p 37 Zuev 2004 p 34 Rona Tas Andras Bayan and Asparuh Nine Notes on Turks and Iranians in East Europe Turcologia 105 Harrassowitz Verlag Wiesbaden 2016 pp 65 78 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Esegel amp oldid 1182565358, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.