Argininemia
Argininemia is an autosomal recessive urea cycle disorder where a deficiency of the enzyme arginase causes a buildup of arginine and ammonia in the blood. Ammonia, which is formed when proteins are broken down in the body, is toxic if levels become too high; the nervous system is especially sensitive to the effects of excess ammonia.[2][6]
| Argininemia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Arginase deficiency[1] |
| Arginine | |
| Specialty | Neurology, medical genetics, endocrinology |
| Symptoms | Lethargy, Dehydration[2][3] |
| Causes | Mutations in the ARG1 gene[4][5] |
| Diagnostic method | Urinary orotic acid concentration[2] |
| Treatment | Limited protein intake, sodium benzoate[3] |
Signs and symptoms edit
The presentation of argininemia, in those that are affected, is consistent with the following:[2][3]
- Lethargy
- Dehydration
- Hypotonia
- Growth is stunted
- Microcephaly
- Seizures
Genetics edit
Mutations in the ARG1 gene cause argininemia, which belongs to a class of genetic diseases called urea cycle disorders.[4][5] The urea cycle is a sequence of reactions that occurs in liver cells (hepatocytes). This cycle processes excess nitrogen, generated when protein is used by the body, making urea that is excreted via the kidneys.[7]
The ARG1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called arginase, this enzyme controls the last steps of the urea cycle, which produces urea by extracting nitrogen from arginine.[4] In people with arginase deficiency, arginase is missing, and arginine is not broken down properly. consequently, urea cannot be produced and excess nitrogen accumulates in the blood in the form of ammonia. Ammonia and arginine are thought to cause neurological problems and other symptoms of arginase deficiency.[2]
This condition is an autosomal recessive disorder, which means the defective gene is located on an autosome,[6] and two copies of the defective gene are required to inherit the disorder.
Both parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive disorder are carriers of one copy of the gene, but usually do not have the disorder.[medical citation needed]
Diagnosis edit
The diagnosis for argininemia can usually be done using fetal blood sample.[8] One can look for the following indicators as to the presence of the condition:[2]
- Plasma ammonia concentration.
- Urinary orotic acid concentration
- Red blood cell arginase enzyme activity (measurement)
Treatment edit
The treatment for people with argininemia includes:[3]
- Sodium benzoate
- Sodium phenylbutyrate
- Carglumic acid
- Glycerol phenylbutyrate
- Palonosetron
- Ondansetron hydrochloride
Pegzilarginase (Loargys) was approved for medical use in the European Union in December 2023.[9]
References edit
- ^ Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM): 207800
- ^ a b c d e f Wong, Derek; Cederbaum, Stephen; Crombez, Eric A. (1 January 1993). "Arginase Deficiency". GeneReviews. PMID 20301338. Retrieved 20 November 2016.update 2014
- ^ a b c d "Arginase Deficiency: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". eMedicine. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
- ^ a b c "ARG1 gene". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
- ^ a b Ah Mew, Nicholas; Lanpher, Brendan C.; Gropman, Andrea; Chapman, Kimberly A.; Simpson, Kara L.; Summar, Marshall L. (1 January 1993). "Urea Cycle Disorders Overview". GeneReviews. PMID 20301396. Retrieved 20 November 2016.update 2015
- ^ a b "arginase deficiency". Genetics Home Reference. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
- ^ Hames, David; Hooper, Nigel (2005). Instant Notes in Biochemistry. Vol. 58 (3rd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor & Francis Ltd. p. 408. ISBN 9780203967621. PMID 11098183. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Wyllie, Robert; Hyams, Jeffrey S.; Kay, Marsha (2015). Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 886. ISBN 9780323370219.
- ^ "Loargys Product information". Union Register of medicinal products. 18 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
Further reading edit
- (editors), Jean-Marie Saudubray, Georges van den Berghe, John H. Walter; Berghe, Georges van den; Walter, John H. (2012). Inborn metabolic diseases diagnosis and treatment (5th ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 9783642157202. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
{{cite book}}:|last1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Piña-Garza, J. Eric (2013). Fenichel's Clinical pediatric neurology a signs and symptoms approach (7th ed.). Oxford: Saunders. ISBN 978-1455748129. Retrieved 28 November 2016.